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 PREFACE

C ommunication is one of the basic functions of management in any organization and its
importance can hardly be overemphasized. It is a process of transmitting information, ideas,
thoughts, opinions and plans between various parts of an organization. Good and effective
communication is required not only for good human relation but also for good and successful
business. Effective communication of information and decision is an essential component for
management-employee relations.
Communication is also a basic tool for motivation, which can improve morale of the employees in
an organization. Inappropriate or faulty communication among employees or between manager and
his subordinates is the major cause of conflict and low morale at work. With effective communication,
you can maintain a good human relation in the organization and by encouraging ideas or suggestions
from employees or workers and implementing them whenever possible, you can also increase
production at low cost.
Communication may be made through oral or written. In oral communication, listeners can make
out what speakers is trying to say, but in written communication, text matter in the message is a
reflection of your thinking. So, written communication or message should be clear, purposeful and
concise with correct words, to avoid any misinterpretation of your message. Written communication
provides a permanent record for future use and it also gives an opportunity to employees to suggest
their comments in writing. So, effective communication is very important for successful working of
an organization.
We, sincerely, hope that this book will be helpful to all management students in developing
effective communication skills.

Authors
 This page
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 CONTENTS
Preface v

CHAPTER-1
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION: AN INTRODUCTION 1-6
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS 1
1.3 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION 2
1.4 PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION 3
1.5 THE COMMUNICATION SITUATION 4
1.6 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS/CYCLE 5
Exercise 6

CHAPTER-2
COMMUNICATION AND ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE 7-22
2.1 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION 7
2.1.1 Formal Communication 7
2.1.2 Grapevine/Informal Communication 11
2.2 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION 14
2.3 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 16
2.4 GATEWAYS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 17
2.5 SEVEN Cs OF COMMUNICATION 18
2.5.1 Seven Cs of Written Communication 18
2.5.2 Seven Cs of Oral Communication 20
Exercise 21

CHAPTER-3
EMPLOYMENT COMMUNICATION 23-38
3.1 APPLICATION LETTER 23
3.2 RESUME 25
Contents ■■■

3.2.1 Contents of a CV/Resume 25

3.2.2 Some Tips for Preparing an Impressive CV 26
3.3 REFERENCES 30
3.4 DISCUSSIONS IN GROUPS 30
3.4.1 Considerations in Group Discussion 31
3.4.2 Discussion Skills 31
3.5 INTERVIEW 32
3.5.1 Types of Interview 33
3.5.2 Candidate’s Preparation 34
3.5.3 Interviewer Preparation 35
3.5.4 Interview Do’s and Don’ts 36
Exercise 37

CHAPTER-4
COMMUNICATION AND TECHNOLOGY 39-44
4.1 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT 39
4.2 COMMUNICATION NETWORK 39
4.2.1 Intranet 41
4.2.2 Internet 41
4.3 E-mails 42
4.4 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS) 43
4.5 TELECONFERENCING 43
4.6 VIDEOCONFERENCING 44
Exercise 44

CHAPTER-5
ORAL COMMUNICATION 45-54
5.1 ORAL COMMUNICATION 45
5.1.1 Advantages of Oral Communication 45
5.1.2 Limitations of Oral Communication 46
5.2 TWO SIDES OF ORAL COMMUNICATION 46
5.3 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION 47
5.4 EFFECTIVE LISTENING 47
5.5 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION 49
5.5.1 Body Language 49
5.5.2 Paragraph Language 52
Exercise 54
■■■ Contents

CHAPTER-6
WRITTEN COMMUNICATION 55-64
6.1 WRITTEN COMMUNICATION 55
6.2 PURPOSE OF WRITING 55
6.3 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITING 56
6.4 WRITING TECHNIQUES 57
6.4.1 Adaptation and Selection of Words 57
6.4.2 Masculine Words 57
6.4.3 Choosing Words with Right Strength and Vigour 59
6.4.4 Thesaurus 59
6.4.5 Writing Effective Sentences 59
6.4.6 Foreign Words & Phrases Sometimes Used in Correspondence 60
6.4.7 Developing Logical Paragraph 60
6.4.8 Overall Tone 61
6.5 ELECTRONIC WRITING PROCESS 62
Exercise 63

CHAPTER-7
BUSINESS LETTERS AND REPORT WRITING 65-90
7.1 BUSINESS LETTERS 65
7.1.1 Types of Letter 66
7.1.2 Structure of Business Letter 70
7.1.3 Form of Layout 75
7.1.4 Style of Presentation/Form of Letters 75
7.2 MEMORANDUMS 78
7.2.1 Purpose of Writing Memorandums 78
7.2.2 The Memorandum Format 79
7.3 REPORT WRITING 80
7.3.1 Types of Business Reports 81
7.3.2 Characteristics and Purpose of a Good Report 82
7.3.3 Guiding Principles of Writing a Report 82
7.3.4 Preparing a Report 82
7.3.5 Structure of a Report 83
Exercise 87

CHAPTER-8
APPLYING THE CASE STUDY METHOD 91-98
8.1 DEFINE CASE STUDY 91
8.2 THE CASE METHOD AS A LEARNING TOOL 91
Contents ■■■

8.3 TYPES OF CASE STUDY 92

8.4 HOW TO DO A CASE STUDY 93
8.5 PREPARING A CASE STUDY 93
8.6 APPROACHES TO CASE STUDY 96
8.7 DO’S AND DON’TS FOR CASE PREPARATION 97
Exercise 97

CHAPTER-9
PRESENTATION SKILL 99-106
9.1 PRESENTATION 99
9.2 ELEMENTS OF PRESENTATION 99
9.3 DESIGNING A PRESENTATION 100
9.4 USING VISUAL AIDS 100
9.5 APPEARANCE AND POSTURE 101
9.6 REHEARSAL FOR PRESENTATION 101
9.7 TIPS FOR AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION 102
Exercise 106

CHAPTER-10
GROUP COMMUNICATION 107-120
10.1 MEETINGS 107
10.1.1 Meaning, Objectives and Types of Meeting 108
10.1.2 Procedure of Convening a Meeting 109
10.2 MEDIA MANAGEMENT 112
10.3 PRESS RELEASES 112
10.3.1 Characteristics of a Good Press Release 113
10.4 PRESS CONFERENCE 114
10.5 MEDIA INTERVIEW 116
10.6 SEMINARS 117
10.7 WORKSHOP 117
10.8 CONFERENCE 118
10.9 BUSINESS ETIQUETTE 118
Exercise 120

APPENDIX 121
 BUSINESS COMMUNICATION:
AN INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS
1.3 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION
1.4 PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION
1.5 THE COMMUNICATION SITUATION
1.6 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS/CYCLE

1.1 INTRODUCTION
The word “communication” derived from the Latin word ‘communicare’ that means to impart, to
participate, to share or to make common. It is a process of exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and as a
means that individual or organization share meaning and understanding with one another. In other
words, it is a transmission and interacting the facts, ideas, opinion, feeling and attitudes.
It is the ability of mankind to communicate across barriers and beyond boundaries that has ushered
the progress of mankind. It is the ability of fostering speedy and effective communication around the
world that has shrunk the world and made ‘globalization’ a reality. Communication had a vital role to
play in ensuring that people belonging to a particular country or a culture or linguistic group interact
with and relate to people belonging to other countries or culture or linguistic group. Communication
adds meaning to human life. It helps to build relationship and fosters love and understanding. It
enriches our knowledge of the universe and makes living worthwhile.

1.2 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION IN BUSINESS

The term business communication is used for all messages that we send and receive for official purpose
like running a business, managing an organization, conducting the formal affairs of a voluntary
organization and so on. Business communication is marked by formality as against personal and social
communication.
The success of any business to a large extent depends on efficient and effective communication. It
takes place among business entities, in market and market places, within organizations and between
various group of employees, owners and employees, buyers and sellers, service providers and
customers, sales persons and prospects and also between people within the organization and the press
2 / Business Communication ■■■

persons. All such communication impacts business. Done with care, such communication can promote
business interests. Otherwise, it will portray the organization in poor light and may adversely affect
the business interest.
Communication is the life blood of any organization and its main purpose is to effect change to
influence action. In any organization the main problem is of maintaining effective communication
process. The management problem generally results in poor communication. Serious mistakes are
made because orders are misunderstood. The basic problem in communication is that the meaning
which is actually understood may not be what the other intended to send. It must be realised that the
speaker and the listener are two separate individuals having their own limitations and number of
things may happen to distort the message that pass between them.
When people within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communication.
They do so to work as a team and realise the common goals. It could be official or unofficial. Modes
of internal communication include face-to-face and written communication. Memos, reports, office
order, circular, fax, video conferencing, meeting etc. are the examples of internal communication.
When people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the organization it is called
external communication. These people may be clients or customers, dealers or distributors, media,
government, general public etc. are the examples of external communication.

• Communication is the life blood of the business. No business can develop in the absence of
effective communication system.
• Communication is the mortar that holds an organization together, whatever its business or its
size.
• When people within the organization communicate with each other, it is internal communi-
cation and when people in the organization communicate with anyone outside the
organization it is called external communication.
• Ability to work well in teams, to manage your subordinates and your relationship with seniors,
customers and colleagues depends on your communication skill.
Exhibit: 1

1.3 DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication may be defined as interchange of thought or information between two or more
persons to bring about mutual understanding and desired action. It is the information exchange by
words or symbols. It is the exchange of facts, ideas and viewpoints which bring about commonness of
interest, purpose and efforts.
American Management Association defines, ‘Communication is any behaviour that results in an
exchange of meaning’.
Peter Little defines communication as, ‘Communication is the process by which information is
transmitted between individuals and/or organizations so that an understanding response result’.
Newman and Summer Jr. state that, ‘Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or
emotions by two or more persons’.
According to Keith Davis, ‘The process of passing the information and understanding from one
person to another. It is essentially a bridge of meaning between the people. By using the bridge a
person can safely across the river of misunderstanding’.
■■■ Business Communication : An Introduction / 3

Louis A. Allen defines, ‘Communication is the sum total of all the things that a person does, when
he wants to create an understanding in the mind of another. It involves a systematic and continuous
process of telling, listening and understanding’.
Therefore, the main purpose of communication is to inform, or to bring around to a certain point
of view or to elicit action.

1.4 PURPOSE OF COMMUNICATION

1. For instruction: The instructive function unvarying and importantly deals with the
commanding nature. It is more or less of directive nature. Under this, the communicator
transmits with necessary directives and guidance to the next level, so as to enable them to
accomplish his particular tasks. In this, instructions basically flow from top to the lower
level.
2. For integration: It is consolidated function under which integration of activities is
endeavoured. The integration function of communication mainly involves to bring about
inter-relationship among the various functions of the business organization. It helps in the
unification of different management functions.
3. For information: The purposes or function of communication in an organization is to
inform the individual or group about the particular task or company policies and procedures
etc. Top management informs policies to the lower level through the middle level. In turn,
the lower level informs the top level the reaction through the middle level. Information can
flow vertically, horizontally and diagonally across the organization. Becoming informed or
inform others is the main purpose of communication.
4. For evaluation: Examination of activities to form an idea or judgement of the worth of
task is achieved through communication. Communication is a tool to appraise the individual
or team, their contribution to the organization. Evaluating one’s own inputs or other’s
outputs or some ideological scheme demands an adequate and effective communication
process.
5. For direction: Communication is necessary to issue directions by the top management or
manager to the lower level. Employee can perform better when he is directed by his senior.
Directing others may be communicated either orally or in writing. An order may be
common order, request order or implied order.
6. For teaching: The importance of personal safety on the job has been greatly recognized. A
complete communication process is required to teach and educate workers about personal
safety on the jobs. This communication helps the workers to avert accidents, risk etc. and
avoid cost, procedures etc.
7. For influencing: A complete communication process is necessary in influencing others or
being influenced. The individual having potential to influence others can easily persuade
others. It implies the provision of feedback which tells the effect of communication.
8. For image building: A business enterprise cannot isolate from the rest of the society. There
is interrelationship and interdependence between the society and an enterprise operating in
the society. Goodwill and confidence are necessarily created among the public. It can be
done by the communication with the different media, which has to project the image of the
4 / Business Communication ■■■

firm in the society. Through an effective external communication system, an enterprise has
to inform the society about its goals, activities, progress and social responsibility.
9. For employees orientation: When a new employee enter into the organization at that
time he or she will be unknown to the organization programs, policies, culture etc.
Communication helps to make people acquainted with the co-employees, superior and with
the policies, objectives, rules and regulations of the organization.

Fig. 1.1: Purpose of Communication

10. Other: Effective decision-making is possible when required and adequate information is
supplied to the decision-maker. Effective communication helps the process of decision-
making. In general, everyone in the organization has to provide with necessary information
so as to enable to discharge tasks effectively and efficiently.

1.5 THE COMMUNICATION SITUATION

The communication situation is said to exist when
• There is a person (sender/transmitter) who wants to pass some information;
• There is another person (receiver) to whom the information is to be passed on;
■■■ Business Communication : An Introduction / 5

• The receiver partly or wholly understands the message or information passed on to him;
• The receiver responds to the message or gives feedback.
These four components are essential for communication.

1.6 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS/CYCLE

The transmission of sender’s ideas to the receiver and the receiver’s feedback or reaction to the sender
constitute the communication cycle. The process of communication begins when one person (the
sender) wants to transmit a fact, idea, opinion or other information to someone else (the receiver).
This facts, idea or opinion has meaning to the sender. The next step is translating or converting the
message into a language which reflects the idea. That is the message must be encoded. The encoding
process is influenced by content of the message, the familiarity of sender and receiver and other
situation of factors.
After the message has been encoded, it is transmitted through the appropriate channel or medium.
Common channel in organization includes meetings, reports, memorandums, letters, e-mail, fax and
telephone calls. When the message is received, it is decoded, by the receiver and gives feedback to the
sender as the conformation about the particular message has been carefully understand or not.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
The process of communication involves the following elements:
1. Sender or transmitter: The person who desires to convey the message is known as sender.
Sender initiates the message and changes the behaviour of the receiver.
2. Message: It is a subject matter of any communication. It may involve any fact, idea, opinion
or information. It must exist in the mind of the sender if communication is to take place.
3. Encoding: The communicator of the information organises his idea into series of symbols
(words, signs, etc.) which, he feels will communicate to the intended receiver or receivers.
4. Communication channel: The sender has to select the channel for sending the
information. Communication channel is the media through which the message passes. It is
the link that connects the sender and the receiver.
5. Receiver: The person who receives the message is called receiver or receiver is the person
to whom the particular message is sent by the transmitter. The communication process is
incomplete without the existence of receiver of the message. It is a receiver who receives
and tries to understand the message.

Sender Message Encoding Channel Receiver

Decoding

Feedback

Brain drain

Fig. 1.2: The Communication Process

6 / Business Communication ■■■

6. Decoding: Decoding is the process of interpretation of an encoded message into the

understandable meaning. Decoding helps the receiver to drive meaning from the message.
7. Feedback: Communication is an exchange process. For the exchange to be complete the
information must go back to whom from where it started (or sender), so that he can know
the reaction of the receiver. The reaction or response of the receiver is known as feedback.
8. Brain drain: On whole process there is a possibility of misunderstandings at any level and
is called brain drain. It may arise on sender side if they do not choose the adequate medium
for delivery of message, by using default channel and it may also arise when receiver does
not properly decode the message. In other words, we can say that it is breakdown of cycle at
any level.

Exercise –1

1. How do you define communication?

2. What is the role of communication in management of business?
3. What are the different purposes of communication? Briefly explain any five of them.
4. Discuss the different situations when the communication exists.
5. “Communication is an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions and emotions by two or more
persons.” Explain the statement and discuss the role of feedback in communication.
6. “Communication is the two way process.” Explain.
7. Discuss the elements of communication process.
8. Give three examples of brain drain in communication process.

■■
 COMMUNICATION AND
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
2.1 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION
2.1.1 FORMAL COMMUNICATION
2.1.2 GRAPEVINE/INFORMAL COMMUNICATION
2.2 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION
2.3 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
2.4 GATEWAYS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
2.5 SEVEN CS OF COMMUNICATION
2.5.1 SEVEN CS OF WRITTEN COMMUNICATION
2.5.2 SEVEN CS OF ORAL COMMUNICATION

2.1 FORMS OF COMMUNICATION

Communication is divided into external and internal communication. External communications are
those communications which are occurring outside the organization like communication with other
companies, with government, general public etc. Internal communications are those which are inside
the organization. Internal communications are further divided into two parts, formal or official and
informal.
• Formal: Formal communication flows along prescribed channels which all members
desirous of communicating with one another are obliged to follow.
• Informal: Along with the formal channel of communication every organization has an
equally effective channel of communication that is the informal channel often called
grapevine, because it runs in all directions—Horizontal, Vertical, Diagonal. It flows around
water cooler, down hallways, through lunch rooms and wherever people get together in
groups.
2.1.1 Formal Communication
ADVANTAGES
1. It passes through line and authority and consequently ensures the maintenance of authority
as well as accountability of the executives’ in-charge.
2. It helps to develop intimate relations between immediate boss and his subordinates.
3. It keeps uniformity in the dissemination of information.
8 / Business Communication ■■■

4. It flows systematically and the information is trustworthy.

5. Source of information is known which creates harmony amongst the employees.

COMMUNICATION

ON THE BASIS OF REGULATION ON THE BASIS OF EXPRESSION

FORMAL INFORMAL VERBAL NON VERBAL

VERTICAL SINGLE CHAIN ORAL BODY LANGUAGE

DOWNWARD UPWARD STAR CHAIN WRITTEN PARALANGUAGE

HORIZONTAL CLUSTER SIGNS & SYMBOLS

PROBABILITY
CONSENSUS

Fig. 2.1: Forms of Communications

DISADVANTAGES
1. Increases the workload of various managers as communication is to be transmitted through
them.
2. Widens the communication gap between the executives and employees at the lower level.
3. It is time consuming because it follows the scalar chain of authority. The communication
flows from one authority level to another and it takes too much time.
2.1.1.1 Downward communication
When the communication flows from higher level to lower level, it is called downward communi-
cation. Order, individual instructions, policy statements, circulars etc. fall under downward communi-
cation.
BENEFITS
1. Helps to explain to subordinates the organizational plans, policies program and procedures,
work methodology etc. necessary information for performing the job.
2. Helps to convey to the subordinates the expectations of management from them.
3. Acts as a mean to control the activities of the subordinates with active feedback.
4. Provides motivation to the subordinates.
PROBLEMS
1. Sometimes the message may be distorted in the transmission from one level to another level.
2. If a particular authority is not present on the time of passing information it may leads to
delay in transmission of the message.
3. Sometimes when the workload is unevenly distributed among the employees it creates over-
load or unload of work which causes dissatisfaction among the employees.
■■■ Communication and Organization Structure / 9

How to make effective

1. Managers should be adequately informed.
2. Managers should be clear about how much to communicate.
3. Some authority should delegate to lower levels to shorten the line of communication.
4. Information should be passed on to the correct person.
2.1.1.2 Upward communication
This communication flows the message from subordinates to superiors. It is reverse of the downward
communication or communication flows from lower level to upper level.
BENEFITS
1. Provides feedback to the superiors.
2. Introduction of new schemes without unduly opposition from the employees.
3. Helps in to promote harmony between the management and the employees.
4. Problems and grievances are redressed.
PROBLEMS
1. Employees fear that their criticism may be interpreted as a sign of their personal weakness.
2. Bypassed superiors feel insulted which leads differences between the relationship of the
superiors and employees.
3. Great possibility of message distortion.
Methods/Channels of upward communication
1. Subordinates tell their problem and through discussion find out the solution for a particular
problem with the help of superiors.
2. If employees having any complaint and suggestion about working environment, policy and
procedure, peer group etc., then they write to management without giving identification of
themselves and drop into the box. And the management frequently checks these grip boxes
and find out the solution of problem.
3. It is very effective method of upward communication. Organization celebrates their
anniversary, arrange sports meets for their employees, doing some kind of social welfare
activities like plantation, providing food for flood affected areas etc. are the mode of social
gathering where superiors and subordinates are at the same platform and share their
emotions, feeling and thought more comfortably.
4. It is just opposite to grip box system. Here, identification of employee is not hidden. Any
employee can write directly to the higher level about the problem which he/she had.
5. It emphasizes in the psychological aspect of human being. A superior act as counselor and
he counsels the problem facing employees. Counseling does not mean that treating only
problem facing employees but also for the better prospect or how employees do better in
their workplace.
How to make effective
1. Superior should take initiative to get close to the subordinate staff.
2. Keeping the line of communication short as much as possible.
3. Timely redress the grievances of the employees.
10 / Business Communication ■■■

2.1.1.3 Horizontal/Lateral communication

This communication flows between persons at the same hierarchy level either of the same or other
department or division of the organization.

Fig. 2.2: Horizontal/Lateral Communication

BENEFITS
1. It develops mutual trust and confidence amongst employees of same level which help in
maintaining or promote understanding between similar position holders of different depart-
ments.
2. If employees at similar position communicate to each other for a given task it will create or
develop the feeling of co-ordination among various departments.
PROBLEMS
1. Sometimes it creates rivalry among employees of various departments.
2. Proximity shows the liking and disliking of an employee who is near by another in respect
of space. Like in any organization HR department and Marketing department are near to
each other then Manufacturing department. So proximity exists between HR and Marketing
department and they favour each other as compared to Manufacturing department.
3. Biasing shows the liking and disliking of an employee due to religion, caste, family back-
ground, personality etc.
Methods of horizontal communication
1. Face-to-face discussion: When individual communicate directly to another. Face-to-face
communication minimises the problem of misinterpretation and quick feedback makes the
communication more effectively.
2. Telephonic conversation: When the employees are busy with their work or they are sited
far from each other then telephonic conversation become more relevant against face to face
conversation. It saves time but sometimes congestion or disturbance and any other obstacles
create delay and distort the message.
■■■ Communication and Organization Structure / 11

3. Periodical meeting: Periodical meeting means meeting between employees on weekly,

monthly, quarterly, annually basis where all the members are assembled and discuss on pre-
determined issues.
4. Memorandum: Memorandum is a written form of communication which transmits
between different departments in the same organisation. It is also called inter office letter.
2.1.1.4 Consensus
When a number of people irrespective of their status, sit down and confer with one another to arrive
at a decision acceptable to all, it is called consensus. The format of these communications is predeter-
mined and can not be altered.
Consensus involves consultation
1. Chief executive takes up the problem and analysis it to understand.
2. Collect additional facts and information.
3. Try to find out various means to solve it.
4. Find alternatives.
5. He contacts the members individually or invites them to a meeting.
6. Problem is spelled out to the members.
7. To carefully listen all members view.
8. Arrived at solution.
ADVANTAGES
1. Decisions are taken after consultation among various members; they find it easy to accept
them.
2. It promotes harmony among the members of the group. If any conflict and split exits
between members it will be carefully find out and try to solve it.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Member is forced to subscribe to a view he doesn’t hold.
2. Sometimes it may project the false image of management because members think that
management may not be able to handle their problem efficiently.
2.1.2 Grapevine/Informal Communication
Factor responsible for the grapevine phenomenon
1. Feeling of certainty or lack of direction when the organization is passing through a difficult
period.
2. Feeling of inadequacy or lack of self confidence on the part of employee, leading to the
formation of gaps.
3. Formation of a clique or favoured group by the managers, giving other employees a feeling
of insecurity or isolation.
2.1.2.1 Forms of grapevine communication
1. Single chain: In this type of chain ‘A’ tells something to ‘B’ who tells it to ‘C’ and so on it
goes down the line. This type of communication flows from one person to another person
through single chain or communication flows one by one. When ‘A’ tells something to ‘B’
who tells it to ‘C’ and so on. One interesting fact comes out from this type of communication
that when one person passes certain information to other and they treat the message as
12 / Business Communication ■■■

confidential or secret which further communicated by another with same feeling of confi-
dentiality and secrecy.

Fig. 2.3a: Single Chain

2. Star chain: In this type of chain person speaks out and tells everyone the information he/
she has obtained. This chain is often used when information or a message regarding an in-
teresting but non job related nature is being conveyed. Sometimes it also called gossip chain.

Fig. 2.3b: Star Chain

3. Cluster chain: In this type of chain ‘A’ tells something to a few selected individuals who
again inform a few selected individuals. And the information flows in similar manner to
other individual.

Fig. 2.3c: Cluster Chain

■■■ Communication and Organization Structure / 13

4. Probability chain: The probability chain is a random process in which a transmission of

the information to other in accordance with the laws of probability and then these tell still
others in a similar manner. The chain may also be called random.

Fig. 2.3d: Probability Chain

MERITS
1. Under grapevine message travel or transmitted faster than any other form of communica-
tion because group formation is based on individual’s own liking and disliking.
2. It supports other channels of communication.
3. Feedbacks are quickly comes out from this type of communication.
4. When an individual communicates with other individual through grapevine it will develop
the cohesiveness and maintain or promote harmony between members of group.
5. By using grapevine communication, employees feel emotional relief. Because they can
communicate with other without the feeling of inadequacy and without threat of higher
authority.
DEMERITS
1. There is a great possibility of distortion of message between members of group.
2. Transmission of message depends upon willingness of sender and what method they used in
grapevine which causes sometimes transmission of incomplete information.
How to make effective
1. The managers should try to spot the leaders. So the harmful rumours do not reach the
employees.
2. Involve the workers in the decision making process.
3. The management should immediately use the official channels to contradict the rumours.
2.1.2.2 Verbal communication
Verbal communication is when we communicate our message verbally to whoever is receiving the
message. It is of two types oral and written which had their own advantages and disadvantages.
Oral communication: Oral communication is the communication where the message or
information exchanges by spoken words. It can be done by both face to face and also through
mechanical devices. For more details please refer to chapter 5.
14 / Business Communication ■■■

Written communication: Written communication is the communication where the message or

information exchanges by written words. Letter, telegraph, fax, e-mail are examples of written
communication. Written communication guarantees that everyone concerned has the same
information. It provides a longlasting record of communication for future. Written instructions are
essential when the action called for is crucial and complex. To be effectual, written communication
should be understandable, brief, truthful and comprehensive. For more detail please refer to chapter
no. 6.
2.1.2.3 Non-verbal communication
Non-verbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending
and receiving wordless messages. Such messages can be communicated through gesture; body language
or posture; facial expression and eye contact; object communication such as clothing, hair styles or
even architecture; symbols and infographics. Speech may also contain non-verbal elements known as
paralanguage, including voice quality, emotion and speaking style, as well as prosodic features such as
rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have non-verbal elements such as handwriting
style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emotions. For more details please refer chapter no. 6.

2.2 BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Wrong Choice of Medium
Each communication must be transmitted through an appropriate medium. An unsuitable medium
is one of the biggest barriers to communication.
Examples: When communication takes place in big organisation and departments or division are
far from each other. If any manager wants to communicate with others for confidential matter than
they opt written communication as compared to other medium of communication. So, it is required
that medium should be accurate and if wrong or unsuitable medium is selected than it leads to the
biggest barrier to communication.
2. Physical Barriers
• Noise—In factory, oral communication is rendered difficult by the loud noise of machines.
• Electronic noise interferes in communication by telephone or loud speaker system.
• The word noise is also used to refer to all kind of physical interference like illegible hand
writing, bad photo-copies etc.
• Time and distance.
— Congestion in telephone and network facilities.
— People working in different shifts.
— Faulty seating arrangement in a hall.
3. Semantic Barriers
• Interpretation of words
A person interprets same word in a different meaning and this will cause barrier between
the communications. Murphy and Peck in their book ‘Effective Business Communication’
mentioned, the little word ‘run’ has
71 meanings as a verb
35 as noun
4 more as an adjective.
■■■ Communication and Organization Structure / 15

• Bypassed instructions
Bypassing is said to have occurred if the sender and the receiver of the message attribute
different meanings to the same word or use different words for the same meaning.
“Take it to be our stockroom and burn it”
In official language burn it means to make more copies of the same document.
• Denotation & Connotations
Words have two types of meanings denotative and connotative.
Denotative—The literal meaning of a word is called its denotative meaning.
It must inform and names objects without indicating any positive or negative.
Connotative—It allows qualitative judgments and personal reactions.
Like—Honest, cheap, sincere etc.
Ex:—“He gave us cheap material”.
“At this shop, they sell things cheap”.
First one is favourable connotation and second is unfavourable.
To avoid this problem (By passed instruction and connotative meaning of words) the
followings can be used:
❖ Prefer words which are familiar to the receiver.
❖ If words are unfamiliar to the receiver, we should make meanings clear the very first time
we use it.
❖ We should choose words with positive rather than negative connotation.
4. Socio-Psychological Barriers
• Attitude and opinions
The information which agrees with opinion and attribute of the individual is favourable for
that particular individual.
• Emotions
It plays an important role in the act of communication.
If the sender is perplexed, worried, excited, afraid, nervous then he will not be able to
organize his message properly.
• Closed Mind
A person with a closed mind is very difficult to communicate with. We hold our opinion so
rigidly that we just refuse to listen.
• Status-consciousness
We are over-conscious of our lower or higher rank and do not express ourselves candidly.
• The source of information.
We react according to the trust we repose in the source from which the communication
originates.
• Faulty transmission
Most of part in the message is lost in transmission.
(In oral communication, something in the order of 30% of the information is lost in each
transmission.)
16 / Business Communication ■■■

• Poor retention
Oral message in particular are lost due to poor human retention ability.
(Employees retain only about 50%)
Barriers of Communication

Fig. 2.4: Barriers of Communication

2.3 PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

It is very difficult to suggest a comprehensive list of vital features of system of communication. It will
depend on the specific needs of the situation. The following guidelines or principles may be followed
to achieve effective communication:
1. Clarity of message: The basic principle in communication is clarity. The message must be
as clear as possible. No vagueness should creep into it. The message can be conveyed
properly only if it is clearly formulated in the mind of the both sender and receiver.
2. Speed: A good system of communication must ensure a speedy transmission of message.
The time taken to transmit a message to its destination and speed of the communication
system should be considered on the basis of the urgency of communicating the message. If
message not delivered at time it create problem for organization.
3. Two-way process: Communication is the two-way process that provides feedback to the
sender from the receiver. Feedback refers to transmission of information concerning the
effect of any act of communication.
4. Reliability: Communication starts on the basis of belief. This atmosphere is built by
performance on the part of the expert. The receiver must have confidence in the sender. He
must have a high regard for the source’s competence on the subject.
■■■ Communication and Organization Structure / 17

5. Completeness: Every Communication must be complete as adequate. Incomplete messages

create misunderstanding, keep the receiver guessing and delay action.
6. Content: The message must be meaningful for the receiver, and it must be compatible with
his value system. It must have significance for him. In general, people select those items or
information which promises them the greatest rewards. The content determines the response
of the audience.
7. Accuracy: The communication medium should ensure accuracy in the transmission of
messages. Whatever medium chooses by the sender should be accurate for that particular
kind of information which they want to send.
8. Capability: Communication must take into account the capability of the audience.
Communications are most effective when they required the least effort on the part of the
recipients. This includes factors like reading ability and receiver knowledge.
9. Economy: The communication system should be as much economical as possible. But
efficiency of the system should not be sacrificed to achieve economy.
10. Secrecy: The communication system should ensure secrecy and there should be no leakage
of information. It becomes more essential when messages are of confidential nature.

2.4 GATEWAYS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION

Developing and maintaining a system of communication is the key job of any manager. The
characteristics of a good communication system are discussed below:
1. Two-way channel: In communication, two parties are involved, namely, the sender or
transmitter, and the receiver of the message. An effective communication demands two-way
communication. It should be vertical, downward and upward. Therefore, a manager should
thus not only to inform, instruct and order but should also be prepared to listen, understand
and interprets.
2. Clarity of message: Clarity of facts, ideas, opinion in the mind of communicator should
be clear before communicating. According to Koontz and Donnell, “A communication
possesses clarity when it is expressed in a language and transmitted in a way that can be
comprehended by the receiver.”
3. Mutual trust: A communication system may be considered excellent when mutual trust
or understanding exists between sender and the receiver of the message. Existence of healthy
interpersonal relation between the seniors and their subordinates is also an indicator of an
adequate system of communication in any department or organization.
4. Timely message: Considerable attention should be given to the timeliness of
communication. Old information is worse than none at all.
5. Consistency of message: Consistency can be achieved if the communicator keeps in his
mind the objective, policies and program of the enterprise. It should not be conflicting with
the previous communications, otherwise, it would create confusion and anarchy in the
organization.
6. Good relations: The mode of communication should be chosen in such a manner that it
does not hurt the feelings of the receiver. It should create proper understanding in their
minds of the receiver which leads to develop and maintain the good relationship among the
receiver and the sender.
18 / Business Communication ■■■

7. Feedback: Feedback provides proper understanding of the message to the receiver. It

helpful in making a two-way communication process. The sender must try to ascertain
whether or not receiver properly understood the message.
8. Flexibility: The communication system should be flexible enough to adjust to the changing
requirements. It should absorb new techniques of communication with little resistance.

2.5 SEVEN Cs OF COMMUNICATION

2.5.1 Seven Cs of Written Communication
1. Clarity
Clarity of thought: It comes from a careful consideration of the objective, content and
medium of communication.
Clarity of Expression:
1. Use simple word, easy to understand words:
Avoid them Use them
Compensate Pay
Facilitate Help
Utilise Use
2. Use Single words for long phrases:
Long Phrases Single Words
At all times Always
For the purpose of For
Previous to Before
On account of Because
3. Use verbs for nouns (its brings about simplicity and clarity):
Using Nouns Using Verbs
(Difficult) (Simple)
Come to a conclusion Conclude
Make a decision Decide
Submit a proposal Propose
Take into consideration Consider
4. Avoid double entry
Double entry Simple
Actual fact Fact
End result Result
Period of one week One week
Previous experience Experience
5. Avoid ambiguity: If your message can mean more than one ambiguous. Faulty
punctuation causes the ambiguity.
Go. slow work in progress
Go slow. work in progress
■■■ Communication and Organization Structure / 19

6. Use short sentences: Use one sentence to express only one idea. If a sentence runs
beyond 30 words, it is better to break it up into two sentences.
2. Completeness
While answering a letter or in communication with other make it sure that you have
answered the all question.
Checking for the five w’s questions.
• Who
• What
• When
• Where
• Why
3. Conciseness
• Include only relevant facts
• Avoid repetition
• Organise your message well.
4. Consideration
• Adopt the you-attitude
We-attitude You-attitude
I want to express my Thank you for
Sincere thanks for your kind words.
The good words…..
• Avoid gender bias
Avoid Use
Chairman Chair person
Policeman Police Sir/Madam
5. Courtesy
In business we must create friendliness with all those to whom we write. Friendliness is
inseparable from courtesy.
• Answer the letters promptly.
• Omit irritating expressions.
(You neglected, you irresponsible, you are unaware).
• Apologise sincerely for an omission/thank enormously for a favour.
6. Correctness
• Give correct facts.
• Send your message at the correct time.
• Send your message in the correct style.
7. Concreteness
• Always use specific fact and figures.
• Message should be definite and vivid.
• Avoid exaggeration.
20 / Business Communication ■■■

Fig. 2.5: 7 Cs of Written Communication

2.5.2 Seven Cs of Oral Communication

According to Francis J. Bergin, a person engaged in oral communication must remember seven Cs.
And these are as follows:
1. Clear: An oral communication become effective when the message is clear for the audience
or receiver as the sender wants to convey. Oral messages are often misunderstood because
the speaker does not talk distinctly. So, for this purpose clear pronunciation is very much
required. To minimize this kind of problem a speaker tries to workout on different, lengthy
and unusual words for clear pronunciation.
2. Concise: Many people enjoy while talking and sometimes oral communication suffers from
the problem of over communication. But when the speaker keeps on talking for long, his/her
message will be distracted. So it will be advisable to speakers to try to keep the message as
brief as possible without changing the real message.
3. Complete: Like written communication in oral communication also, completeness
required. While communicating with other makes it sure that you have paid attention on
below questions. Checking for the five w’s questions.
• Who
• What
• When
• Where
• Why
4. Correct: In oral communication correctness means the source of information or from where
you get information is right or trustworthy source. Because if your source of information is
correct than the others generate faith on the speakers and listen them carefully.
5. Concrete: For making oral communication effectively speakers should use specific fact and
ideas and also avoid exaggerating of any information. They try to choose appropriate words
which are not affecting a particular individual, society, culture or nation.
6. Courtesy: Courtesy involves you-attitude. Use polite words for oral communication. Tries
to avoid irritating expression, sincerely apologies for any mistake, do not use any
■■■ Communication and Organization Structure / 21

discriminatory expressions which are related to individual people, race, ethics, origin,
physical appearance etc.
7. Candid: When the speaker chooses the candid approaches, its mean that their message
should be straight, open, frank, outspoken. But not hurting particular individual.

Exercise –2

1. What are the different forms of communication? Write detailed notes on the importance,
advantage and limitation of any two of them.
2. Define formal communication. Discuss its merits and demerits also.
3. What are the different types of formal communication? Briefly explain any two of them.
4. What are the merits and demerits of consensus?
5. Write a short note on informal communication.
6. What are the different forms of grapevine? Explain with examples.
7. Write notes on:
(i) Downward communication
(ii) Upward communication
(iii) Horizontal communication
(iv) Consensus
(v) Grapevine
8. Discuss the importance of informal communication in business organization.
9. Write explanatory notes on formal communication channel in business organization.
10. Distinguish between the upward and downward communication with examples.
11. What are the barriers to effective communication in an organization?
12. Discuss the semantic barriers to effective communication and how it will be overcome.
13. What are the different socio-psychological barriers to communication?
14. Explain how the wrong choice of a medium acts as a barrier to effective communication.
15. What physical factors cause barrier to communication?
16. Write brief notes on:
(i) Status consciousness
(ii) Attitude and opinions
(iii) Emotions
(iv) Close mind
(v) Poor retention
(vi) Faulty transmission
(vii) Source of information
17. Explain the general principles of effective communication.
18. Discuss the gateway of effective communication.
19. Explain the seven Cs of written communication.
22 / Business Communication ■■■

20. Explain the seven Cs of oral communication.

21. Discuss the importance of clarity on message in written communication.
22. Write notes on:
(i) Clarity of message
(ii) Completeness of message
(iii) Courtesy of message
(iv) Correctness of message

■■
 EMPLOYMENT
COMMUNICATION
3.1 APPLICATION LETTER
3.2 RESUME
3.2.1 CONTENTS OF A CV/Resume
3.2.2 SOME TIPS FOR PREPARING AN IMPRESSIVE CV
3.3 REFERENCES
3.4 DISCUSSIONS IN GROUPS
3.4.1 CONSIDERATIONS IN GROUP DISCUSSION
3.4.2 DISCUSSION SKILLS
3.5 INTERVIEW
3.5.1 TYPES OF INTERVIEW
3.5.2 CANDIDATE’S PREPARATION
3.5.3 INTERVIEWER PREPARATION
3.5.4 INTERVIEW DO’S AND DON’TS

3.1 APPLICATION LETTER

Applications are commonly invited for posts that are vacant in business or government offices. Letters
of application either in response to an advertisement or in the form of a self initiated proposal are
called as solicited and unsolicited letters respectively.

Exhibit: 3.1

STRUCTURE OF THE APPLICATION FOR A POST

❖ Address of the applicant and date.
❖ The name and full address of the employer or the concern.
24 / Business Communication ■■■

❖ Salutation.
❖ Body of the application.
• Introductory paragraph.
• Details of the applicant in paragraph or paragraphs.
• Concluding paragraph.
❖ Complimentary close of application.
❖ Signature of the applicant.
BODY OF THE APPLICATION FOR A POST
The opening paragraph should attract the attention of the reader and stimulate his interest to read the
letter further. In an introductory paragraph the applicant should state whether he has send the
application in response to an advertisement or at the suggestion of someone or on his own initiative.
Form the second paragraph onwards, should now give the details of the important points
mentioned in the introductory paragraph. It contains the bio-data of the applicant, such as, educational
qualifications, practical experiences, age, marital status, language known etc. In another paragraph,
references, if asked for, can be given with full address.
In applications, unwanted matter should not be written like family troubles, family expenses etc.
If you apply for better prospects, never write adverse remarks about the present employer.
In the concluding paragraph, an applicant should mention that he will serve the employer to the
best of his ability and also assure that he will discharge his duties to the thorough satisfaction of his
employer.
GENERAL HINTS FOR LETTERS
• The applicant’s address and telephone number are at the top right corner of the letter.
• Neat layout is necessary, modified block or semi-block form is the best.
• If the advertisement asks that the application must be written in the candidate’s own
handwriting, the covering letter should be neatly written in dark blue ink or ball pen.
• The letter should be addressed as indicated in the advertisement. If the letter is to be
addressed to a company, the salutation is ‘Sirs’. If it is to be addressed to an individual the
salutation is ‘Sir’. The complimentary close for an application letter is “yours faithfully”.
• Original documents like certificates are never enclosed with the application. Only certified
copies are enclosed. The original documents are produced at the interview.
Application may begin with one or other of the following forms like:
• I would like to apply for the post of a System Administrator in your firm advertised in the
“Indian Express” of March 22.
• I wish to be considered as a candidate for the post of Account Manager which, I understand,
has fallen vacant in your office.
• With reference to your advertisement in the “Times of India” of 25th September 07. I offer
my candidature for the post of computer operator in your office.
One of the following sentences may be added to the concluding paragraph if applicant feels so.
• I write this in the belief that my qualification and experience will merit your consideration.
• Salary is a secondary consideration to the opportunity of good career.
• I look forward to an opportunity to be with you for an interview.
■■■ Employment Communication / 25

14, Secundrabad Road

Lucknow–234567
16 April, 2009
The Managing Director
G.E. Communication
Deen Dayal Marg
Lucknow–5465577
Dear Sir/ Madam
Your advertisement for the post of _____________________________ in Times of India of
dated __________________ interests me because I think I have the kind of training and
experience which you expect in the person you are looking for.
I have indicated details of my qualifications, experiences etc. in the enclosed resume for
your kind perusal but should you require any information, please let me know. I shall be glad
to give it either in person or by post, as you wish.
Yours truly,
Saurabh Srivastava
Encl: Resume
Exhibit: 3.2

3.2 RESUME
A resume is a summary presentation of person’s backgrounds, employments, qualifications and
intended career plan.
PURPOSE OF RESUME
1. To pass the employer’s screening process (requisite educational level, year’s experience etc.)
2. To provide contact information, an up-to-date address and a telephone number (A telephone
number that will always be answered during business hours).
3.2.1 Contents of a CV/Resume
Since the purpose of the resume is to present the information one wants to give, therefore, there is no
fixed rules for a resume format. Whatever the format may be, a resume should consist of the following
details:-
1. Name, address and phone number: Your name, complete address and phone number,
e-mail address and fax number.
2. Career objectives: Mention career goals and specific job objectives.
3. Education: Mention the name of each institution attended, city and state, name of the
degree/diploma or certificate you have received, the year of graduation and post graduation,
if any, etc. If you are a fresh graduate in a field relevant to the job and your percentage are
good, listing your aggregates is a good idea.
4. Experience: Describe your major job responsibilities, skills and knowledge acquired on
the previous job. List your experiences in reverse order and with the latest and most
interesting coming first. You may highlight internships, training, voluntary work, extra
curricular activities, responsibilities handled etc. if you have no professional experience.
26 / Business Communication ■■■

5. Interests: Your interests are best listed, if they are either unique or relevant to the particular
job. Professional membership, licenses/certificates are to be listed depending upon their
relevance and contribution to your value as an employee on a particular organization.
6. Personal details: It includes father’s name and mother’s name, date of birth, nationality,
marital status and address of the candidate. In case of two addresses i.e. correspondence and
permanent address, correspondence address should be mentioned on the top of the resume
and permanent address in the personal details.
7. Declaration: Declaration by the candidate that all the information written in the resume is
true and he/she will be responsible for any mistake. And it is undersigned by candidate itself
and also mention date and place.
8. Referees: The names and address of referees can be provided, if necessary.
3.2.2 Some Tips for Preparing an Impressive CV
1. Always put the essential things—first arrange the information within each item with your
career objective in mind.
2. Emphasize your skills, accomplishments and levels of responsibility attained.
3. Use reverse sequential order, meaning that when items are listed by date, the most recent
should come first.
4. The contents of the CV should be completely accurate and honest.
5. Mention anything special that can add weightage to your candidature.
6. Use a clear font and a font size that is easy to read. The font size should not be too small or
too large. The ideal font size would be 12.
7. Ideally, a CV should not be more than two or three pages. It should be shorter for fresh
graduates.
8. Abbreviation should be avoided.
9. References should be provided, if required.

RESUME
My Name
My Street
E-mail: [email protected]
64 My street, My City 7X00074
Ph.: - 94330XXXXX(M) 2551XXXX (Resi)
Objective
Being a committed team player, want to be a part of a renowned organization, to contribute
towards the growth of the Organization, based on my expertise and to further my personal
capabilities by learning from the new exposure within the structured framework of the organization.
Expertise Summary
• To be an asset to the organization I serve.
• Expertise in HRD/Administration.
• A quick learner with ‘Can do’ attitude
Contd...
■■■ Employment Communication / 27

Key Skills and Management

Professional management skills
– Meeting objectives
– Identifying problems
– Promoting solutions
– Managing change
– Motivating and developing staff
• Well-developed and effective communication skills.
• Thrive in deadline-driven environments.
• Excellent team-building skills.
Professional Qualification
• MBA from XYZ University, specialization in Human resource [75%, May 2005 pass-out]
• Presently pursuing SAP training from Technology Foundation XYZ Centre.
PROJECTS
• Training Assessment Needs for clinical and non-clinical staff in Medical College, My
City (A project for My City Healthcare Ltd.)
• Manpower Planning in MY City Medical College, My City (Individual project under My
City Healthcare Ltd.)
• Motivational Factors (Extrinsic vs. intrinsic) on MIT Staff (Local project to be submitted
to college)
• Trade Union Activities (HR Project-Third Semester)-XYZ Paints Ltd. My City.
• Market Analysis of viability of Café XYZ Coffee Day in My City.
• Financial Analysis in XYZ Industry, My City
Training Attended
Organization : XYZXYZ CORPORATION LIMITED
Position : Trainee
Tenure : May 2006 – July 2006
Reporting to : Vice President HRD
Project Title : Project on “Critical Evaluation of Performance Appraisal in
XYZXYZ Corporation”
General Education
• Graduation (English Honours), My University, My College, 52%
• Intermediate (Humanities) I.S.C, My Convent School, 85%
• Matriculation, I.C.S.E., My Convent School, 70%
Computer Proficiency
• MS Office – Word, Excel, Power Point, Internet & E-mail operations.
Achievements
• 50% scholarship in MBA program.
• Certificate in Test of Proficiency in English Language.
Contd...
28 / Business Communication ■■■

Personal Details
Date of birth : 12th April, 1984
Sex : Female/Male
Nationality : Indian
Marital status : Single
Language known : English, Hindi, and Bengali
Hobbies : Listening music, reading & playing sitar

Date:
Place: (MY Name)
Exhibit: 3.3

AMIT

OBJECTIVE
Relentless assimilation of my academic and managerial skills & orientation for positive
development.
PRESENT STATUS
• Working as a lecturer in Jonshon Academy where I teach Marketing and Strategic
Management related subjects in Bachelor’s and Master’s degree courses of Business
Administration.
Work experience: Total 5 years
Teaching experience:
• Working as Lecturer in ABC College of Engineering and Management, Jabalpur (July
2004 to August 2007).
EXPERIENCE
Industry Experience
• Worked as Placement Coordinator in ABC College of Engineering and Management,
Jabalpur. My job profile was arranging training and placement for the students (Oct.
2003 to June 2004).
• Worked as Field Development Executive in Sharada Agrico Private Ltd. New Delhi.
My job profile was related to Market Development and Customer Support especially
in the rural areas of the State of Madhya Pradesh, Satna region (June 2003 to Sept.
2003).
• Worked as Field Development Executive in Rajkamal Industries Ltd. (Chemicals for
Industry & Agriculture) Rajasthan. My job profile was related to Market Development
and Customer Support especially in the rural areas of the State of Rajasthan, Jaipur
region (Aug. 2002 to May 2003).
• M.B.A. in Marketing in 2000 from the Institute of Engineering & Technology,
Bhopal, affiliated to Technical University.
• Post Graduate Diploma in Computer Application from Bhopal University in 1998.
• B.Com. from XYZ College affiliated to Bhopal University in 1999.
Contd...
■■■ Employment Communication / 29

Papers Published
• “Capability Approach vs Utilitarian Approach” (2006) , DOGMAS A Caravan,
ISSUE IV.
• “Cultural Ethos and Blue Ocean Strategy for and as Innovations in Management
Practices” published in conference proceeding in 7th National Conference on
“Innovations in Management Practices” on 31-32 September, 2006 at IJKL
University, Timbuktoo (Nagaland).
Papers Presented
• “xxxxxxyyyyyyzzzzzz” 7th National
• , 2007 at iiiiiiiiiii University, Timbuktoo (Nagaland).
• “xxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyyyyyzzzzzzzzz” presented in the First Biennial International
Conference ‘New Age Entrepreneurship: Vision and Vistas’ at CESBM (Center for
Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management) on 9th-11th, 2005.
• “xxxxxxxxxxxxxyyyyyyyyyzzzzzzz”, presented at National Seminar, ‘Manthan’, at
Lakshy Business School, Lucknow, April 21-22, 2006.
Seminars, Conference and Faulty Development Programmes Attended
• Participated in National Conference on “Building Management Competencies in India
Business: Then, Now and Beyond” at xxxxxx University, Timbuktoo (Nagaland), 20-
21 January 2006.
• Participated in Seminar on “xxxxxxxxxxxxx” at LLL Institute for Special Education,
Nagaland, 4th March 2006.
• Attended Faulty Development Programme organized by IDBI, Tripura, December 2004.
EDUCATION
Extra Curricular Activities
• Coordinator circulation of college International Journal DOGMAS AND CIRCULATING
IT INTERNATIONALLY ACHIEVING THE SUBSCRIPTIONS AND GREATER
READERSHIP.
• Regularly attending Seminars and Symposiums organized by Bhopal Management
Association.
PERSONAL DETAILS
Name : Amit
Father’s name : Mr. Ram Sagar
Date of birth : 8th July 1979
Marital status : Single
Nationality : Indian
Address : 234, Lalit Nagar, Bhopal
Contact number: 956845125445

Date:
Place: (Signature)
Exhibit: 3.4
30 / Business Communication ■■■

3.3 REFERENCES
A referee is a person who is ready to give an undertaking for another. The test and the interview con-
ducted by the employer enable him to select the candidates suitable for the work. But before the ap-
pointment order is sent, it may be necessary for him to obtain information about the selected candi-
dates reliability, honesty, talent for the post and any other facts which may be useful for the purpose.
Hence, the applicants are generally requested to name, in their application, a person/s who is/are
willing to be a reliable sense of information about them. While writing to a referee the following points
should be kept in mind:
1. Use polite language.
2. The letter must seek specific information about the applicant.
3. For maintaining the secrecy, the letter should be marked ‘confidential’.
4. For the convenience of the referee, it is advisable to enclose a prepaid self-addressed
envelope.
5. The referee must assure that the information supplied by him will be treated as confidential.

3.4 DISCUSSIONS IN GROUPS

Discussion is a method to develop one’s creative approaches to knowledge. In a discussion we learn to
listen to others because we deduce and believe to contribute positively. We learn to speak our own
points to others with more clarity. We also learn to create the points before concluding the views.
Discussion is a process of reflective thinking, thought and opinion. In a discussion we may
continue for some time with predetermined issues but we cannot sell our preconceived idea. It is
reflective because our thinking and opinion depends upon what others think and what others express.
A healthy and successful discussion eliminates conflicts and achieves a harmony. In a discussion each
participant presents his or her imaginative thinking by offering suggestions, adding ideas but different
the solutions until all ideas have been appropriately enumerated.
The salient features of group discussion are noted below:
1. Interaction: A basic feature of group discussion is interaction among the various members
of the group. They observe and communicate with each other orally by playing attention to
each other.
2. Group members: Group discussion is effective only when there is a group of members
which constitute leader and followers. The leader has to summarize facts and information,
integrates, simulate thinking, and agree to a solution of the problem. The members of group
become actively related to each other in their respective roles.
3. Involvement: The effectiveness and efficiency of a group discussion depends to a great
extent upon the active participation of the members.
4. Interpersonal desirability: Another characteristic feature of a group discussion is
interpersonal attraction. As long as interaction continues, likes, dislikes, behaviour,
temperament of members are known to each other. Among them empathy develops and as
such they share each other’s problems.
5. Pressure to obey the rules: In a group discussion, there is always an element of pressure
to obey the rules and norms. The pre-defined and established standards are always enforced
and followed.
■■■ Employment Communication / 31

6. Discrepancy: A discrepancy is a conflict, difference, disagreement, among the members of

the group, which often arise during deliberations and discussion. It can simulate the
members to find new solutions to the problem.
3.4.1 Considerations in Group Discussion
1. Aims of discussion: The main aim of group discussion is to evaluate how we behave in a
group. Group discussion gives a platform to us to display our personality traits like our
intellectual ability, creativity, imagination and approach to solve the problems, leadership
qualities, conflicts and group behaviour. In the purpose of our participation we judge the
clarity of our thought and the facility of our expression. In the process we also learn how to
communicate our ideas and thoughts effectively. They teach as how to get rid of our biased
judgements and avoid undertaking prejudiced actions.
2. Purpose of discussion: The main purpose of a group discussion is to present a platform
for group learning. It aims at creating an prospect to discuss a problem. The participants in
a group discussion attempt at solving it. They share findings of each other, analyze and
classify the established findings. Discussion as a process makes a group members think
together. The group does this thinking in a cooperative style for problem-solving and
decision-making. Group discussion plot intends to make responsible professionals out of us.
As a group there is a smooth flow of interaction and we learn the process of group dynamics.
3. Participants in group discussion: For successful group discussion there should be an
adequate number of participants. It is, however, difficult to spellout the number of
participants that makes the discussion functional. It is true that the nature and effectiveness
of discussion depends upon the number of participants in a one group. The ideal number of
participants for an effective and successful discussion is between five to nine participants in
a group. A faithful discussion, however, can take place when all members share views and
exchange information with each other.
4. Venue of discussion: A group discussion should take place in a carefully chosen room. It
should be well-ventilated and illuminated. It should have pleasant atmosphere having an
oval arrangement of chairs for participants in which all participants should get an
opportunity to see each other easily and equally.
It should start with the announcement of the problem to the participants after they
congregate. The participants are given five to ten minutes of time for assessment of problem
thoughts. The another way of holding it is by announcing the problem beforehand and the
discussion starts when all the participants come prepared to the discussion table.
5. Role of observer: A group discussion takes place in the presence of an observer. The role
of the observer is to learn and scrutinize the process of discussion. He or she keeps a watch
on the participants and their participation on the discussion.
3.4.2 Discussion Skills
For an effective participation in a group discussion, we require to improve our skills in speaking and
listening both.
SKILLS FOR SPEAKER
1. Command over the subject-matter: For effective discussion we should know how to
state our points that require specific attention and consideration. We should know how to
32 / Business Communication ■■■

explain, elaborate, compare, describe, illustrate, relate summarize and review matters. We
should be well prepared for discussion having knowledge and information about the subject
matter.
2. Remarkable or impressive voice: A participant should have a pleasant and amusing
voice quality. He or she pronounces words with proper stress and accent. An impressive
voice attracts other participants to hear what we speak.
3. Pronunciation: The participants should know how to modulate his or her voice with
effective pronunciation combining stress on syllables pronunciation.
4. Poise: A general poise and bearing makes us to maintain our cool. A poise doesn’t allow us
to pronounce someone or on some point of view. The poise includes our attentiveness,
calmness, a brevity attitude and confidence. All these help us participate efficiently in a
discussion.
5. Effective body language: For effective participation in a discussion we should avoid too
many gestures or body movements while speaking. Our body language should not display
any antagonism, irritation, fatigue, panic, hurry or hesitation.
SKILLS FOR LISTENER
1. Positive approach: As listener also we should follow a positive approach for a useful
discussion. We sincerely listen to others.
2. Focused attitude: Our mind should be on the subject matter or on the problem of the
discussion. It helps to understand the speaker intention and also it makes easier to
understand the particular topic.
3. Systematic perception: For effective participation in a discussion we should perceive the
viewpoints expressed in the discussion. We should interpret the viewpoint and opinions of
others rationally and objectively. We must listen to what others say and accordingly we
should transform our views.
4. Detailed analysis: As a participant we should know how to listen, what to listen and get
the right meaning. We should know how to generalize or interprets the information
gathered. This should be done by a proper comparison between the old knowledge and the
new facts listen in the discussion.
5. Body language: As a responsible listener in a discussion we should be frank, friendly in
receiving the views and opinions of others. Our gestures, therefore, should not be of hostile
kind. We should be frank and accommodating but indeed not defensive too.
Healthy discussions gave us newer and newer ideas. We learn how to transmit our views,
examining their validity appeal. Through discussions we share our views and opinions. Discussion
plays a very important role in our learning process. By the group discussion process we learn the kind
of role a team-effort has in the modern world. We also learn how to respect the views of others, think
together and work together helpfully resolving conflicts and confusions at all steps.

3.5 INTERVIEW
The word ‘interview’ means ‘view between’ or ‘sight between’. It suggests a meeting between two
persons for the purpose of getting a view of each other, or for knowing each other or we can say that
it is the interaction between interviewer and interviewee. An interview is a means of two-way
communication.
■■■ Employment Communication / 33

Fig. 3.1

3.5.1 Types of Interview

1. Promotion interview: Persons due for promotion are interviewed even if there is no
competition. This type of interview is more informal and serves as induction for new
responsibilities and duties. And if there, is competition for promotion, the interview helps
in the selection process and may also serve as an opportunity for a discussion of career
opportunities for candidate.
2. Appraisal or Assessment interview: An appraisal interview is one of the methods of
periodical assessment of employees. Annual appraisal interview is the best method for
judging employees performance. A face-to-face confidential talk is an opportunity for both
they discuss on several issues which are related to job.
This interview is more a discussion rather than question-answer. The focus is on the career
development, shortcomings, areas which need improvement, training, opportunities for
promotion etc.
3. Exit interview: An exit interview is given to an employee who has resigned or leaving the
organisation. The organization can—
• Find out the precise reason for the employee decision to leave.
• Give information about PF, group insurance and how and when’s the dues will be paid.
• Get feedback on employee’s opinion about the organization’s policies.
• Give the final pay cheque or information about when it will be ready and how it will be
handed over.
• Check that all books, manuals, tools, equipments which were issued to the employee
have been returned as same.
4. Problem interview: Problem interview basically meant for those employees who create
problem. An employee whose performance or behaviour is unsatisfactory in spite of
warning represents a problem. An interview is more likely to suggest a solution than
warnings and notices.
The reason for the employee’s poor performance can be found out in a face-to-face talk, it
may be domestic problems, health problem, lack of training or dissatisfaction with job,
environment problem, hierarchy problem etc. Many organizations have facilities for
counseling staff, the employee may be offered a session with the counselor.
5. Stress interview: A stress interview puts the candidates into difficult situations in order
to test her/his reaction to stress. This method is used for selection for positions in which the
person must be able to face difficult situations without getting upset. A stress interview tests
34 / Business Communication ■■■

such qualities as courage, tact, cool temper, and self-command, on candidates which is
needed when confronted by other individual or groups.
6. Selection interview: The most important objective of the selection interviews is to
measure the suitability of the candidates for specific jobs.
Employment interviews are usually taken by a panel of interviewer. An interview may take
time from 10 minutes to 45 minutes or even longer. Interviewers spend more time on good
candidates. They have to gather enough information about the candidates to be able to assess
their suitability to join the organization.
The candidates too must find out about the organization, its employee policies and culture,
what it expects the recruits to do and what opportunities for career development it offers.
3.5.2 Candidate’s Preparation
In interview not only information and knowledge of the candidate assessed but the whole personality
is assessed. The candidate must be physically, mentally and psychologically prepared for the interview.
PHYSICAL PREPARATION
1. The candidate is likely to be properly groomed and formally dressed. Clean and well-cut
nails, properly combed hair, well-fitting clothes, neat footwear and a suitable handbag or
brief case are the normal requirements of formal appearance.
2. Posture. The way a candidate carries him while standing, walking, sitting reveals a good deal
about him. Self-confidence, nervousness or over-confidence, are all reflected in the posture
and bearing of the candidate. Note your body movements, and take care to stop any bad
habitual movements.
3. Good etiquette is necessary for interview. The candidate must know what the suitable
greetings are for the day on a particular time.
• Do not offer to shake hands unless it is offered by an interviewer.
• Do not sit until you are asked to sit down. If you are not asked to sit then take
permission from interviewer to sit.
• Take care, while handling the chair. It should not be dragged noisily. Sit comfortably
and with good posture.
• If you have large briefcase, put it down on the floor near the chair. If you have small one
then keep it on your lap. Be comfortable and well practiced in handling your bag.
• Do not put elbows or hand on the table. Practice keeping hands comfortably when you
are not using them.
• Maintain comfortable posture throughout the interview.
• At the end of the interview, remember to thank the interviewers and wish them Good
day.
MENTAL PREPARATION
1. It is advisable to new job-seekers, that they revise concern subjects. Knowledge in the field
of specialization must be up-to-date, take a look at your bio-data and be prepared to give
more information about your interest.
2. Important current issues in the country and in the world will be asked at the time of
■■■ Employment Communication / 35

interview. Regular reading of newspapers, listening to TV news and discussion on current

issues are suggested.
3. Information about the company where you go for interview, its owners/boards of directors,
its product or services, its turnover, share capitals, market value etc. are available in the
company’s annual report or it is also available at the internet. The candidate must find out
such information as possible about the company whose employment he seeks.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION
1. Honesty and openness in answering questions is the best policy. Dishonesty generally makes
a bad impression in the mind of the interviewers. It is better to admit inability to answer a
question than to pretend and guess answer.
2. Inability to discuss a topic makes a bad impression. If there is any topic that seems too
embarrassing to talk about, it is useful to read up information on it and talk about it
objectively to a few friends for practice.
3. Salary is a topic that must be discussed at the time of interview. It is important to talk about
the compensation package without appearing to be bargaining, or being driven or defeated.
4. A candidate must have the clarity of purpose and determination to want to know her/his
prospects in the organization. Information about the nature of duties, working time,
deduction, future prospects, other benefits and any of the desired information must be
received before leaving.
SELF EVALUATION
1. Anyone who wants to be successful in life must make a good self-evaluation. Knowledge of
one’s strengths and weaknesses is very useful in gaining self confidence.
2. It takes time and should be done carefully and patiently by candidates.
3. Parents and close friends can help in pointing out faults or limitation and in correcting them
and also in finding out strong points and strengthening them.
4. Coming to terms with oneself, knowing how to deal with one’s faults, and how to make good
use of one’s talents and skills is excellent preparation for an interview. It adds a great deal of
self confidence and poise to the personality.
3.5.3 Interviewer Preparation
1. Preparation for the interview has to be made well in advance. The received application are
sorted and scrutinized and qualified candidates are selected for interviewing.
2. A panel of interviewers is selected on the basis of requirements of the job and the assessment
which has to be made at interview.
3. A date for the interview is fixed, and the interviewers as well as his selected candidates are
sent letters informing them of the date, time and place of the interview.
4. On the day of the interview, the room in which the interview is to be conducted is suitably
arranged. Another room near the interview room is also arranged for the candidates to be
seating while waiting to be interviewed.
5. A senior office staff and a peon attend to the needs of the waiting candidates. Each panel
member has to examine the bio-data of candidates and prepare questions based on the
bio-data for each candidate.
6. Develop rapport to encourage the candidate to be involved. A candidate is more willing to
speak openly if the interview show respect and understanding of his/her needs.
36 / Business Communication ■■■

At the time of interview the interviewer must consider the following points:
1. A relaxed atmosphere can be created by interviewer having a brief conversation unrelated
to the interview and by using the candidate’s name.
2. Friendly responses to what the candidate says make the candidate comfortable and
encourage him to speak.
3. A candidate must never be humiliated even if it is obvious that he is unsuitable.
4. If the interviewer conducted a stress interview than after the interview candidate should be
told that it was stress interviewing and that he need not feel anxious about it.
5. Leave taking must be pleasant and sociable, with response to the candidate’s wishing.
3.5.4 Interview Do’s and Don’ts
With the requirements of the position in mind, the interviewer will search for your strong and weak
points and evaluate your intellect and the abilities that you have developed as a result of your
education and past experience. They will also be interested in personal characteristics such as your
motivation and the way you present yourself.
THE “DO’S”
• DO follow the interviewer’s leads and prompts, reading whether your answer is going to be
too long or if further information is required to explain on a point made.
• DO make sure that you highlight your strengths to the interviewer in a factual, sincere
manner. Provide specific examples of your abilities that demonstrate positive outcomes or
achievements.
• DO realise that the interviewer will ask you questions about your skills that relate to the
selection criteria or the requirements of the position. If the position requires technical or
special knowledge, you can expect to be asked a question that involves applying theory to
solve a problem.
• DO make sure you leave the impression that you are more interested in the activities
involved in the job than the promotional opportunities or benefits that the organization may
offer.
• DO always indicate your interest in the job for which you’re being interviewed. Never close
the door on an opportunity. It is better to be offered the position so you can consider it in
relation to other jobs for which you are applying than to not have a choice.
• DO ask questions when given the opportunity.
• DO take advantage of the opportunity to add anything else in your favour if asked.
THE “DON’TS”
• DON’T answer questions with a simple “yes” or “no”. Give good responses and explain
yourse lf whenever possible by referring to relevant examples from your experiences.
• DON’T respond in a general, vague, or hesitant manner. Keep in mind that you alone can
sell yourself to an interviewer. Project a sense of purpose and direction.
• DON’T ‘over answer’ questions. The interviewer may steer the conversation into politics
or economics. It is best to answer the questions honestly, and say no more than is necessary.
• DON’T ever make derogatory remarks about your present or former employers.
• DON’T enquire about salary, holidays, bonuses or retirement at the initial interview.
■■■ Employment Communication / 37

However, you should know your market value and be prepared to specify your required
salary range if asked.
• DON’T lie. Answer questions truthfully, frankly and as close ‘to the point’ as possible.
• DON’T focus on negatives: emphasis positive outcomes and learning experiences.
Negative factors frequently assessed during an interview that most often lead to rejection include:
• lack of responsibility taken for actions.
• lack of interest and enthusiasm.
• lack of preparation, failure to obtain information about the job and organization.
• inability to express thoughts clearly, poor diction or grammar, and lack of poise.
• lack of career planning, purpose or goals.
• lack of tact, maturity, courtesy or professionalism.
• evasive – making excuses for poor academic record or other unfavourable factors.
• overbearing, aggressive, arrogant or conceited.
• over-emphasis on money – interested only in remuneration.
• persistent attitude of “What can you do for me?”
• failure to ask pertinent questions about the job or the organization.
Make sure these negative factors do not apply to you on your interview. And try to overcome
these factors so you should better present yourself in the interview.

Exercise–3

1. How do you define application letter?

2. Distinguish between the solicited and unsolicited application letters.
3. Define structure of application letter.
4. What are the general hints for writing application letter?
5. Draft an application letter for the post of the Sales Manager of a private firm.
6. Write an application letter for the post of Deputy Welfare Officer addressed to the Personnel
Manager of Laxmi Enterprises, Orissa, in response to an advertisement in a newspaper dated
12th August, 2004.
7. Answer the following advertisement: “Wanted a lady receptionist with at least three years
experiences for the office of the Galaxy InfoTech, Chandigarh. Apply to the Manager stating
age, qualification, experience and minimum salary acceptable.”
8. Draft a letter to the Registrar, Rampur Technical University, applying for the post of Asst.
Registrar giving your qualifications, age and experiences.
9. Discuss the purpose of resume.
10. What are the different contents of resume?
11. What is the need or importance of listed references in a resume?
12. An International Bank has recently advertised some vacancies of teller. Write an application
for one such post giving full details to the Personnel Manager.
38 / Business Communication ■■■

13. Write out an application to the following advertisement appearing in Indian Express of
4th July, 2006.
“Wanted Accountant on Rs. 20,000 p.m.: Apply stating age, qualification and experiences,
to Box No. 46. The Leader.”
14. What are the tips for writing an impressive C.V/ Resume?
15. “A group discussion is the creative approach to knowledge.” Explain.
16. What are the features of group discussion?
17. What are the different factors taken into consideration while group discussion?
18. “For participation in group discussion one should require the balance of speaking and
listening skills.” Explain.
19. Explain the skills required at the level of listening in group discussion.
20. What do you mean by interview?
21. Describe any two types of interview.
22. Write notes on:
(i) Promotion Interview
(ii) Appraisal Interview
(iii) Exit Interview
(iv) Problem Interview
(v) Stress Interview
(vi) Selection Interview
23. For interview what preparation have to be done by candidates. Explain.
24. “First impression is the last impression.” Explain with the concern of physical preparation.
25. Differentiate between mental and psychological preparation.
26. “Self assessment is required before interview.” How much you agree with this statement and
why?
27. What preparation does the interviewer has to make for an interview?
28. List some do’s and don’ts of interview.
29. Write down five questions that you would like to ask the interviewers at your interview for
a job.
30. Suggest some ways and means of making exit interview successful.

■■
 COMMUNICATION AND
TECHNOLOGY
4.1 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT
4.2 COMMUNICATION NETWORK
4.2.1 INTRANET
4.2.2 INTERNET
4.3 E-MAILS
4.4 SHORT MESSAGE SERVICE (SMS)
4.5 TELECONFERENCING
4.6 VIDEO CONFERENCING

4.1 THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT

In this age of communication, information and wide access to it is considered as wealth. One of the
keys to such a source lies in the application of information retrieval techniques which have contributed
a lot for the emergence of new communication technology.
The use of new communication technology can tackle some of the basic problem, namely,
accuracy, cost, speed, quality, quantity in the light of wide corporate business operations. So, the search
for alternative methods has become imperative in the modern complex business organization, where
communication has to go to vast geographical territory, both inside and outside the country. Over the
traditional media like radio, television, computer, audio and video cassettes, video disk, telephones
and many mechanical devices have been successfully used as a means of communication in many
organizations. They are also helpful in managerial functions like planning, control, direction,
motivation etc.
Business world must adopt new technologies for the cause of communication to serve the
community as social responsibility or, it will be difficult to survive in the competitive scenario.

4.2 COMMUNICATION NETWORK

The word ‘Network’ means anything in the form of the Net which may have many lines crossing each
other. A network in connection with the computer environment means ‘link’ between a number of
computers within the organization and outside. Computer network is a series of interconnected points
or channels communicating with each other. Interconnections of a number of computer and/or
 Another Random Document on
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bûtenbientsjes wêze wol. Hy joech him folle ôf mei wiersizzerij fen
waer en wyn, en do er dat in mannich kearen roaid hie, mienden de
skippers, det er de wyn yn de mouwe hie, en hja makken him Greva
fen stoarm en onwaer. Syn greatste ljeafhabberij hie er yn it
stjerresjitten, en dat kaem him skoan to stade; hwent waer en wyn
wolle noch al ’ris nei de moanne lústerje. Ek sizze se fen him, det hy
de gongen fen keningen en naesjes mei in loerjend each neigiet, en
det er dêr sa folle wrâldske wysheit fen opdien hat, det er frij goed
wit, hwet er swije ef sizze moat. It ien en oare kin men ek sa wol
hwet oan syn brief sjen, tinkt my. Der sit geleardheit genôch yn, ja,
ik scoe sizze, fiersten to folle.
Ik leau net det Eölus my goed fette hat: oars kin ik net bigripe, det
er my sa útheuvelt. Mar ik woe it ’er dochs net útlitte; hwent as myn
goede namme by jimme dat net útstean kin, den is er doch nin
botsen wirdich. Hy hat oars sa folle ongelyk net, mar it is in
bolderbast. Syn riddenaesjes oer pompen, waerglêzen en sok spil lit
ik ek for syn eigen rekkening. Ik leau egentlik net det er goed wit,
hwet ’er fen binnen yn it ierdryk omgiet. Mar dêr scil ik him noch
wol ’ris oer sprekke, as ik tiid hab. Bikôgje dit nou earst mar ’ris op
jimme gemak, Friezen, en as ’t jimme net to dreech yn de mage laeit,
scil ik om oare gerjochten tinke.
Wy litte nou Eölus mei syn wyn en steatkinde wêze. It foarjier
winket ús ta, en lit ús de earste lije loften rûke, dy de slomjende
natúr oan it oplibjen bringe. De kij kealje, en de boeren bringe ús
bjist for bjistpankoeken. De bûthúzen biginne to stymjen; de âlde kij
bâlte nei de farske mailoft. De hoanne kraeit, det it oer it hiele gea
klinkt; de hinnen keakelje en lizze peaske-aeijen. De famkes
toudounsje op it grien; de jonges komme mei toppen en hoepen, mei
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ringje ef spylje hazze en houn; hja boartsje en kreauwe, hja geije,
hja kraeije it heldere foarjier út. De beamkers bigjinne mei
beammen, en heisters, en hagen; de gnjirkers mei iere en djûre
blommen op ’e merke to kommen. De boerinne stiet ’er mei hinne-
aeijen yn in braskoerke neist, en de boerefeint mei leep-aeijen yn in
netsje om de rânne fen de hoed hinne. De finnen bigjinne to
grienjen: de spjichtige flotgêrzen lizze lâns de iggen fen de sleat al
to driuwen op it wetter. In inkelde leep pipet ús yn ’e fierte to mjitte.
De boeresoan giet mei de pols op it skouder yn ’t fjild, en ljept sleat
út sleat yn, en rint rjucht op it steed fen de ikker ta, dêr de sy op it
nêst sit. De eilammen bletterje en hippelje om de moer hinne; hja
hoarte en stjitte mei de kopkes yn it jaer op, om it lêste dripke tate
los to meitsjen, en as se sûgje hipple-wipje se mei de wite stirtkes fen
nocht. De protters, de mosken en de douwen pearje; hja komme yn
ús tunen, en tôgje mei de prikken en striekes, om hjar nêst to
bouwen. Ha! hark my dêr bûten dy ljurk ’ris. Helder op, myn
feintsje! Kladderje yn de blauwe loft op, en snetterje ’t mei dyn
wyldsang oer it ierdryk út, det it foarjier oan it rissen is. Eölus
forstommet om nei dyn linte-liet to harkjen; der is mar in lyts
sigentsje oan de heldere loft. Hy kin allinne mar harkje; hy kin net
mear rekkenje, hwet keningen en folken dwaen moatte, en nin
minske scoe nou ek nei syn rekkeningen lústerje wolle. It wol alles
út de muffe huzen nei bûten ta. Hân oan hân kuijerje ik mei myn
famke, en mei Tsjalling troch de finnen. De berntsjes rôlje en djoeije
om my hinne; hja ploaitsje maiblommen, en riuwe se oan triedtsjes
ta krânsen, dy se om de holle slingerje. En Tsjalling en myn famke
njeurje it sankjen:

Maitiids earste blomke;

Ljeave fen de wei!
Ut Gods heilichdomme
Komstou, moaije, wei.

Berntsjes meije bliuwe,

As hjar heit hjar ropt,
Dou bist’ foarjiers boppe,
As dyn heit dy ropt.

Maitiids earste blomke,

Bliere fen de wei!
’k Lit my liede en sizze,
’k Gean dyn stappen nei.
 Nij-Fryslân op Spitsbergen, dizze 22ste fen Decimber-moanne,
1836.

Nommele Frjeone!

Der wier in goed man oan de pûster, net? En dêr bin ik al wer. Dyn
brief haw ik lêzen, en ik moat sizze detstou masteraftich de kinst fen
dyn gilde forstieste; ik mien de goudtriedlûkers-kinst, om in ding,
dat men op in kaerteblêd sette kin, ta in lange preek út to spinnen.
Wel, onwiten, hwet in brief! It docht my net nij ef de namme fen
Eölus is mar in spjelde west, dêrste al dyn nijs oan ophinge haste; sa
brûke jimme de teksten út de bibel ommers ek for de preken. Mar ik
bin hwet koarter fen styl, en ik forwachtsje, det dit bytsje dy noegje
scil, lyk as ik mei gedild dyn ivige epistel útlêzen hab. It skriuwen wol
hjir ek net bêst. It sit hjir yn in fjouwerkant hol, tsjien foet ûnder de
groun; boppe op it tek laeit wol saun foet snie; lykwol friest it hjir,
det it knypt. De fingers binne my knoffelich, en de inkethoarn moat
ik yn de gloede sette, om de inket ontteid to hâlden. Ik hie noch wol
hwet mear skreaun; mar wy hawwe niis in Sint Niklaes krige, dêr wy
allegearre fen forbauwerearre binne. Mei dy hichte fen snie kaem ’er
in wite iisbear boppe oan ús skoarstien to snuffeljen, en wylst wy
nearne om tochten, bruit sinjeur dêr hals oer kop troch hinne
midden ûnder ús del. Gelokkich wier myn âldste soan Boréas by my,
in dregen feint, dêr ik oerre-moarn mei nei jimmes op reis scil. Dy
hat folle yn dizze oarde forkeard, en kin dy rûge nachtbidders op in
hier; flink naem er in greate iisbile en sloech him de kop yn, det de
hersens tsjin de weach fen myn bêd sieten. Jimme kleije oer it
skoarstienjild, en det de skatters alle hoeken en hernen fen jimme
huzen trochsnuffelje om in hird to finen; mar de wite commizen op
Nij-Fryslân binne net nofliker; hwent dy tingje dadelik nei de lever,
en hâlde parate executie, net fen dyn húsrie, mar fen dyn flêsk en
bonken.
It steekje haw ik foun, dêrstou seiste. Hjir stjûr ik it nou werom, en
om dy to biwizen, det dy grap mei de bear de suvere wierheit is, haw
ik it beest strûpt en de boel yn syn fel biteard. For dyn collega haw ik
in kollekte dien by de Domenijs op Mercurius, en ik haw fjirtjintûzen
goune yn goud oproun, dat yn it steekje laeit. Aste de man it jild
jowste, moaste tsjin him sizze, det syn goeddoggers net hawwe wolle,
det dy it op in pompjirren souderke leit; hwent dêr koe it wol ’ris
krekt sa gau trochfalle as sy it joegen. Hja wolle det hy der in greid-
pleatske for keapet, en det er dy sels sa hwet biboerket; den hat er
mei ien hwet oanslach for in pear grouwe jonges. Hja wolle net, det
hy ’er oar pompier for keapet, as in planke fol púk-púk-bêste
Latynske, Grykske en Hebreauske boeken. Hwent de domenijs op
Mercurius sizze, det it smoarch for in predikant stiet, det er fen dy
dingen net folle mear wit as in Kattechisearmaster.
Om de greatste gekken scil ik by gelegenheit wol ’ris tinke. Mar as
ik in partij meinim, den geane se net nei de moanne, mar nei de
planeet Pallas. Dêr hawwe se hjar graech; hwent hja sizze, det er nin
nofliker folk yn de bihânlinge is as greatste gekken fen de ierde; as se
dy dêrre mar in goudpompjirke op de mouwe spjeldzje, den binne se
sa optein, det men der mei omslepe kin as in dweil.—Yn it
weromkommen haw ik in foech healûre op ’e moanne oanlein, en de
Noarger rún spritsen. Hy wier prot op Doktor Eeltsje, det dy syn
brief drukke litten hie. As hy Noarger rún bleaun wier, koe ’t him nin
drip skele; mar as men minister is, den wol men just foar de hiele
wrâld net witte det men foar de Kollumersweachster tsjiiswein roun
hat. Hy wier oars bêst to sprekken, en hy sei my, det er op ierde faek
winske hie, om yn jimme tsjinst to kommen; hwent hy hie noait
mirken, det jimme hynsteboalen wierne. En hy winske it noch wol;
hwent Jan-rap en syn maet toude him op de hûd, en as er de baes
klage, den sei dy: “Ja, dêr biste for, om bruijen to krijen. De koegels,
dy ik oars krije scoe, kinne aerdich yn dy smoare.”—Nei it bisnoeide
jild haw ik him frege. Hy loek de skouders op. Ik sei “Ja, jou
Excellintie; dat dogge se op Terra ek. Mar dat helpt hjar net folle.” Do
bigoun er my to forheljen, det er op de moanne mei it selde wetter
foar de dokter west hie. Earst hie er in publicatie jown: “Oan dy
datum ta ontfang ik op de lânskantoren alle gounen tsjin tweintich
stûren it stik; nei dy datum ontfang ik de bisnoeide gounen tsjin de
wearde, dy it silver hat, dat er yn sit.” Aenstons roun elts mei in lyts
skealjen yn de bûse om it jild to weagen; hwent nimmen wier sa gek
om in goune for it folle jild to nimmen, dy mei twa moanne mar
sechstjin stûren wirdich wier. Dy nin jild yn hûs hie wier bliid; mar
de kapitalisten en bankiers, dy tûzenen, ja hûndert-tûzenen yn hûs
hienen, forlearen yn ienen kapitalen fen tweintich en tritich tûzen
gounen. Dy wierne den ek pûrrazend west, en hienen de minister
troch in rêst kantoarrinners de ruten ynsmite litten, en it hie mar in
hierke skeeld, ef hja hienen him foar syn eigen doar yn ’e grêft
forsûpt. “Mar hwerom smelte jy it jild net om, lyk as Willem de
tredde yn Ingelân dien hat?” sei ik. “Dat tanket jo de blaxem! (Hy
flokt ougryslik; dat hat er noch fen de hynstetyskers oerhâlden.) Dat
tanket jo de blaxem! andere hy, It spant om sûnder halsbrekken fen
it iene budget oan it oare to kommen, en den noch tritich miljoenen
út to pûljen, om al it jild wer op syn wearde to krijen, dat is allehiel
ús foech net.” “Mar ha je den neat dien?” frege ik. Do forhelle er my
det er dy earste publicatie yntritsen hie, omdet er bang for numero
ien wier; mar det er do, om ’er sûnder kosten ôf to kommen, it nije
jild slaen litten hie op de standaert fen it âlde útslitene en bisnoeide
jild. Yn it âlde siet troch de bân sa hwet sechtsjin stûren silver yn in
goune; en dêr liet hy de nije ek op slaen; mar yn namme bleau it
tweintich. Do wier it allegearre gelyk, en men hie it ien jild net ljeaver
as it oare. Yn it earst hiene de ljue op ’e moanne der allehiel nin erch
yn; hwent yn hjar dommens seinen se: “In goune is in goune, as wy
him mar for in goune útjaen kinne, hwet kin it ús den skele, eft ’er in
byt silver mear ef minder ynsit.” Dat wier ek sa. Mar do se for in
poarsje ierdappels fjouwer-en-tweintich stûren jaen moasten, dat se
jister mei in goune bitellen; do alles yn ienen tweintich procint
djûrder waerd; do de crediteur tofreden wêze moast, det syn skildner
him in obligatie fen tûzen goune mei in specie bitelle, dy de wearde
fen acht-hûndert hie, do er in omkearinge yn de wearde fen alle
dingen kaem, en it krekt wier, eft de foundeminten fen de hele
maetskippij omrierd waerden, do waerd it oars. De forwarringe is ’er
nou sa great, det se de minister djipper as de hel forflokke, en it scoe
my hiel net nij dwaen, det wy de iene dei ef d’ oare hearre, det se him
de hals britsen hawwe. Dat hat men fen ljue, dy in bulte rie witte.
 In nije broek kin de Noarger rún net meitsje; mar der kin sa’n
mâlle skoer net ynkomme, ef hy wit der in lape for; op dy lape leit er
wer in twade; op dy twade wer in tredde lape, dy noch greater en
tsjepper is, as al de foarige, en dat dûrret sa lang, as se allegearre ta
gelyk losskoere. Den steane se yn de moanne mei ’t bleate gat. Jimme
moatte mei de nije feargesichten tydliks mar ’ris nei de moanne op
de útkyk lizze. Ik hear det se dêr al minsken mei wjukken sjoen
habbe, en det de wiiste domenijs by jimmes út dy ontdekkinge
preekje oer Gods almacht. Nou, as jimme wjukken fen earmen op de
moanne ûnderskiede, den kinne jimme alteas wol sjen, eft de ljue dêr
in broek oan hawwe ef net.
Dyn heale brief is wol fol fen al de skea, dy ik dien hab. Ja, der
sjogge jimme op, mar it kwea, dêr ik jimme for biwarre hab, dat
kinne jimme yn jimme blinens net sjen. Der wier mar kar twiske
stilte mei de pest, ef stoarm mei gesontheit. De cholera hie glûpsk de
hiele loft wer forpeste; jimme longen sûgden by ’t heljen fen eltse
sike swietkes ’t forgif al yn; it monster sels siet yn dampen boppe
jimme to kâldgnyskjen falsker as in njirre; mei koartens hope it
jimme krimpen en stjerren to sjen eft jimme rottekrûd ynjown wier.
Ik kin dy net sizze, ho inerlik my dat griisde. Fjirtjin dagen efterien
wier ik oan it rissen; hwent dit siz ik dy, it pestdier hie him mei syn
spoeken sa fêst nêstele, det ’er in raem om reitsen dien wirde moast,
scoe it wike. Eindelik haw ik myn wirk koart en bondich dien. Mei
dat forskouwen fen de hele loft moast de fyand ek foart; dy der yn
biskûl siet. Hy aksele al tsjin; mar ik hab him wol yn it Noarden
opkrongen, en dêr kin er nou om my syn kinsten dwaen op de bearen
en de robben. As ik ’er nou de njoggen-en-tweintichste net west hie,
den hiene jimme in bulte pannen bisparre, mar eangste, skrik en dea
wierne nou jimme bûrljue west, lyk as to Munchen en to Napels.
Jimme komme ’er ôf mei de Russiske pip (de gryp). Lykwol it moeit
my, det ik sa folle earme minsken skip en libben binimme moast om
de greate heap to bihâlden, en ik forwachtsje, det de gelokkigen, dy
der neat as sein fen hawn hawwe, it ungelok fen de lijers, dy it
ontjildzje moasten, hwet to mjitte komme scille. Ik haw sa min mûlk
stikken britsen. Yn 1825 haw ik jimme diken trochboarre, dat jimme
noch yn de pong klinkt, en nou myn raem folle fûleindiger wier en
wêze moast, is it troch myn folle mijen sa biteard, det jimme der mei
de skrik ôfkomd binne.
Ek is sa’n stoarm tsjienris learsommer as de bêste preek, dystou
dwaen kinste, en ik wird forstien fen heal Europa, wylst dyn stimme
op syn bêst in formoanje-fol minsken oerroppe kin. My tinkt, jimme
binne sa dimmen en ienfâldich net mear as jimme foarâlders; der is
in greatske poch- en pronkdivel yn jimme fearn; it minste jild ef
affysje dat jimme krije, dat kin men aenstons oan jimme gong en
fearren sjen. De âlde Friezen lieten hjar dat net blike, as se in
tweintich-tûzen goune wounen ef forlearen. Hja bleauwen deselde,
net forslein yn ’e tsjinspoeden, net bliid en boarstich, as ’t foar de
wyn gong. Nou bin ik ’ris komd om dit greatske skaei to learen hwa
hja egentlyk binne; plúskes en fearren, dy foar in wynpûst
weistouwe, neat mear. Hwet tocht dy wol, do ’k dêr to Dimter al dy
mûrren omsmiet? Forbyldzje dy, det alle pochers en Godfordommers
mei hjar grousomste flokken tsjin my ynbliesden; det alle rike ljue
mei hjar tûzenen fen boerepleatsen, lânskipsbrieven en folle
jildsekken; det alle prinsen, alle keningen en majesteiten fen it
ierdryk mei hjar legers en kanonnen tsjin my oer stienen, scoene se
dat hâlde kinne? Ik leau det se wizer binne; to minste dêr ik kaem,
hawwe se noch altiid romte makke. En egentlik witte se noch net
ienris hwet ik yn ’e bouten haw. Hja miene, det hjar kanonnen al sok
fornieljend ark is, as der komme kin. Mar dou haste oan dat sjitten
fen my mei glês yn in doar sjoen, det ik út koartswyl wol ’ris in
pûstke dwaen, dat nei in skot mei krûd swimet. En hwet is krûd, dat
ôfstekt, oars, as loft dy útset, ef in pûst wyn? As ik nou de wyn ’ris
mei sa’n boarstend gewelt foartbliesde, det de hiele loft fen boppen
nei ûnderen ta mar ien kanon wier, dat ik mar jimmer-wei ôfskeat,
scoe der wol ien stien op de oare bliuwe? Scoenen alle minsken en
dieren net to pletter slein wêze, en scoe der fen alles hwet op dizze
ierde groeit en ammet, wol eat as grús en polver oer wêze? En dat
kin, dat moat ik dwaen yn dit egenste eagenblik, as myn baes it my
hjit. Hwer binne jimme nou mei jimme parmantige stap? Leau my,
frjeon; Dêr hawwe jimme nin smoar nei, om sa’n heech boarst to
setten.
Twaris komt ’er yn dyn brief, det ik in Jacobyn bin. Dat liket dy
heech to lizzen. Jimme âlde frjeon Gabe.... (Ik leau det in Fryske
matroas, dy fen Lollum fen dinne wier, it my noch ’ris op Lipari
forhelle hat.) Nou, Gabe-skroar hat ’ris op in Ljouwerter merke yn ’e
Falk iten, dêr er neist in âld lân-domenij to sitten kaem. Under de
mieltiid kaem it sa to pas, det Gabe sei: “Ik leau alles hwet yn ’e bibel
stiet, bihalven det de faer âlder is as de soan.” De domenij frege him
eft er den in deïst wier. “Né,” sei Gabe, “ik bin nin deïst, mar in
dentist.” “Zo, sei Domenij, dan staat gy hier op zulk een karretje?”
“Né, sei Gabe, ik lûk nin kiezzen, mar ik yt ’er mei, lyk as je sjenne,
Domenij.” Dou fregeste my: Binn’ je in Jacobyn? en sa scoe ’k ek
sizze kinne: Né, ik bin nin Jacobyn, mar in kakebyn, omdet ik ’er
mei blies, en bliezen is myn fek.
Ik in Jacobyn? Dat is hwet nijs. In Jacobyn wol it gebou fen de
maetskippij ôfbrekke, en ik wol it bihâlde. Ik wol rottige steden yn
balken en mûrwirk weibrekke, om nij yn ’e pleats to setten. Ik wol de
flier oanfeije, en ’er net útfeije. De measte oproeren en omkearingen,
dêr wy yn de skiednis fen hearre, binne komd, omdet de minsken
fordrukt en útsûgd waerden, en mei in liiffol arbeidzjen amper hjar
bistean hienen. De misbrûken, dêr dy ellinde út foartkomt, wol ik
weinimme, en wolstou se fordedigje en bihâlde, den bistou de
oproermakker, feint! Dou meiste hjitte sa astou wolste, legitimist,
conservateur, prinseman, keningsfrjeon, mar dou komste mei de
Jacobyn op ien strjitte út, to witten, earst oproer en forwarring,
dêrnei it canaille op de troon, en ta eintsje-bislút in tiran. Egentlik
hiene jimme den ek beide de galge oan lân en kening fortsjinne.
Ik wit net eft ik wol in wird mear oer dit ding oan dy skriuwe wol.
It is my hwette to onfoech, mar as ik it sizze mei, dou biste sa dom as
in okse! Hwa wit, eftste wol in inkel wird bigrypste fen alles, hwet ik
dy hjir siz. Kou-dom biste, siz ik. Dou witste noch nin ienders
ûnderskie twiske oppositie en opstân. Oppositie is by dy opstân, en
opstân oppositie, en hja lykje krekt sa folle op eltsoar as in baerch op
in tange. De keallestirten allyk slingerste kjitte en pisse troch eltsoar.
Oppositie riedt en rigelt, stjûrt en biskirmt, past op de pong, hâldt en
keart om it skip út de wâl to stjûren; de opstân fiert op,
fordommenearret, stjûrt alles yn de war om yn troebel wetter to
fiskjen. Oppositie fordedigt en bifestigt de wet, en de opstân foracht
en forbrekt se. De oppositie hâldt de kening en eltse wettige macht
de hân boppe de holle; de opstân wrot yn de foundeminten fen de
troon, om folk en kening yn ’t ûngelok to bringen. Astou en dyn
gelikens dat ienfâldige ding net bigripe kinne, hwet haw ik hjir den
langer yn dit hol op Spitsbergen oan dy to skriuwen? Ik scoe de
bearen noch better in constitutie bitsjutte kinne as dy. Mar, hou! it
mocht noch ’ris lokke.... Kom, ik scil in kerltsje yn de meagere groun
fen dyn forstân weagje; wol it net opkomme, yn de goedichheit, den
is it wei.
Eltse macht op dizze ierde siket alles, hwet hjar yn de wei stiet,
foart to kringen, ef ûnder de foet to krijen, om allinne oerein to
bliuwen en allinne baes to wêzen. En dat net, omdet dy macht yn de
hânnen fen in kening, fen greate hearen ef fen it folk is, mar altyt yn
de hân fen in minske birêst. Dêrom fielde men de roede fen de
twingelandije krekt sa faek ûnder de onbipealle regearring fen it folk,
as fen ien allinne. Dit is it earste en it lêste leksom fen de hiele
minskelike skiedenis. Hearsksjochte is it boskrûd, dat foar de foetten
fen elts minske laeit; ien fonkje mar, en it fljocht op. Set om de
oppermacht mar sa folle regleminten hinne aste wolste om it
fordrukken to biletten, hja scil yn ’t ein oer al dy stekken en dammen
hinne springe, as der net altiten ien by stiet, dy it hjar bilet. Dêrom is
der net allinne in grounwet, in constitutie, dy de grinzen fen de
oppermacht bipeallet, mar dy constitutie jowt oan elts it rjucht om ta
to sjen, det hja noait bûten dy grinzen komt; hja, de constitutie, ropt
it folk op, om ljue oan to stellen, dy it heft yn hânnen hawwe om de
oppermacht to twingen, det hja op hjar hiem bliuwt. Dy dat dwane,
hjitte de tsjinkearende macht, de oppositie; hja keare tsjin, as de
oppermacht, nei hjar bigryp, it skip yn de wâl stjûrt.
Mar dat scil dyn lyts holke wol to tûk wêze, heite! Kom, ik scil ’t dy
ris oars bitsjutte. In ûrwirk, in klok kenste ommers wol, net? O ja,
dou biste fen Grou, it lân fen de klokkemakkers. Nou, dêr sit slinger
en gewichten yn, oars? Kom, litte wy dy klok ’ris opwine, en nimme
de slinger der út. Roets! dêr geane de gewichten mei in grousum
getier nei ûnderen ta, en dat hâldt net op, foar det se op de groun
binne. Pomp! de gewichten steane op de groun; de klok is ôfroun; it
ûrwirk stiet stil. Dêr haste it byld fen minskelike macht, dy allinne
oan hjar sels oerlitten wirdt. Hja is net yn rêst, foar det se alle oare
machten der ûnder en oan ’t swijen hat.—Alle ongerigeldheden, dy
yn geande klokken binne, hâlde nou yn sa’n ûrwirk op. It giet ’er mei
al dy redden yn de bêste oarder en stilte ta. Mar it is de ienlikheit en
de stilte fen de dea. Dêr haste de rêst ûnder de onbipealle
oppermacht. Alles yn rep en roer, moart en brân, ef de stilte fen de
dea.
Ho bifalt dy dat? My tochte, wy moasten de klok noch ’ris opwine,
en hingje de slinger der mar wer yn. Dêr is er wer op syn pleats. De
slinger giet hinne en wer, by eltse slingering lit er net mear as ien
takke fen it kroanrêd trochslûpe, en sa wit er de gewichten, dy mei
gewelt nei ûnderen wolle op to hâlden; hy lit se wol sakje, mar nei de
rigel. De slinger fordielt de macht, dy dellûkt, op sa’n wize, det
redden en gewichten yn gelike tiden allikenske romten trochrinne.
Dy slinger, myn frjeon, is de oppositie, de tsjinkearende macht. De
oppermacht is allike onmisbaer om it ûrwirk fen steat yn biweging to
bringen en oan de gong to hâlden, as de gewichten yn de klok, mar de
oppositie past as in slinger op, det dy nei de rigel arbeidet, en noait
gysten nei ûnderen fljocht, en hjar sels en oaren dea rint.—Nou wiist
de klok de ûren ek oan, dêr it egentlik om to dwaen is, en dat scil er
nammers to krekter dwaen, hwet de slinger better op syn mjitte is. Sa
is ’t ek yn it ryk. Hwet de oppositie better op hjar plicht past, hwet de
dingen fen ’t lân better geane, en hwet in naesje edelmoediger
(fierer), riker en machtiger wirdt, lyk aste dat sjen kinste oan
Ingelân. Mar soms, as de pit út in folk giet, is dy tsjinkearende macht
to lyts; den kin se neat útfiere. Dêr giet it krekt as yn in toersklok, dêr
se de slinger fen in keamersklokje yn hinge hawwe; sa’n pyst fen in
slingerke kin dy swiere toerskloksgewichten net yn balans hâlde.
Der binne ek tiden det de tsjinkearende macht, de oppositie, in
kwea steed yn ’e holle hat: det se it gat tsjin de krebbe set, en neat
jaen ef nimme wol. Den wol se neat, en makket alle regearring
onmûgelik. Hja is den as in slinger, dy steech is en stil stiet, en de
gewichten tsjinhâldt sûnder hjar sakje to litten om it ûrwirk yn
biweging to bringen. Den stiet de hiele boel stil. Mar dat is neat. De
constitutie jowt de kening rjucht om de dwersbongelers nei hûs to
stjûren, en oan ’t folk to sizzen: “Mei dit heapske kin ik neat wirde;
jimme moatte my oare ljue ta jimme committearden stjûre”: dat wol
sizze: “Jaen my in oar slinger yn de klok; dizze, dy ’k nou fen jimme
ha, wol net hinne en wer.” En dat scil ’t folk ek wol dwaen, as it mar
oertúgd is, det it dwersbongelers binne: hwent it folk hat nin oar
bilang as det ’er goedkeap regearre wirdt, det alles op syn tiid ôfrint,
en det alles krekt op syn ûre bitelle wirdt. In forljocht folk tinkt altyd
sa: “In braef committearde fen ús is net tsjin de oppermacht, mar
tsjin de dwalingen fen de oppermacht. Hy is for de oppermacht, as it
palladium fen ús bihâld, en opdet se dat bistindich bliuwe scil,
hawwe wy him stjûrd om to weitsen, det de oppermacht hjar mei hjar
eigen kniif net snije mei.”
Mar hwet jowt dat in gehaspel en in geïggewear! En hwet is ’t
dealeske djûr, om sa’n sechstich committearden op ’t foer to
hawwen! Dêr kinne wy ommers allegearre frij fen, as men de kening
allinne regearje lit. Ja, dat is sa. As in klok altiten giet, dat jowt in
ivich getik; den slite de redden ek mear; it wirk wirdt gauwer
smoarch, en om de twa jier mei it wol himmele wirde. Den boarst de
snaer fen de gewichten ek wol ’ris, ef springt de fear. Dat jowt troch ’e
tiid in bulte kosten; en den giet yn ’t holste fen de nacht de wekker
noch ek wol ’ris los, det men út eltsoar fljucht fen it getier. Mar
dêrfor hat men ’er syn geriif ek fen; de klok giet goed, en men kin ’er
grif op ôf. De ûre, dy’t er wiist, is ’t ek. Oan in klok, dy stil stiet, is nin
slytagie; kosten fen ûnderhâld binne ’er sa to sizzen net oan; mar nin
minske hat ’er hwet oan; fen de saunhûndert-en-tweintich minuten,
dy yn de toalf ûren binne, wiist sa’n klok krekt ien nei wierheit oan;
de oare saunhûndert-njoggentjin liigt er allegearre. It is in stomme
stân-yn-’e-wei, en yn it ein wirdt er noch folle smoarger as ien dy
giet. Meast nimt men sa’n klok den út inoar, en forkwanselt him for
âld koper; mar as men tinkt: Kom, hy kin noch wol wer gean; ik wol
him wer op oarder ha; den kostet er oan oplaepjen wol helte mear as
ien, dy altiten gien hat, en dêr de hân tydliks oan hâlden is. Jonge,
jonge! Wachtsje dy for sa’n ryk, dêr ien allinne baes west is. Dat liket
fen bûten nuvere moai en stil; mar it stjonkt ’er, siz ik dy, fen binnen,
en de iene dei ef d’ oare wol it ’er honje. Ljeave wirden nin gebrek, it
blinkt ’er fen goudene klean, en it liket eft alles foarút giet.
Undertwiske rekket de flier, dy noait oanfage wirdt, sa fol fûlnis, det
de foetten fen de baes sels der net mear trochwadzje kinne, en it
eintsje-bislút is de pong leech, en oproer! Hwent it mei biteare sa as
’t wol, op it ein wirdt it kwea sa great, det it him sels opfret. Altyd
komt ’er herstel, en komt it net fen boppen del, den komt it fen
ûnderen op. En den? Nou, ja, hwet den? Tsjin eltsoar fjochte as
earme helden, ta det er in bûzehappert fen bûten oankomt, dy seit:
“Kom, frjeonen, jimme bringe alles yn tremyn; dat is ús foech net”;
en dy de partijen mei ien de hânnen bynt, en seit: “Hjir is jimme
baes! hwent baes oer jimme sels to wêzen, dat kin net langer.” Ef as
de drift yn tiids noch bikoellet, en de partijen de boel wer bilizze, den
hawwe se eltsoar sa tatakele, det se noait wer op de rjuchte hael
komme. Bigrypste nou, hwet dy klok sizze wol sûnder slinger, dy net
giet, net folle kostet, ûnder it stôf bidobbe rekket, en op it lêst fen in
âld smous út eltsoar nomd wirdt? Ef as it bêst bislacht, op it lêst mei
in bulte kosten wer oan ’e gong komt, mar noait sa goe’ net, as ien
dêr de slinger altiten yn gien hat, en dy de ûrwirkmakker dêrom
tydliks neisjen moast? Hwet tinkt dy, is ’t net better, de oppositie yn
de steat, de slinger yn de klok, en dêr tydliks hwet getier, lêst en
kosten fen, as op it lêst de steat en de klok beide wei?
My tinkt, ik sjen, hwet eagen astou fen sok praet opskoerste? En
hwêrre hat Eölus al dy wysheit wei? Jonge, ik kom fierder as dou en
dyn gelikens. Dou bliuwste op dyn pôle sitten en dêr mienste as in
frosk, dy him fen greatskens opbliest, de wysheit yn pacht to habben.
Ik kom, ik waei oeral; mar ljeafst yn Ingelân. It A-bie fen de
constitutie, dat ik dy hjir opsei, hab ik dêr leard. In turfdrager tinkt
dêr klearder oer sokke dingen as dou, en dou hjitste den noch ek
preker? Dat kinste ommers wol forstean, net?
 Hwet se by jimmes fen my reutelje, dat tel ik dêrom ek nin bean. Ik
scil wol meitsje, det ik út de reek bliuw, en sizze ûnderwiles dêr it op
stiet. Ja, ik hab dy keapljue yn minskeflêsk forsûpt; ik hab dy helske
barners fen de onskild de laech jown, en dat scoe ik noch dwaen
hjoed de dei. Mar bin ik dêrom in Jacobyn, den is Willem de Iste ek
in Jacobyn, dy net allinne yn oppositie, mar ek yn opstân tsjin de
kening fen Spanjen, syn eigen baes, him forset hat. Den binne al dyn
âffaers ek Jacobynen west, dy as helden tsjin de bloedhoun fochten
hawwe. Wol, ja! dy greate prins en hja namen dat al sa nau, do se fen
Filips de twade fortrape en útrûpele ef mei it forgif en de kûgels fen
slûpmoardners drige waerden.
Dou ropste nou for Don Carlos; folle kranten hâlde syn partij; oan
dyn smeulske praetsjes op Christina en de Cortes hear ik klear, astou
hjar yn in kopke forsûpe koeste, detstou er nin amer-fol ta nimme
scoeste. Mar wiste wol, heite, hwa Don Carlos is? Bigryp my wol; de
man sels is in sloofke, en kin neat útfiere. It is in popke, mei in
kroane op de holle en in skepter yn ’e hân, dy de earmen en foetten
fen efteren mei triedtsjes yn biweging brocht wirde. De miterhearen
en grandes, dy oan dy triedtsjes lûke, dat binne de ljue egentlik;
dêrom, hwet ik fen Don Carlos siz, dat siz ik fen de partij, dy him
stjûrt. Nou den, dy Don Carlos is de erfgenamme fen al de bigripen
fen Filips de twade, dy achttjin-tûzen fen jimme foarâlders troch de
boal formoarde hat. Hy hat de inquisitie, de pynbank, de autodefé yn
’t hert; brûkt hy se nou net, dat komt det syn hearring dêr nou net
briedt, en dat wachtet mar, det er de foetten wer ûnder it liif hat. It is
in tiger, dy de tosken útbritsen, de neilen ôfknipt binne; mar it is in
tiger, en it bliuwt in tiger. Litte de neilen wer oanwoechsen, de
tosken wer opkomd wêze, en hy scil oan de jongen dwaen, hwet syn
oarreheit-en-hjarre oan de âlden diene. En dy man hat de winsken
fen dyn hert! Oan him scoeste graech dyn jild, dyn help jaen om de
mêst wer oerein to krijen, en in macht op de troon to hifkjen,
hwerfen it fnûkjen allinne de groun lein hat ta al de krêft en frijdom,
dy dyn lân sont twahûndert jier hawn hat, en ta dy glory fen Oranje,
dy útblonken hat boppe alle kroanen fen Europa. Haste den allehiel
forgetten fen hwet aeijen detstou set biste? Kinste it nêst net langer,
dêrste yn útbret biste? Man! dat nêst is woun yn de striid fen dyn
âffaers tsjin de bloedhoun, dêrste it jong nou fen kardeste; is it lein
yn ’t bloed, dat er hjar en dy onforgelikelike Willem fen Oranje ôftape
hat. O! as dy âlden de holle út de grêven lûkten, hja scoene sa’n
útskaeide soanne as dy net sykjen hearre meije. Mei forachtelike
eagen strieken se dy foarby, en as hjar skynsels in inkel wird for dy
oer hiene, it scoe hjar âld sprekwird wêze: “It is in smoarch fûgel, dy
syn eigen nêst biskyt.”
Dy ik west bin, dy bliuw ik. En ik bin it byld fen de wiffens, fen it
rimpene en foroarjende. Hy foroaret as de wyn; hy is de hoanne op ’e
toer allyk, dy mei alle winen omgiet, binne ommers sprekmanearen
by jimme. En ik bin noch stânheftiger as dou, dy yn ’t nêst fen de
frijheit útbret de tiranny foarsprekste. Dat scil dy net goed bikomme,
feint! De middenwei is de feilichste. Doch lyk as Eölus. Foar
twahûndert-fyftich jier hab ik de armade fen Filips de twade fornield,
en him de moedfearren sa wol roppe, det er sa nea wer nei jimme lân
ta flein is. Oaremoarn scil ik Don Carlos, de erfgenamme fen syn
plannen, yn syn eigen herne to fiter hawwe. Ik scil ’t waeije litte, det
it rikket en pipet; heil en snie scil ik se yn ’t gesicht jeije, en den
moatte wy ’ris sjen, eft ik, Espartero en Jek baes wêze scille, ef hy.
Bistou in Fries? Dou romste, detste mei it Ingelske folk fen ien laech
biste; is dat sa, kom oaremoarn to Bilbaö, en biwiis it ús; plantsje it
kanon mei de Ingelsken tsjin de âlde draek, sjit syn skânzen oan
eleminten, sjit det it tongert en davert om him út syn nêst to
forbaljen, en ik scil leauwe, det de âlde frijheit noch yn dyn hert
libbet, en det de tiranny, hwer se is, en ho se hjar foardocht, yn dy as
dyn foarâlders in ivige fyand fynt.
My tochte, heite, ik moast dy dit mar ’ris op de hûd hâlde; hwent
yn dyn lân sizze se it dy net. It moeit my, dou biste oars sa’n min
keardel net. As ik dy oansjen as in inkel man, yn dyn eigen bidriuw
for dy sels allinne, en njunke dyn wiif en bern, den kinste moai gnap
streek hâlde; mar as lid fen in folk biste net folle, omdetste net folle
bigrypste fen de rjuchten en plichten, fen de greate bilangen en de
algemiene bân fen in folk. As men in millioen-twa minsken fen dyn
skaei by eltsoar hie, dêr koe in goed beurs-fol keapljue ef in
herberch-fol fetweiders út groeije, mar in folk, dat scoe spanne.
Witste wol det in folk in bosk pilen is, dy troch de wet by-ien boun
binne, dêr de kening mei yn biknipe sit? Wêz slaef fen de wet, fen de
wet allinne, en dou scilste hear fen dines bliuwe. De Jacobyn ken wol
rjuchten, mar nin plichten; in slaef (ik scoe hast sizze, lyk as dou) ken
wol plichten, mar nin rjuchten; in folk hat plichten en rjuchten ta
gelyk; as it syn plicht dien hat, lit it him syn rjucht net ontwringe.—
Yn in folk stiet neat op him sels. Wirdt de oppermacht oanrande, den
kringt it folk as ien man om syn kening hinne, en hja fjuchte en
stjerre for de troon as for eigen wiif en bern. Dy ûnder in folk
onrjucht docht, heech ef leech, hat alle hânnen op ’e kop; dy onrjucht
lit, al is hy noch sa lyts en earm, dêr binne se by, om him to
biskirmjen, en sa folle to gauwer, hwet de man heger stiet, dy de
oanfaller is. De fyand sels biskirmt hjir syn fyand; hwent it is hjar net
om dy bysondere persoan, net om dat inkelde kwea to dwaen, mar
om ’t bigjinsel fen rjucht, dat yn him oantaest wirdt, en hja tinke, lyk
as dyn âffaers, de âlde Friezen: “Hjoed dy, moarn my! swij ’k stil, den
miene se, det ik it goedskou; mar dat scil ik hjar oars bitsjutte.” Ik wit
net eftstou dêr wol folle bigryp fen haste. Hwent as se dyn lânsman
útstrûpe, den stiestou der mei in biklaechlik wêzen by to sjen, en den
lûkste de skouders op. “Elts moat him sels rêdde,” tinkstou, yn pleats
fen de wei fen ’t rjucht op to gean, om it rjucht onskeind for dy sels to
biwarjen. De brân yn it hûs fen dyn bûrman giet dy net oan, howol er
eagenskynlik op dyn eigen tek oerslacht.—En aste mienste, detste
troch sa’n sloofachtich driuwen de kening in tsjinst dochste, den
biste de planke noch folle fierder mis. Der is nin ding op de wrâld,
dêr in kening mear bilang by hat, as det der lyk en rjucht yn syn ryk
dien wirdt. Hwent de lânssieten scille him as hjar eigen heit
ljeafhabbe en oanhingje, as hja ûnderfine, det hjar persoan, hjar
habben en hâlden, en hjar fortsjinste tsjin it útsûgjen feilich is, en det
se rjucht krije as se rjucht hawwe. En hwa ef hwet scoe in troon oan
it wriggeljen bringe kinne, dy troch de ljeafde en ’t bilang fen tankbre
lânssieten biskirme wirdt? Mar oan de oare kant, hwet se ûnder syn
skepter mear haetsje en forachtsje scille; hwent hwer it onrjucht ek
wei komt, yn it ein wirdt it allegearre op de baes sels forhelle. En
hwet fêstichheit scoe in troon hawwe, dy troch de stille haet en de
forachtinge fen syn eigen boargers ûndermine is, en allinne noch
troch de bajonetten fen soldaten ef de sabels fen dragonders oerein
hâlden wirdt? Mar kom, lit ik swije: it ding is to klear. En egentlyk as
egentlyk leau ik, det dy al myn geëamel oer folk, en rjucht, en
balansearjende machten neat oangiet. As dat sa is, den biste in
poletyk lyk, dêr yn ivichheit nin libben wer yn to krijen is.
Mar den siz ik dy ek, detste raer wekker wirde scilste. Tink op it ein
en it sizzen fen Eölus!
Ik scoe in ljeaf lyts letterke skriuwe; en it is al úttynd, wrychtich, ta
in great letter. Scoe de skriuwsjochte ek in jachte wêze lyk as de
Russiske pip? Mar dat kin my ek neat skele; al scil myn letter nou
noch langer wirde as dines, it scil der allegearre yn, hwet ik dy
tahawwe wol to witten. Ik forfeel my hjir oars dochs mar yn dit hoal:
mits der moatte my nin iisbearen op de hûd tommelje.
Dou haste my de reden frege fen sommige dingen yn de stoarm,
dêrste net by kinste; wol, my tinkt, dat is sa slim net om to fetsjen. Ik
miende detste in jier mannich by Profester van Swinden roun hieste
to Amsterdam; mar oan dyn freegjen scoe ’k it net sizze.—Mei it
oprôljen fen it lead giet it sa. As de reep lead yn ienen losliet, wier it
ondwaenlik; mar as ik in eintsje opwipt ha, en dêr tsjin oan waei, den
moat dat omkrolje, omdet it oare noch fêsthâldt; den meitsje ik al
wer in steed los, en dat bûgje ik wer om, en dat giet krekt sa lang, det
de hiele reep los is, en yn de gedaente fen in spoen nei ûnderen
fljucht. To Leiden haw ik mei it springen fen in krûdskip, in jier
mannich lyn, krekt it selde dien. Do de slach oer wier, laeinen alle
lange matten en ganglopers oprôlle foar de doar. Fen bûten wier alle
loft yn ienen troch de slach fen it krûd weistaet; dêr fleach aenstons
de loft út de gongen fen de huzen nei bûten, om dat idel oan to follen,
en do de loftstream de einen fen de matten opwipt hie, smiet er dy
eftersto bek nei de doar ta, en sa krolle dat yn in amerij foart, det de
boel as in rôlle by de foardoar laei.
Dou fregeste my ek nei de myldens yn de loft, dy in stoarm altiten
foarôfgiet. Dat kin ik dy gau yn ’t lyts bitsjutte mei in onwaer. Ut in
tongerboi komt meast altyt wyn; dat witste wol, net? Mar hwer komt
dy wyn fen dinne? De loft is in elastyk, in fearkrêftich ding. It set út
en yn nei det ’er perse op is. Is ’t hjir minder fearkrêftich as yn
Fryslân, den komt ’er loft út Fryslân om it britsen evenwicht oan to
follen, en it waeit út it Noardwesten. Nou hat waermte de krêft om de
loft út to setten en iler to meitsjen, wylst syn fearkrêft de selde
bliuwt; mar sa gau giet dy waermte net wei, ef dy ile loft falt yn, en
aenstons komt ’er út in tichter fearkrêftiger loft in stream, om dat
oan to follen; dat is to sizzen, it bigjint to waeijen nei de ile loft ta. Sa
giet it krekt yn de tongerboi. Tsjin de boi oan wirdt it near, smoar-
waerm; de loft set út en wirdt yl, mar hâldt de selde fearkrêft sa lang
as de waermte oanhâldt. Mar as de bliksem de stoffen út de loft lost
hat, den wirdt it yn ienen kâld: de tinne loft krimpt yn, en dêr de loft
tichter is komt in hirde pûst wyn wei om it evenwicht to herstellen.
Dêr haste yn it lyts, hwet de stoarm yn it great is. Hwet ik for in
doarp ef in stêd mei de tonger doch, dat doch ik mei de stoarm oer in
hiel wrâlddiel. Dagen efterien waermje ik de loft, en as er tinner-
nôch nei myn sin is, den lit ik him bikoelje; nou fljocht de stream út
fiere séen en lânnen op de ile romte ta, en rêst net foar det de
evenaer wer yn ’t húske is. Hwet de loft iler makke is, en de
bikoelling rimpener tagiet, hwet de stream fen wyn (dat is, de
stoarm) geweldiger is, dy it oanfolt. Nou scoeste ek noch wol witte
wolle, ho wy dy loft sa waerm krije? Ja, feint, dat kin ’k dy net
bitsjutte. Dêr hawwe wy in komfoar ta yn ’t ierdryk, dêr wy jimme
wol heal gear mei stove kinne.
Dou fregeste my noch al mear. Hwerom giet de kwik yn de
waerglêzen op en del, seiste, as der in stoarm is? In waerglês is in
glêzen piip fol fen kwik, boppe ticht en ûnder iepen; hâld it ûnderein
mei de finger ticht; stek it den yn in kopke mei kwik; lit de finger los;
nou rint de kwik ’er allegearre út yn ’t kopke, mienste? Né, man, dat
is krekt mis! De kwik bliuwt op in hichte sa hwet fen 28 tomme
hingjen. Dat liket nuver, mar aste yn ’t each hâldste, det ’er boppe de
kwik nin loft, en dos nin persinge is, en op de kwik yn it kopke de
swiere persinge fen de bûtenloft, den kinste wol bigripe, det dy
persinge de kwik yn de piip opstouwe moat. Wirdt dy persinge hwet
minder, den sakket de kwik yn de piip; wirdt de persinge sterker, den
riist de kwik yn de piip, en sa wiist de hichte fen de kwik al de
foroaringen oan, dy ’er yn de persinge fen de loft komme. Sa’n piip
neame se in barometer. De barometer wiist de persinge yn de loft
oan. (De thermometer, dat is in hiel oar ding, dy wiist de waermte
fen de loft oan.) Dyn fraech komt den hjir op del: Hwet is de reden,
det de kwik yn de barometer dounset, as ’er stoarm is? Wel, man, der
is neat dudeliker. As it dageliks waer is, den giet alle foroaringe yn de
drukking fen de loft mei fordrach en langsom yn syn wirk, en dêrom
riist en sakket de kwik den ek sa bidaerd, det men it net merke kin;
to minste it eagenblikje net, det men der bystiet. Mar as it stoarmt,
en der komme fen dy onwitene hoarten en rukken fen wyn, den
foroaret de persinge mei greate sprongen eltse amerij, en dy
sprongen wirde dadelik troch de kwik yn de glêzen piip folge.
Mindert de persinge, yn ienen sakket de kwik; komt ’er in fûleindige
twjirre, dy de persinge mei in ruk oanset, aenstons fljocht de kwik nei
boppen ta. Bigrypste nou, hwerom det de kwik by in stoarm yn de
waerglêzen dounsje moat?
Dou praetste ek noch fen de pompen. It wetter dounset net yn alle
pompen, heite, as it stoarmt. As it wetter yn in saed, lâns de iene wei
ef de oare, gemienskip mei oar wetter hat, dat ek oan ús dampkring
bleat stiet, den is ’er neat to dwaen; hwent deselde persinge, dy op it
wetter yn de saed drukt, is der ek op it bûtenwetter; dos is ’er
evenwicht, en it wetter kin net op en del gean, omdet ’er op it iene ein
nin mear deldrukkinge is as op it oare. Mar as it wetter yn de saed
gemienskip hat mei wetter, dat fier ûnder de groun sit en dêr ús
bûtenloft net op spylje kin, den giet it krekt as mei de kwik yn de
waerglêzen. As ’er in hoart fen persinge op sa’n saed komt, den moat
it wetter nei ûnderen ta, omdet de loft, dy by it oare útein fen it
wetter is, dy hoart net mei kriget. Mindert de persinge yn ienen op de
saed, den moat it wetter krekt sa gau nei boppen ta, omdet de loft, dy
op de oare ein fen it wetter ûnder de ierde drukt, dy minderinge net
kriget, mar allike sterk bliuwt. De beide úteinen fen it saedwetter
binne twa skealjen, dy yn evenwicht hingje; smytste in gewicht op de
iene skealje, hy giet nei ûnderen ta; nimste it der ôf, hy giet nei
boppen ta, en dochste it rêd, den liket de skealjen to dounsjen. As wy
it mei eltsoar bilibje en ik kom ’ris wer, den moaste ’ris mei dyn ear
tsjin sa’n saed oan lizzen gean; den scilste it kloarkjen en sieden fen
it wetter dudelik hearre. Dat kin in bern bigripe. Mar nou wol ik ek
’ris hwet freegje. De kwik giet yn de stoarm op en del; nim nou it
midden twiske dat heechste en leechste, en dou haste de hichte fen
de barometer. Hwet is nou de reden, feint, det mei sa’n ougryslike
pers fen wyn as yn in stoarm, de kwik yn de barometer folle leger
stiet as oars? Moast dy persinge fen de stoarmwyn him net yn ’e
hichte driuwe? Dat moast, as er mei dy pers fen boppen del op de
kwik yn it kopke kaem; mar dy pers fljocht lâns de kwik, lâns de
groun, mei kûgelsfeart foart, en dy by-de-flier-lânske feart is de
reden, det de loft nin tiid hat om syn pers op de flakte fen de kwik
fiele to litten. Dou kinste ommers wol reedride, net? En aste den foar
in swak steed komste, hwet dochste den? Gieste der sêft foetsje foar
foetsje oer hinne? Ja wol, den bruiste der troch. Dou nimste earst in
oanrin, en ’er sa as in reek oer, den lokt it. Understel it iis koe
hûndert poun hâlde, en dou weachste hûndert-fyftich; astou dyn
lichem mei sêft riden de tiid joechste om mei it folle gewicht op it iis
to persjen, scoe it dy net hâlde; mar fljochste der mei gewelt oer, den
minderste troch dyn feart foarút de perse nei ûnderen ta wol om in
tredde; dou makkeste dy fyftich poun lichter, en sa komste der
bihâlden oer. Sa is ’t krekt mei de loft. Waeit it in dagelikske koelte,
den hat de loft tiid om syn folle persinge op de kwik fiele to litten;
waeit it in orkaen, den glydt de loft to hird lâns de groun om syn folle
perse op de groun fiele to litten; hwet de perse foarút swierder is,
hwet de perse nei ûnderen lichter wirdt, en sa moat de kwik yn it
waerglês sakje, howol men sa foar de hân sizze scoe, det er by de
iselike oandrang fen in stoarmwyn rize moast.
Dou fregeste my, hwennear ik wer kom? Ik bin der al. Nim it my
net kwealk, ik fal sa mar mei de doar yn ’t hûs; egentlik moast ik
sizze, mei de bearehûd yn de glêzen. Dou moaste bigripe, as dy loft
mei sa’n gewelt oan it spielen is, den haw ik ’t net yn de macht om
him stil to hâlden as ik wol; dêrtroch fljocht er den folle mear loft nei
de ile oarden fen de dampkring as ’er for it evenwicht wêze moat, en
dat ’er to folle komd is, dat moat werom. Ut it súd-westen is de
stoarm fen de njoggen-en-tweintichste west; do is ’er to folle loft nei
it Noard-easten flein, en mei dy oermjitte kom ik nou werom. Ik
doch it krekt op Krystiid, omdet ik Don Carlos, lyk as ik dy sei, al
lang in krystwich tatocht hie. Ik hoopje, det ik ’t hjir mei ôf kin; de
feart, dêr ik nou mei út it Noard-easten kom, is sa great net, ef ik scil
it wol roaije om yn de oare herne net mear op to jeijen, as ’er heart.
Der mei noch in foech stoker út it[41] westen komme, om de evenaer
wer yn it húske to krijen, mar dat scil den ek alles wêze. It giet ’er
krekt mei as in slinger. Aste him oplichtste en litste him den los, den
fljucht er fierder as it midden; de slinger komt dos werom, en
slingert wer oer it midden hinne, mar sa fier net. By eltse slingering
wirdt de oerslingering lytser en lytser, en dit docht de slinger sa faek,
det er krekt yn ’t midden to lânne komt. Dêr just hinget er yn
evenwicht mei him sels, en kin er stil wêze. En sa, heite, stoarmt
Eölus ek sa lang hinne en wer, ta det hy evenwicht en stilte yn de loft
hat.—It sprekt fen sels, ik praet hjir fen stoarm; gewoane hirde wyn
is nin tel. Sa as ik op de 29ste by jimme west ha, kom ik by wolwêzen
net gau wer; it mocht nedich wêze, det ik mei in cholera ef pest-siikte
noch ’ris tige azem joech, mar dêr kin men net op rekkenje. Ik tink
det jimme yn de earste fiif-en-tweintich jier fen my ôf binne, en as ik
den kom, den kom ik noch gau. Hwent it wier nou al seis-en-tritich
lyn. De âlfde October 1800 haw ik neijer-nôch mei deselde iver oan
de pûster stien as de njoggen-en-tweintichste Novimber 1836.
It stie my skoan oan detste sa foldien oer it bihâld fen dyn Tsjalling
biste. Mar dou wiste ommers wol hwet jimme oarreheite-en-hjarre
seinen? “As ús ljeaven Hear de lytse bern net biwarret, den bliuwt
der net ien yn ’t libben. Syn Ingels moatte der op pasje.” Is nou it
lichem fen in bern troch ús sparre, sparje dou de geast fen it bern
den. Learen is goed; mar lear der de natúr net út. Aste mienste, det
de masters it ’er ynjitte scille, den biste mis. It sit ’er yn, en it is in
keardel, dy it ’er úthellet. Al hwet edel, al hwet forheven is sit yn de
wylde natúr: skaevje en polyste kinste it, mar net skeppe; en, wea dy!
aste sa lang skaefste, det al it edele en forhevene der út skaefd is. De
loft fen de biskavinge hat in smetstof yn him, dy it goddelike en
optiljende fen ús alderearste natúr stikket, en omdet it jammer wêze
scoe, det sa’n tsjeppe boi as dyn Tsjalling net mear as in skoalplant
en in kinstmachine yn de geastenwrâld wêze scoe, sa moaste syn
noas altomets hwet drippen fen de âlde wylde natúr rûke litte. Dat
scil by him de fetberheit oprekkenje for de heechste en edelste tinsen
fen in minske. En ho nedich is him dat yn in wrâld, dêr de opfieding
sels him dellûkt ta dingen dy leech, lyts, en binaud binne? Lit him by
foarbyld, as er frjemde talen leart, sokke stikjes ’ris fordútskje, as hjir
ien folget. It is bikender-nôch: ik nim it mar, omdet ik der by west
bin.
Yn de oarloch, dy Noard-Amerika om syn frijheit tsjin Ingelân
fierde, waerd in krychsbinde Ingelsken oer it mat fallen fen in trop
wylden, fen de stamme Abenaki. De Ingelsken, dy lang sa fluch net
op ’e lappen wierne as de neakene wylden, koene it net ontrinne. Hja
waerden ynhelle, en mei boalske wreedaerdichheit om hals brocht.
In jong Ingelsk officier roun noch al hwet er út de skinen sette koe
om de dead to ontkommen, wylst twa Abenakis him efternei sieten,
elts mei in strydbile yn ’e hannen, om him de hersenpanne to
forpletterjen. Op it lêst, do hy seach det se him ynwounen, kearde hy
him yn ienen om en stoe stôk-stil, om syn libben sa djûr to
forkeapjen, as it jilde koe. Yn dit selde eagenblik spande in grize
krychsheld fen de wylden syn bôge, mikte op de Ingelske officier om
him in pyl troch it hert to jeijen, mar yn ienen biloek syn troanje, en
de bôge sonk him út de hannen. Forheftich fleach er twiske de
jongeling en de twa wylden yn, dy op in wink fen him earbiedich
ôfdeinzen; en do op de jongeling tarinnende kniep er him sêftkes yn
’e hânnen, aeide syn moai krol hier, en woe him mei flaeijende
klanken bitsjutte, det er nin kwea mei him foarhie. Forfolgens naem
er de jonge Ingelskman mei nei syn klinte (hut) ta, dêr slavernij it
foarlân fen de gefangensman wier; mar hy waerd sa sêft en
meigeande bihandele, det dizze twa earder heit en bern, as hear en
slaef liken to wêzen. Krekt eft it syn soan wier learde de âlde oan de
Ingelskman al de lytse ambachten fen de wylden: sa as cano ef
boatsje meitsje, pyl en bôge snije, matten frisselje, bilen slypje, en sa
foart hinne. Lykwol hie de jonge Ingelskman it dochs net tige op him
bigrepen: hwent somtyds seach de âlde wylde him stiif yn de eagen,
en as dat sa minuten efterien dûrre hie, bigoun er eindeliken to
kriten.
Mei it limieren fen it foarjier makken de wylden wer tarissinge om
de Ingelsken op to siikjen en tsjin hjar to fjuchtsjen. De âlde wylde,
ho heech syn jierren wierne, fielde noch to folle krêft yn de bonken
om by de hird to bliuwen: hy naem de fjildtochte as in moedich
jongkeardel oan, en naem syn gefangensman mei. Wol twahûndert
ûren efterien gongen se troch dy âlde Amerikaenske wâlden, dêr
noch noait in hakker syn bile yn falle litten hie. Eindelyk en to lêsten
kamen se op in iepen fjild út, dêr in Ingelsk leger foar hjar eagen stie.
De grize krychsheld, dy witte woe ho er mei syn gefangensman stie,
wiisde him syn lânsljue. “Sjoch! sei er, dêr steane dyn broerren; hja
wachtsje ús op ta de striid. Hark ’ris, myn feint; it libben hab ik dy
sparre; ik hab dy leard om canos, pyl en bôge to meitsjen; ik hab dy
leard om de wylde bisten yn it bosk del to lizzen. Ik hab dy leard, ho
de strydbile to brûken, en dyn fyand it hier fen syn plasse to heljen.
Hwet wierste, do ik dy yn myn klinte brochte? Dyn hânnen wierne sa
swak as fen in bern; de kost koeste net opjeije, dyn libben net
fordedigje: tsjusternisse wier útspraet oer dyn siele. Alles haste my to
tankjen. Scoeste wol sa ontankber wêze kinne, detste dy mei dyn
broerren forienichste, en tsjin my de bôge spanste, dy ik dy yn
hânnen jown hab?” De jonge Ingelskman antwirdde, det er ljeaver
stjerre woe, as it bloed forjitte fen in Abenaki. Do laei de âlde held
syn beide hânnen op syn oansicht, en nei det er rju lang sa stien hie,
seach er syn Ingelskman oan, en frege him mei in britsene stimme,
dêr men út hearde, det him it moed fol wier: “Haste noch in heit?”
“Ja, sei de jongkeardel, hy libbe noch, do ik myn lân forliet.” “O, hwet
is dy ongelokkich! kriet de grize held it út. Ik wier ek heit.... Ik bin it
net mear.... Myn soan foel yn de striid, wylst er focht oan myn side.
Hy stoar as in man, as in held stoar hy; fen wounen trochboarre stoar
myn soan. Mar ik hab syn dea bitelle set.... Ik hab......” Dizze lêste
wirden spriek er út mei in neidruk, dêr al syn lea fen trillen en
skodden, en it wier eft er yn de swiere suchten stykjen bleau, dy er
smoarje woe. Wyld fleagen syn bliksemjende eagen yn ’t roun, mar
nin inkele trien woe der yn glinsterje. Njunkenlytsen bidarre de âlde
held, en syn eagen nei it Easten kearjende, dêr de sinne krekt út de
kimmen riisde, sei er tsjin syn gefangensman: “Sjochste dy kostelike
sinne wol? Sjochste ho er glânzet en fonkelt? Meiste him net graech
sjen?” “Ja, antwirdde de Ingelske officier, ik mei de sinne graech oan
de himel sjen.” “En ik net,” jammere de grize held, wylst him de
triennen út de eagen spatten. In eagenblik dêrnei wiisde er de jonge
Ingelskman in mangelbeam, dy yn folle bloei stie: “Sjochste dy
moaije beam? sei de grize held: hy bloeit as in lekken: biste dêr net
bliid oer?” “Ja, sei de jongfeint, ik bin bliid, det ik dy beam sjen mei.”
“Ik net!” sei de âlde krychsheld mei driftichheit, en yn ien sike liet hy
der op folgje: “Rep dy! Flean nei dyn lân, det dyn heit him noch oer
de opgeande sinne en de blommen fen it foarjier forbliidzje mei.”
Dou wolste wol leauwe, det dizze Abenaki net by Pestalossi ef
Prinsen op skoalle gien hie, om gesoun forstân op to dwaen, en
lykwol wier er sa wiis wol, det er syn gefangensman de frijheit net
tasei, foar det er him bilove liet, om de macht fen syn fyanden net to
sterkjen. Ik leau sels net det der ien skoalmaster by jimmes is, dy dat
finer ûnderlizze scoe as dy wylde Abenaki, dy nin A for in B koe. Hy
taestte de Ingelskman fen de kant fen de tankberheit oan, en hwer
griist in braef jong hert inerliker fen as fen ontankberheit?—Dou
leauste ek wol, det dy Abenaki by nin Domeny op de catechisatie gien
hie om syn plicht to learen; lykwol wier de greate plicht, om in oar to
dwaen hwet men winsket det yen sels dien wirdt, om it to dwaen sels
oan ús fyanden, fen natúre yn syn hert skreaun. En dêrút kinste den
ommers de moaiste gelegenheit fen de wrâld nimme, om dyn
Tsjalling to bitsjutten, det de plichten fen de wiere Godstsjinst sa
mar net troch willekar út de loft grypt binne, mar yn de earste en
âldste bigripen fen it minskelike hert, dy ek fen God binne, hjar
wearklank fine. De Abenaki hie syn ienichste soan forlern, en yn dy
soan de hiele wrâld; de natúr hie nin glâns, it libben nin wearde mear
for him. Sa scoe de faer fen dy Ingelske jongeling oan de oare kant
fen de oceaen ek krite om syn soan. Ho graech scoe de âlde Abenaki
syn soan út it ryk fen de deaden werom roppe! Ho minlike graech
scoe ek dy frjemde heit syn soan wersjen! En dy soan is yn syn
macht. Scil er it oarlochsrjucht tsjin him brûke, en slaen him de
hersens yn? Scil er dy wrede triumf nimme, dêr syn eigen hert ivich
oer bliede moat? Rin wei! seit de wylde, flean nei dyn lân, det dyn
heit, det myn fyand him noch bliid makket oer de opgeande sinne en
de bloeijende amandelbeam, dy for my mei rou bihinge binne!”—For
it alderlêste leauste ek wol, det dizze Abenaki noait net ien fen al
jimme dichters lêzen hat; mar hwet tinkt dy, is dy gedachte fen de
wylde net dichterlik? Edel en great is er stellich, en egentlik is er nin
dichterlike fljocht, dêr de edelste bigjinsels fen de deugd it hert net
optille kinne. Mar nou de bylden, dêr er dy hege tinze mei opklaeit?
Dy amandelbeam, dy syn ljeaflik bloeisel for dy ontfâldet; dy
opgeande sinne, dy it slomjende ierdryk ta wille en arbeid wekket;
dat hert fen him, dat fen rouwe taknypt, wylst de hiele natúr it blide
moarnliet sjongt; sprekt dat alles net ta dyn hert en forbyldinge
allyk? En is der yn Bilderdyk ef Vondel ien rigele, ien inkele rigele, siz
ik, dy dizze wirden fen de wylde Abenaki binei komme? Sa is der den
suver gesoun forstân yn de minskelike holle foar det ’er masters
binne, dy it slypje ef it bidjerre. Der is yn it minskelik hert bisef fen
de heechste en fynste plicht fen it minskelik geslacht, foar det ’er in
iepenbiering fen de himel kaem, dy ta dat bisef spriek. Der wier
dichtkinst, forhevene goddelike dichtkinst, foar de kinst fen lêzen en
skriuwen. Nou den, aste in goe’ rie hawwe wolste, laef dyn soantsje
fen tiid ta tiid oan dizze echte en onforfalske bornen fen it minskelik
hert; mar fei de rûchten en wyldernissen wei, dy om dy fonteine
hinne waechse. Mei dit wetter scilste syn natúr, dy oars yn skoalle en
boeken ontnatûrd wirdt en formuffet, forferskje, en dou scilste in
man fen him meitsje, dy it boarst frijer- en heger-nôch tilt om to
fielen as in frije wyldeman, wylst hy tinkt as in man fen de
biskavinge.—Yn de geastelike lyk as yn de stoffelike skeppinge, dy
dêr onbibouwe hinne laeit, is alles oarspronkelik en natûrlik, ef
forheven en ontsachlik. De oanlizzer fen bûtenpleatsen skept nin
stive leanen út syn holle, mar hy folget de natúr yn hjar wylde
kronkels, yn hjar forwarde heisters, yn hjar grillige hichten en
lichten, yn hjar grotten, streamen en poelen, en ho neijer syn oanliz
liket mei de hânnen fen natúr sels der hinne wijd to wêzen, sûnder
lykwol it onhurige ef it ientoanige mei op to nimmen, hwet hy mear
de priis fen de heechste kinst winne scil. Sa moastou ek dwaen mei
de oanliz fen it hert en de holle fen dyn soantsje. Natûr, natûr, man!
Liede, mar net twinge; snoeije, mar noait útroeije.
Nou hâld ik op. Goendei sizze oan wiif en bern, en dizze heiling fen
de âlde Abenaki for Tsjalling. Ik bin altiten dyn oprjuchte frjeone

EOLUS.

P. S. Dou nimste it my ommers net kwealk, det ik dy it leksom ’ris

opsein hab? Jimme habbe altyd gelyk, omdet jimme altyd allinne
prate; dou meiste ek wol ienris ongelyk habbe.
De bearehûd moaste loaije litte, en lizze him winters op ’e foetten.
Dat is waermer as tsjien wrinen. Dou biste ommers sa meager en
klomsk; en dêr komme hirde winters, dat wik ik dy.
Dou moaste oan de ljue fen de Walfiskriederij sizze, det se de
nearring yn dizze oarden noait net wer goed oan ’e gong krije, foar
det se hjir ef op Grienlân in kolony delsette, dy ’er it hiele jier troch
bliuwt. Hja miene mûlk, det it hjir to kâld is om to wenjen? De
minske kin oeral libje. De earste, dy kamen, scoene wol hwette rûpsk
wêze; mar de bern wierne al wend oan de fûle kjeld. Farre wol!

OAN AUK,
Mei in lapekoer.
Myn Auk is in famke
Sa sêft as in lamke,
En yn de eagen fen my
Ek sa kreas as in bij.
Al fljocht se hwet wyld,
Hja flaeit dochs ek myld,
En hjar each pluert sa blier,
Sa nuver en sa tier.
En den, hwet in swier,
As se lêst as se skriuwt
Ja, yn al hwet se driuwt
 O, hie ik sa’n famke,
As myn Auk, as myn lamke,
’k Bisloech se yn goud,
Dat swiet ljeave bout.

“Hou, hou! ’k bin nin bern mear.

“Hwet mient dy mynhear?
“Hy trapet me op ’t sear.
“Mei hwa hat er de spot?”
Sa praet Auk, en is prot.
“Miene jy, det wy stilstean,
“Mei poppen altyt omgean,
“En to Harns net djoeije,
“Net waechse en net groeije
“Yn in moanne seis, saun?
“Fyt! ik bin al in faen!”
Dêr haw ik ontditsen,
Det ’k my haw forspritsen.
O, noait wol ’k ’t wer dwaen,
En hjitte scil ’k dy faem,
En dame en mejuffer;
’k Scil prate as in bluffer,
Dy knibbelt om dyn minne.
Hwermei kin ’k dy dochs winne?
Dêr haste hwet lapkes,
Hwet sankjes, hwet grapkes.
Kom, sjong dy mar blij,
En, Auk, tink om my!

J. H. H.

Dimter dizze 27 fen Gêrsmoanne 1835.

 Oan myn frjeon
GERHARD VAN DER MEER,
do hy de heechste dichterlike earetreppen bikleau.

“Hwet darkert komt dêr oan?

“Dy moat ik wol ’ris praeije.
“Ei, ’t is ús masters soan;
“Dy is hjir komd to Maeije.
“Dêr haw ik al fen heard;
“Dat moat in knevel wêze,
“Yn ’t masterjen trochleard.
“Dy scil ús hjir genêze.
“Dei, dokter! dei myn frjeon!”
Sa komt men dy to mjitte.
Ik haw dat swiet ek preaun,
Mar ’t mei nin swiet mear hjitte.
Dyn eare is heech en great,
Dat wol ik hiel wol witte.
De pleagen fen dyn steat,
Myn frjeon, dy komme yette.
Men komt dêr den fen Grins
Allyk in banjer stappen;
Men libbet as in prins,
Forhellet fen syn grappen;
Ho men studearre het,
Ho folle tsjokke pongen
Men het op rinte set,
Ho dounse faek en sprongen.
Dou tinkst’: “Nou ha ’k it woun,”
En sjochst’ hast nei de moanne,
En stapst’ de bûrren roun
Allyk in nytlich hoanne.
In wike fjouwer, fiif,
Mei sa dyn wille dûrje,
Den scil in rabbich wiif
Dy oer oerdwealskens skoerje.
“Dou praetste heech en krom:
“Dou sjochste greatsk en skrillich;
“Dyn broek is hjar to rom,
“Dyn mûtse stiet to tillich!
“Dyn dranken binne djûr:
“Dou sjochste net nei ’t wetter.
“Dou hâldste hjar oan ’t snoer;
“In oar dy wit it better.
“Dou seiste hjar ek neat,
“Dou wolst’ hjar neat forklearje.
“Dou telste hjar nin eart.
“Dou wolste hjar rejerje.”
Dit komste yet al oer:
Dou litst’ de ljuwe seam’lje,
En smakket it hwet sûr,
Dou litste hjar hwet eam’lje.
Mar einling krigest’ wirk,
En ’t wol dy bjuster flotsje,
Stean fêst nou as in Turk!
Nou meist’ dyn kop wol hotsje.
It gûlt en reint om ’t hûs,
Dou laeiste swiet yn ’t sliepen
Bidobbe, yn ’e sûs,
Pomp! gau, de doar mar iepen.
“Och, man! ik bin sa kel.
“Us beppe, ús âlde beppe,
“Foel by de ljedde’ del;
“Toe, Dokter-heite, reppe!”
De dokter slûch en kel
Wirdt skrousk en kâld en poattrich,
Praet tsjin en bêddet del.
Hy moat, al is er noatlich.
Dêr laeit in rike kwast,
Dy hat him ris foriten.
Ombidich docht dy blast
Dy daelk dêr fen it witen.
Flean op nou mei in sprong!
Lit earme ljuwe stjerre!
Hy twingt dy mei de pong,
Dat lit er dy wol hearre.
Oars neamt dat folk dy loai,
Dy sels mar ite en stjerre.
Dat moaste hearre, boi!
Ja, opswolgje en fortêrre.
Jild krigeste einling ek,
Mar ’t kin dy neat formeitsje:
Dou bist’ lyk as de frek,
Dou meiste ’er net oan reitsje;
Hwent sa, frjeon, is dyn steat,
Mei ’t griizjen fen dyn hierren,
Wirdt ek dyn namme great,
It wirk dijt mei de jierren.
Is dat nou den de kroan
Fen al dat swiere bodzjen,
Nachts ta de iere moarn,
Dêr ’n oar yet laeit to dodzjen?
Dêrom dy jonge tiid
Yn ’t keamerstof forsitten?
De ljeave griene tiid,
En ’t romme fjild forjitten?
De dead, de grime dea,
Bigniist mei dealske tosken
De winner fen it brea,
Trochflimet him mei pleagen,
Dy moat dêr op it strie
Mei dead en sjochte kimpe.
It wyfke kryt om rie,
De gamm’le berntsjes krimpe.
Dêr, dêr is nou dyn fjild;
Dêr is it lean to heljen.
’t Is mei nin goud ef jild,
Ef eare to biteljen.
Help dêr! Wêz’ treast en steun!
En kinste dy genêze,
O, yn dyn hert, myn frjeon!
Dêr scil de himel wêze.

E. H.

Med. et Art, Obst. Doctor

GROUSTER WEAGEN.
Rôlje, rôlje, wetterweagen!
Rôlje en brûs om ’t âlde Grou.
Myriaden foar ús eagen
Fleagen, stauwen om ús Grou.
Rôlje, rôlje ús foarby!
Hirde Friezen bliuwe wy.

Rôlje, polskje, Fryske weagen!

Rôlje, rôlje, âlde Grou!
Brûs en wiggelje, âlde weagen!
Kroanje de âlde roune trou.
Rôlje, rôlje, âlde Grou,
Byld fen echte Fryske trou.

Heit en mem binn’ hjir biditsen,

Berntsjes, twiichjes fen myn hert.
Suchten binne hjir forbritsen,
Dy myn God allinne heart.
Grouster weagen, bliuw my by!
Rôlje, rôlje ús foarby!
Rôlje, rôlje, Grouster weagen!
Brûs en spiel yet om myn grêf;
Libjend koe ’k dy net bisjonge,
Spiel my deade wei as tsjêf.
Lit myn berntsjes ljeaf en frij
Roeije en djoeije den yn dy.

Rôlje, rôlje, wetterweagen!

Rôlje en brûs om ’t âlde Grou.
Myriaden foar ús eagen
Fleagen, stauwen om ús Grou.
Rôlje, rôlje ús foarby!
Hirde Friezen bliuwe wy.

E. H.

OAN PITER MULIER.

Mei de lapekoer.

Ik haw hjar kend, dy iens it libben!

o Stalke, fen dyn libben wier.
Ik seach hjar as de roazen bloeijen
Sa prûs, sa glimkjend, sa fol tier.
Ik seach hjar as de roazen kwinen,
Fen njirren stitsen yn it hert.
Hjar wrakseljen tsjin dea en pinen,
o Piter, dat forjit ik net.
Ik haw mei swakke en tankb’re klanken
Hjar gollens op in blêd[42] biskreaun,
En ’k wit, dou scilst it net forsmaedzje;
’t Is hertejefte fen in frjeon.
Dêr mei de Fries it noch hwet lêze,
En den scil ’t leaf, as wy, forgean;
 Mar, o, hjar blier, hjar skrander wêzen
Scil ivich foar ús sielen stean.

J. H. H.

Bolswert dizze âlfde fen Heamoanne 1836.

JOUNTIIDS WéMOED.
Oer de Elzen beamkes oan it mêr
Blonk sleaukes Hesperus lampe.
De lêste goudene sinne sonk wer
Yn dauwe en dampen,
En de Elzen oan it mêr
Dy slepten wer.

Ut dy dauwige skimering kamen

Alde bylden en nammen
Fol fen oantinsens nocht.
O skynsels fen frjeonen! O sjammen!
En de Elzen oan it mêr
Dy slepten wer.

“Hilligen! Ljeave! Bliuw yn jimme wrâld!

“Och, nin joun fen dizze wrâld
“Kin ús sielen forienigje......”
Hesperus wier útdien,
En de Elzen oan it mêr—
Dy slepten wer.

PRINS WILLEM DE IVde OP DE

FROSKEPôLE.
 It is al nuver, det de prinsen fen Nassau de earste prinsen wierne,
dy it mei de Friezen roaije koenen. Mar dat lit him noch al hearre, as
men bigrypt, det se mei eltsoar tsjin Spanjen libben om libben
fochten hiene; hwent it trochstean fen deselde gefaren makket wol
’ris frjeonen fen twa minsken dy eltsoar oars hiel net pasje scoene.
Dêrby hie Fryslân sokke condities mei dy prinsen makke, det se in
bulte goed en nin kwea dwaen koenen. Dêrtroch kaem it ek by, det
Fryslân bistindich yn de bêste ienichheit mei syn prinsen libbe hat,
en sont Lodewyk fen Nassau altiten ien fen syn neikommelingen ta
Steedhâlder hie, wylst de prinsen fen Oranje troch de oare provinsjes
den ’ris efterôfset en den wer ’ris hildige waerden. Twaris binne der
jierren en jierren forroun, det de Hollânners nin Steedhâlders
hienen, en twaris is it hûs fen Oranje nei in bulte oproer, plunderjen
en moardzjen der wer ynroppen.
In forieniging, dy yn nin 150 jier ea ôfbritsen west hie, lei in fâlde
yn it hert fen de Friezen, dy to lang sitten hie, om der suver wer út to
gean. De prinsen fen Nassau seagen klear, det se sûnder de Friezen
neat wierne; hwent as dy hjar loslieten, lyk as de Hollânners faek de
prinsen fen Oranje dienen, den skeat ’er for hjar neat oer, as hjar
lytse steatsjes yn Dútsklân wer op to siikjen en dêr hjar tiid mei
hertejeijen to fordriuwen. De Friezen oan hjar kant ûnderfounen, det
se yn frede en yn oarloch earlik en trou tsjinne waerden fen Prinsen,
dy sa folle bilang by hjar frjeonskip hienen. It bilang en de
tankberheit, forsterke noch troch de wente, dy út lange kunde oan
eltsoar foartkomt, makken det men eltsoar mei in fortrouwen en
forkleeftheit bihandele, dy by it folk ta in libbensbigjinsel oergong.
Dit dûrre oan 1748 ta, do Willem de IVde út de tsjinst fen Fryslân ta
de hearskippije fen al de saun provinsjes oergong, en Ljouwert
forliet. Sa binne de soannen fen Nassau yn de skirte fen Fryslân
bakere en biwarre, om earst algemiene Stedehâlders, en by einbislút
yn ús tiden keningen fen it hiele lân to wirden.
 DE HEGE GASTEN OP ’E FROSKEPÔLLE.

Dy lêste prins, Willem de IVde, de oarreheit fen ús kening[43],

forienige alles yn him om de ljeafde fen in folk as it Fryske ta it
heechste punt to fieren. Hy wier gol en deftich fen troanje, dimmen
en minsum yn syn praet. Seft fen aert, hie er in griis fen gewelt en
bloed. Fen natúre wier er net hird-dragende, en as in oprjucht
kristen koe er syn erchste fyanden forjaen. En dat sa folle by de
Nederlanners yn it algemien en de Friezen yn it bisûnder ôfdocht,
om in prins de herten fen it folk to winnen, hy wier gemiensum yn de
omgong. Lit in prins in held en in staetsman tagelyk wêze, as hy in
heech boarst set, kin er op dizze groun nin goed dwaen. Yn Ruslân en
Prusen mei dat; hjir is it de pest. As der hwet oan Willem de IVde
hapere, den wier er hast al to sêft for in prins; hwent hy wier bang
det er immen bisearje scoe, en bleau faek healwei stykjen, as er
trochtaeste moast. Troch syn sêftens en heale mjitterigels is folle fen
it goede, det er ús foarâlders tatocht hie, efterbleaun. Mei dat al
bliuwt it wierheit, sa lang as hy to Ljouwert wenne, is der nearne yn
nin steat fen Europa sa folle folksfrijheit mei sa folle earbied en
ljeafde for in prins forienige west as hjir yn dit ús Fryslân.
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