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Lab Activity 3 Sec 3,4,7&8- The Microscope and Basic Cell Structure

The document provides an introduction to microscopes, focusing on light microscopy, its types, parts, and applications. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the distinctions between plant and animal cells. Additionally, it outlines a lab activity involving the use of a light microscope to observe various cell types and prepare biological drawings.

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18 views

Lab Activity 3 Sec 3,4,7&8- The Microscope and Basic Cell Structure

The document provides an introduction to microscopes, focusing on light microscopy, its types, parts, and applications. It explains the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, as well as the distinctions between plant and animal cells. Additionally, it outlines a lab activity involving the use of a light microscope to observe various cell types and prepare biological drawings.

Uploaded by

chi.itsme21
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Microscope

Light Microscopy
TA: Sydnie Wardlaw
What Are the
Different Types
of Microscopes?
There are different types of microscopes and
each of these has different purposes of use.
Some are suitable for biological applications,
while others are used in educational institutions.
• Simple microscope
• Compound microscope
• Electron microscope
Light Microscope

A compound/light microscope is
defined as the type of microscope that
has more than one lens. It has a
combination of lenses and two optical
parts known as an objective lens and
an eyepiece or ocular lens.
How does light microscopy work?

• Light microscope are compound microscopes,


which means they contain at least two lenses.
• Lenses are curved pieces of glass or plastic that
bend rays of light and can magnify objects,
making them appear bigger than they actually
are.
• Important factors in light microscopy are:
1. Magnification
2. Resolution
3. Contrast
Application of light microscope

• The light microscope can be used to


provide information about the activity of
cells and to look at very small structures
such as nanostructures.
• Light microscopy is a great use in
pathology labs so as to identify diseases.
• A combination of staining and light
microscopy can allow scientists to
identify different kinds of organisms.
Parts of light
microscope
1. Eye lens/Ocular lens
2. Objective leses
3. Condenser
4. Beam of light
5. Specimen stage
6. Aperture diaphram
Parts of light microscope cont.

Objective lens- made up of six or more glasses, which


make the image clear from the object.
Condenser- mounted below the stage which focuses a
beam of light onto the specimen, It can be fixed or movable,
to adjust the quality of light, but this entirely depends on the
microscope.
Stage- where the specimen is placed, allowing movement
of the specimen around for better viewing with flexible
knobs and it is where light is focused on.
Light illuminator- found at the base of the nosepiece.
Aperture diaphragm- known as the contrast, which
controls the diameter of the beam of light that passes
through the condenser.
Objective Lenses

Scanning lens (4X)- The lowest magnification and is used to examine specimens and
put them in focus.
Low power lens (10X)- Allows for a wider image of the specimen at once.
High power lens (40X)- Used for a more detailed examination of specimen.
Oil immersion lens (100X)- Highest magnification and is used to examine the. Many
structures within the cell. Allows for more resolution and light to pass through the
specimen giving a more detailed view of the cells. Requires immersion oil.
When using a microscope always start with the Scanning lens never with the higher
magnifications.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells

• Prokaryotic Cells:
• Prokaryotic cells are simple, single-celled organisms without a nucleus or other
membrane-bound organelles.
• Examples include bacteria and archaea.

• Eukaryotic Cells:
• Eukaryotic cells are more complex and can be single-celled or multicellular organisms.
They have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• Examples include animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Different
types of cells
Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
1. Nucleus: cells
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a true nucleus. Their genetic material (DNA) is located in a nucleoid region, which is not enclosed by a membrane.
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Have a well-defined nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane that contains the cell's DNA.
2. Size:
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Generally smaller (0.1-5 micrometers in diameter).
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Typically larger (10-100 micrometers in diameter).
3. Complexity:
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Simpler structure without membrane-bound organelles. They have structures like ribosomes, but no endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, or mitochondria.
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Complex internal structure with various membrane-bound organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus,
mitochondria, chloroplasts (in plants), and lysosomes.
4. Genetic Material:
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Usually have a single, circular chromosome and may contain plasmids (small, circular DNA fragments).
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Have multiple, linear chromosomes located within the nucleus.
5. Cell Division:
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Divide by binary fission, a simple process where the cell replicates its DNA and divides into two identical cells.
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Undergo mitosis for cell division, a more complex process involving multiple phases (prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase).
6. Ribosomes:
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Have smaller ribosomes (70S) compared to eukaryotic cells.
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Have larger ribosomes (80S) in the cytoplasm and smaller (70S) ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
7. Cell Wall:
1. Prokaryotic Cells: Most have a rigid cell wall composed of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) or other materials (in archaea).
2. Eukaryotic Cells: Plants and fungi have cell walls made of cellulose and chitin, respectively. Animal cells do not have a cell wall.
Plant cell Vs. Animal
Cell
Plant Cells Vs. Animal Cells

• Plant and animal cells share many common eukaryotic features,


such as a nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, and organelles for
synthesis and processing.
• However, their differences are significant and relate to their
functions and the organisms' lifestyles.
• Plant cells have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis,
and a large central vacuole for storage and maintaining structure.
• In contrast, animal cells lack these structures but have centrioles
important for cell division and are more flexible due to the lack of a
cell wall.
Today's Lab activity

• We will be practicing microscope techniques using a light/compound


microscope.
• Observing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells under the microscope.
• Preparing wet mount of cheek cells, onion cells and Elodea.
• Make a biological drawing of Eukaryotic cells
• Calculate Final Magnification.
o Final magnification= Ocular lens x Objective lens

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