REAL-TIME PROJECT REPORT

ON

SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement

for the award of the degree of

BACHELOROFTECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

K.Srilaxmi(22P61A0488)
J.Varun kumar reddy(22P61A0468)
K.Vikas(22P61A0493)

Under the esteemed guidance of

Mr. K. Prashanth

Asst Professor
 Aushapur(V),Ghatkesar (M), Hyderabad,Medchal –Dist,Telangana–501301.
DEPARTMENT
OF
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the major project titled “TITLE” submitted by

K.Srilaxmi(22P61A0488), J.Varun kumar reddy(22P61A0468),
K.Vikas(22P61A0493) in B.Tech II-IIsemester Electronics and Communication
Engineering is a record of the bonafide work carried out by them. The results
embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other University for the
award of any degree.

INTERNAL GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

 DECLARATION

We, K .Sri Laxmi, J. Varun, K. Vikas bearing hall ticket numbers

22P61A0488, 22P61A0468, 22P61A0493 hereby declare that the real-time
project report entitled “SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM” under the guidance
of ( M r . K . P r a s h a n t h ) , Department of ECE, Vignana Bharathi
Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, have submitted to Jawaharlal Nehru
Technological University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Communication Engineering.

This is a record of bonafide work carried out by us and the results embodied in
this project have not been reproduced or copied from any source. The results
embodied in this project report have not been submitted to any other university
or institute for the award of any other degree or diploma.

K.Srilaxmi(22P61A0488)
J.Varun kumar reddy(22P61A0468)
K.Vikas(22P61A0493)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are extremely thankful to our beloved Chairman, Dr.N. Goutham Rao and
secretary, Dr. G. Manohar Reddy who took keen interest to provide us the
infrastructural facilities for carrying out the project work. Self-confidence, hard
work, commitment and planning are essential to carry out any task. Possessing
these qualities is sheer waste, if an opportunity does not exist. So, we whole-
heartedly thank Dr. P. V. S. Srinivas, Principal, and Dr. U. Poorna lakshmi,
Head of the Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering for their
encouragement and support and guidance in carrying out the project.

We would like to express our indebtedness to the project guide, Mr.

K.Prashanth, Assistant Professor, Department of ECE for his valuable
guidance during the course of project work. We thank our Project Guide for
providing us with an excellent project and guiding us in completing our mini
project successfully. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all the staff
of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VBIT, for their kind
cooperation and timely help during the course of our project. Finally, we would
like to thank our parents and friends who have always stood by us whenever we
were in need of them.
 ABSTRACT

Participatory Report Assessment

Name: , K .Sri Laxmi, J. Varun, K. Vikas

Branch: ECE B RollNo: 22P61A0488, 22P61A0468,

22P61A0493

Year/Sem: 2/2
Subject: Project
Faculty: MR. K. PRASHANTH

Title: SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM.

Year/Sem: 2/2
Subject: Project
Faculty: MR. K. PRASHANTH

Abstract:
Introduction: Solar tracking system is a power generating method from sunlight. This method
of power generation is simple and is taken is taken from natural resource. This needs only maximum
sunlight to generate power .This paper helps for power generation by setting the equipment to get
maximum sunlight automatically .The system is tracking to maximum intensity of light . -solar
tracker are device used to orient photovoltaic panels reflectors, lenses or optional devices towards
the sun. -since the sun position in the sky changes with the seasons and the time of day, trackers are
used to algin the collection system to maximize energy production. -solar panels are typically
constructed with crystalline silicon, which is used in industries(such as the microprocessor
industry),and the more expensive gallium arsenide ,which is produced exclusively for use in
photovoltaic(solar).
Literature survey: This paper describes the complete design and construction of a microcontroller
based automatic solar panel tracking system. The solar panel is fixed and no automatic tracking of sun light
based on its intensity. The System architecture made up of a LDR sensor senses max solar power which is
being given to the Arduino which digitizes the LDR output. Its active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight
and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. Due to rotation of
earth, panels can’t maintain their position always in front of sun. An automated system is required which
should be capable to constantly rotate solar panel. A unique feature of this system is that instead of taking the
earth as its reference, it takes sun as a guidance. This paper [2] explain about the effects of global warming
and how can we take advantage from this effect like how the Solar energy is used for electrical energy
generation. Solar tracking System is based on AVR microcontroller, which is a 68 brain of a complete system.
This controller will monitor and control the intensity and rotation respectively. This system is more cost
effective and efficient. System installation is easy. But the trackers are complex than the fixed solar systems.
This paper [3] includes a solar array, solar frame and two actuators, and also it is a dual-axis solar tracker
capable in extreme weather conditions.it has mechanically linked solar trackers in a large configuration of
solar array, so that they can operate in unison way. This solar observe the radiation and send to the
photovoltaic cell to convert the power from AC to DC. And it as a moveable technology of solar panels to
expose with sun throughout the day. This paper [4] describe that the targets to reduce carbon emission and to
secure energy supply. It measures a change in the energy supply system leading to smart grids for the required
innovation. the key feature in the smart grid application is the demand side service offered to designated
parties by smart-automation system. and also the fundamentals on research of smart home energy
management system and shows the idea of its utilization for demand side management and simulation
experiment of low voltage grid with distributed sources. This paper [5] proposes concept based new topology,
it consist of seven level inverters with less number of power electronics switches with utility grid connection.
Here the cost complexity, switching losses is small, because of less usage of switches. The dc converters
receive input from the three positive output voltages generator. For further enhancement in the output
waveform, the filter circuit can be integrated in the output terminal of the multilevel inverter. This paper also
proposed a concept of neuro-fuzzy controller for controlling the seven level inverters.

Reference:
Rai, G. D. (2011). *Non-Conventional Energy Sources*. Khanna Publishers.

Note: The information provided in the paragraph is common knowledge in the field of solar energy and can be found in
many introductory texts on renewable energy and solar power systems. The book by G. D. Rai is a comprehensive source
that covers various aspects of non-conventional energy, including solar tracking systems.
 TABLEOFCONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGENO
I. Title
II. Certificate
III. Declaration
IV. Acknowledgement
V. Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Project Design and Block Diagram
3. Hardware Description and Components Used
4. Software Description and program code used
5. Results, Conclusion, Future Scope, References
 List of Figures

S. No. Figure Name Page

No.
1. Introduction
2. Project design and block diagram
3. Hardware description and components used
4. Software description and code used
5. Conclusion
 INTRODUCTION

A typical solar panel converts only 30 to 40 percent of the incident solar irradiation into electrical energy.
Thus to get a constant output, an automated system is required which should be capable to constantly rotate the
solar panel. The Sun Tracking System (STS) was made as a prototype to solve the problem, mentioned above.
It is completely automatic and keeps the panel in front of sun until that is visible. The unique feature of this
system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors
constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is
maximum. With the rapid increase in population and economic development, the problems of the energy crisis
and global warming effects are today a cause for increasing concern. The utilization of renewable OPEN
ACCESS Sensors 2013, 13 3158 energy resources is the key solution to these problems. Solar energy is one of
the primary sources of clean, abundant and inexhaustible energy, that not only provides alternative energy
resources, but also improves environmental pollution. The most immediate and technologically attractive use
of solar energy is through photovoltaic conversion. The physics of the PV cell (also called solar cell) is very
similar to the classical p-n junction diode. The PV cell converts the sunlight directly into direct current (DC)
electricity by the photovoltaic effect [1,2]. A PV panel or module is a packaged interconnected assembly of PV
cells. In order to maximize the power output from the PV panels, one needs to keep the panels in an optimum
position perpendicular to the solar radiation during the day. As such, it is necessary to have it equipped with a
Sun tracker. Compared to a fixed panel, a mobile PV panel driven by a Sun tracker may boost consistently the
energy gain of the PV panel II.

LITERATURE SURVEY

1. Ramya R, Bavithra N, Priyanka M, “Wireless E-notice board using Bluetooth

technology” This paper explains E-notice board with the help of Bluetooth technology.
This document deals with an innovative rather an interesting manner of intimating the messag
e to the people using a wireless electronic display board which is synchronized using the
Bluet ooth technology. This will help us in passing any message almost immediately without
any de lay just by sending a SMS which is better and more reliable than the old traditional
way of passing the message on notice board. This proposed technology can be used incolleges
many public places, malls or big buildings to enhance the security system and also make
awareness of the emergency situations and avoid many dangers.

2. Dharmendra Kumar Sharma, Vineet Tiwari, “Small and medium range wireless electronic
noticeboard using Bluetooth and ZigBee” this paper introduces Notice Board using Bluetooth
and ZigBee technology.

When information exchange occurs between people via a network, then authentication and sec
urity of data have more priority. This paper introduces a low cost, handheld, wireless electroni
c notice board by using Atmel’s ATmega32 microcontroller and different wireless
technologie s (Bluetooth and ZigBee) and their performance analysis based on the parameter
such as range
, BER (bit error rate), RSSI (Received signal strength indicator), signal attenuation and power
consumption. The notice board receives serial data from wireless module receiver and display
s it on the graphical liquid crystal display. We have realizeda common communication receive
r hardware for notice board having compatibility with both wireless modules i.e., Bluetooth
an d ZigBee. We used KS0108 based 128x64 graphical LCD as display element.

3. M. Abila Mary, B. Pavithra, R. Sangeetha, Prof.T.C. Subbu Lakshmi, “GSM based wireless
noticeboard using Arduino” In this paper built a Noticeboard using GSM technology.

The GSM based notice board is aimed at the colleges and universities for displaying day-to-da
y information continuously or at regular intervals during the working hours. Being GSM-base
d system, it offers flexibility to display flash news or announcements faster than the
programm able system.

a. To develop a GSM based notice board whose contents can be updated through an SMS whi
ch realized through an embedded system with microcontroller.
b. To design a project simple, easy to install, user friendly system, which may receive and
disp lay notice in a very specific manner.

c. SMS based notice board incorporating the widely used GSM to facilitate the communicatio
n of displaying message on notice board via user’s mobile phone .

d. SIM 800 GSM modem with a SIM card is interfaced to the ports of the Arduino with the he
lp of AT commands.

4. Pallavi M. Banait, Nikita P. Bakale, Mayuri S. Dhakulkar, Bhushan S. Rakhonde, “Cost eff
ective Android based wireless notice board” IJETER International Journal of Emerging Tech
nologies in Engineering Research.

In the day-to-day life, smart phone is gaining a wide range of importance in its usage and is
po rtable. Thus, an android smart phone can be for the purpose. An android application is
installe d in the user’s smart phone which permits the transmission. At receiver end, a low-
cost microc ontroller board (Arduino Uno) is programmed to receive and display messages in
any of the ab ove communication mode. Using the developed system, two different
applications for displayi ng messages on a remote digital notice board and wireless person
calling has been implemente
d. The developed system will therefore aim in wirelessly sharing the information with intende
d users and also helps in saving the time and the cost for paper and printing hardware.
 PROJECT DESIGN AND BLOCK DIAGRAM

This framework empowers advanced mobile tracking, battery observing What's more helps the
client. Those frameworks will track those greatest light force and repositions those sun oriented
board towards sun, screens those battery level Furthermore send that finish information of the
cloud. Those clients could register of the app Furthermore could include those home appliances
rundown of the app. The finish data regarding those battery statuses will be Gave to client
through the app by gaining entrance to the cloud information. V. SYSTEM PURPOSE
Commercial purpose of solar tracking system:  Higher efficiency of the panel.  Maximum
power per unit area.  Increase in Solar Panel Output. The sun’s position in the sky varies in
the seasons and time of day as the sun moves across the sky. Hence there are two types of solar
tracker:   Single Axis Solar Tracker.  Dual Axis Solar Tracker. Single Axis Solar Tracker:
single Axis sun-based trackers might possibly need a level alternately a hub. Those level kinds
may be utilized within tropical areas the place the sun gets high during noon, yet the times
would short. Those kinds may be utilized within shelter latitudes (for example, clinched
alongside UK) the place the sun doesn't get precise high, at middle of the year days could make
altogether in length. Dual Axis Solar Tracker: Dual Axis sun-based trackers need both a level,
a hub also others could track the sun’s clear movement precisely anyplace in the planet. This
sort of framework may be used to control galactic telescopes, thus there is a lot of product
accessible to naturally foresee Furthermore track the movement of the sun crosswise over the
sky. Double hub trackers track the sun both east with west Also north should soutane to
included control yield (approximate 40% pick up) What's more comfort. Solar tracker drives,
can be divided into three main types depending on the type of drive and sensor:  Passive
attackers.  Active attackers. Active Attackers: Active solar power setups rely on external
energy sources – or backup systems, such as radiators and heat pumps – to capture, store and
then convert solar energy into electricity. Depending on the complexity of the design, it can
heat or cool your home or provide power to an entire neighborhood. Active solar systems
include the following features:  The collectors are made up of flat – plate PV panels, which
are usually mounted and stationary. In advanced designs, panel are often connected with each
other to form modules. 69  The solar collectors use liquid or air s conductors to store and
convert energy. Those that use liquid are known as hydronic collectors, while those that
contain air are called air collectors.  Liquid conductors are more common than those that are
air-based, as liquid is generally more efficient at conducting heat, though air-based solar
systems have the benefit of not freezing. Passive Attackers: In contrast to active solar system,
passive system operate without the reliance on external devices. Rather, such as in
greenhouses, solariums and sunrooms, solar energy captures sunbeams through glass window
that absorb and retain heat. Passive system includes the following features:  Instead of using
PV panels, passive collectors usually rely on south-facing windows to convert rays into
sunlight.  Design of passive solar collectors is based on the law of thermodynamics, which
posits that heat transfer from warm to cool surface, such as through convection.  The success
of the passive system depends on its orientation and the thermal mass of its walls, which
determine its ability to absorb heat. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

A. Arduino uno

Arduino board is the heart of our system. Entire functioning of system depends on t
his board. The Arduino Uno is a ATmega328p microcontroller board. This board has 1
4 digital input/output pins (6 as a PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal osci
llator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.

B. Solar Panel

C. Sun to generate electricity through the photovoltaic effect. The majority of modules use
wafer-based crystalline silicon cells or thin-film cells. The structural (load carrying) member
of a module can either be the top layer or the back layer. Cells must also be protected from
mechanical damage and moisture. Most modules are rigid, but semi-flexible ones are
available, based on thin-film cells. The cells must be connected electrically in series, one to
another. Externally, most of photovoltaic modules use MC4 connectors type to facilitate
easy weatherproof connections to the rest of the system. Modules electrical connections are
made in series to achieve a desired output voltage and/or in parallel to provide a desired
current capability. The conducting wires that take the current off the modules may contain
silver, copper or other non-magnetic conductive transition metals. Bypass diodes may be
incorporated or used externally, in case of partial module shading, to maximize the output of
module sections still illuminated.

D. SG90 servo motor x 1

E. Arduino is an open source, computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices
and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's
products are distributed as open-source hardware and software, which are licensed under the
GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU General Public License (GPL)
permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software distribution by anyone. Arduino
boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as do-ityourself kits. Arduino
board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped
with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various
expansion boards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for
loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically programmed
using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition to using
traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated development
environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.
F. LDR sensor x 2
G. A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a
function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices.
They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells. They
are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. A photoresistor is made of a
high resistance semiconductor. In the dark, a photoresistor can have a resistance as high as
several megohms (MΩ), while in the light, a photoresistor can have a resistance as low as a
few hundred ohms. If incident light on a photoresistor exceeds a certain frequency, photons
absorbed by the semiconductor give bound electrons enough energy to jump into the
conduction band. The resulting free electrons (and their hole partners) conduct electricity,
thereby lowering resistance. The resistance range and sensitivity of a photoresistor can
substantially differ among dissimilar devices. Moreover, unique photoresistors may react
substantially differently to photons within certain wavelength bands.

10k resistor x 2

Arduino IDE:
 A program for Arduino may be written in any programming language for a compiler that produces binary machine code for the
target processor. Atmel provides a development environment for their microcontrollers, AVR Studio and the newer Atmel Studio . The
Arduino project provides the Arduino integrated development environment (IDE), which is a cross-platform application written in the
programming language Java. It originated from the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with
features such as text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and syntax highlighting,
and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a
text console, a toolbar with buttons for common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. A program written with the IDE for
Arduino is called a sketch. Sketches are saved on the development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software
(IDE) pre1.0 saved sketches with the extension .pde. The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code
structuring. The Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled
and linked with a program stub main() into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the
IDE distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into a text file in hexadecimal
encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in the board's firmware.
 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION AND COMPONENTS USED.

Algorithm –

Step1: Start
Step2: Initialise all necessary inputs and outputs to zero.
Step3: Assign analog LDR outputs and PWM servomotor inputs to Arduino Uno.
Step4: If centre LDR = 0, then delay (longer).
Step5: Check alignment (Simultaneously for northsouth and east-west)
Step6: If up (LDR) greater than centre and down (LDR) lesser than centre, then increase
position of servomotor1 by 1 unit. Give delay.
Step7: Else if up (LDR) lesser than centre and down (LDR) greater than centre, then decrease
position of servomotor1 by 1 unit. Give delay.
Step8: (Simultaneously along with step6) If right (LDR) greater than centre and left (LDR)
lesser than centre then increase the position of servomotor2 by 1 unit. Give delay.
Step9: Else if right (LDR) is lesser than centre and left (LDR) greater than centre then decrease
position of servomotor2 by 1 unit. Give delay.
Step10: Goto Step 5.
Step11: End.
 SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION AND PROGRAM CODE USED

A. Arduino IDE

B. potassium

Audino Is the required softwar environment to program the Arduino by writing a

code and upload it to the Arduino. It also outputs the results for analysis using both
serial monitor and serial plo tter.

It is an Arduino software, making code compilation too easy.It is available for all
operating systems i
.e. MAC, Windows, Linux and runs on the Java Platform that comes with inbuilt
functions and comm ands that play a vital role in debugging, editing and compiling the
code.

It is easy to use , it supports all the Arduino boards , it has a built in library which is
easy to use. The Arduino IDE is very user-friendly .

C. Arduino Automation

It allows to control devices using your Arduino board (and similar boards) via
Bluetooth o r WIFI.BT Terminal is a terminal app with UART serial
communication protocol that trans
mits & receives data wirelessly through Bluetooth connections. The app used for
Robotics Co mmunication, Configuring Bluetooth Modules (using AT Commands),
Home Automation...

CODE:
/*Solar tracking system
https://srituhobby.com
*/

//Include the servo motor library

#include <Servo.h>
//Define the LDR sensor pins
#define LDR1 A0
#define LDR2 A1
//Define the error value. You can change it as you like
#define error 10
//Starting point of the servo motor
int Spoint = 90;
//Create an object for the servo motor
Servo servo;

void setup() {
//Include servo motor PWM pin
servo.attach(11);
//Set the starting point of the servo
servo.write(Spoint);
delay(1000);
}

void loop() {
//Get the LDR sensor value
int ldr1 = analogRead(LDR1);
//Get the LDR sensor value
int ldr2 = analogRead(LDR2);
//Get the difference of these values
int value1 = abs(ldr1 - ldr2);
int value2 = abs(ldr2 - ldr1);

//Check these values using a IF condition

if ((value1 <= error) || (value2 <= error)) {

} else {
if (ldr1 > ldr2) {
Spoint = --Spoint;
}
if (ldr1 < ldr2) {
Spoint = ++Spoint;
}
}
//Write values on the servo motor
servo.write(Spoint);
delay(80);
}

.Specific Requirement :

External Interface Requirement (a) Hardware Interface Requirement Solar Panel:-Solar panel refers to a panel
designed to absorb the sun's rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. Arduino UNO
Microcontoller:- Arduino/Genuino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P. It has 14 digital
input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a ACto-DC adapter or
battery to get started.. You can tinker with your UNO without worring too much about doing something wrong,
worst case scenario you can replace the chip for a few dollars and start over again. LDRs:-A Light Dependent
Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a function of the incident electromagnetic
radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices. They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive
cells or simply photocells. They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. Servo Motors:-
A servomotor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear position,
velocity and acceleration. It consists of a suitable motor coupled to a sensor for position feedback. It also
requires a relatively sophisticated controller, often a dedicated module designed specifically for use with
servomotors. (b) Software Interface Requirement Arduino IDE:- The Arduino IDE is a cross-platform Java
application that serves as a code editor and compiler and is also capable of transferring firmware serially to the
board. The development environment is based on Processing, an IDE designed to introduce programming to
artists unfamiliar with software development. The programming language is derived from Wiring, a Clike
language that provides similar functionality for a more tightly restricted board design, whose IDE is also based
on Processing. (c) Communication Interface Requirement NIL (ii) Product Feature The unique feature of this
system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors
constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity of sunlight is
maximum. (iii) Performance Requirement There must be a sunny day for the full efficiency of the system
(iv)Design Constraint  Higher mechanical complexity, making it more likely for something to go wrong 
Lower lifespan and lower reliability  Unreliable performance in cloudy or overcast weath.
Conclusion :
As dual-axis tracking generates 40% more power from each panel, you can achieve the same power
output with fewer panels, frames and so on, which reduces a project's upfront costs and offsets to a great
extent the additional cost for tracking hardware. On the other hand, you can use the same number of
panels as originally planned and generate 40% more power and higher revenues. This reduces the
project's payback time and also increases the overall return on investment (ROI), depending on the
financial specifics of the project. Solar radiation Tracker has played a vital role in increasing the
efficiency of solar panels in recent years, thus proving to be a better technological achievement. The vital
importance of a dual axis solar tracker lies in its better efficiency and sustainability to give a better
output compared to a fived solar panel or a single axis solar tracker. The tracking system is designed
such that it can trap the solar energy in all possible directions. Generally, in a single axis tracker that
moves only along a single axis it is not possible to track the maximum solar energy. In case of dual axis
trackers, if the solar rays are perpendicular to panel throughout the year. Hence, maximum possible
energy is trapped throughout the day as well as throughout the year. Thus, the output increases
indicating that the efficiency more than a fixed solar panel (about 30 -40% more) or a single axis solar
tracker (about 6-7% more).

RESULTS, FUTURE, SCOPE REFERENCES

RESULTS

Results:
1. Increased Efficiency: Solar tracking systems can significantly boost energy
output by ensuring panels are always facing the sun directly.
2. Improved ROI: Higher energy production can lead to quicker payback periods for
solar installations.
3. Adaptability: Arduino-based systems are flexible and can be customized based
on local latitude, longitude, and seasonal variations.
 4. Learning Experience: Implementing such a project provides hands-on learning
in electronics, programming, and renewable energy systems.
Further Research:
1. Sensor Integration: Enhancing tracking accuracy with more precise sensors for
sun position and light intensity.
2. Energy Storage: Integrating with energy storage systems to optimize usage and
storage of solar energy.
3. Remote Monitoring: Implementing remote monitoring and control for
maintenance and performance tracking.
4. Environmental Impact: Studying the environmental impact and sustainability
benefits of increased solar efficiency.
5. Cost Optimization: Researching cost-effective materials and methods for solar
tracking to maximize economic benefits.