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to voltage limits, conductor carrying capacity and radiality. In
Power Distribution [10] a solution for the reconfiguration problem is presented
with a non-linear model, aiming to minimize electrical losses
Network Reconfiguration and voltage deviations in the buses. In this study, the
minimum and maximum voltage restrictions and network
Considering the charging capacity are considered. The PSO ( particle swarm
optimization ) algorithm in PDNR is presented in [11], aiming

Transmission System to minimize energy losses and maximize reliability, with and
without the insertion of DG in the distribution system. The
proposed methodology considered system uncertainties
Usage through weekly forecasts of load and distributed generation. In
[12] an algorithm based on the Backward/Forward Sweep
F. N. Lima, M. M. Santos, M. A. Benetti, T. F. Milke,
method is presented. A modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) is
M. Sperandio, Member IEEE
discussed in [13], based on a heuristic methodology that
considers only the radial configurations as initial populations,
Abstract—This paper presents a heuristic reconfiguration significantly reducing the computational effort.
algorithm, considering the locational economic signals of the
Current trends on PDNR have embraced new objectives,
tariffs for the use of the transmission system. Among other
aspects, the economic signaling of locational tariffs encourages notably electric vehicles (EV – Electric Vehicles ) and energy
the rationalization of the use of transmission assets, as well as the storage systems. In [14] a multiobjective formulation is
reduction of operating costs. Therefore, the proposed algorithm proposed that considers the charging cycle of electric vehicles,
is presented as an optimization problem with a focus on electrical losses and voltage deviation. The number of
minimizing the transmission system usage. In order to validate switching operations is considered a constraint in the
the efficiency of the proposed reconfiguration algorithm, the
optimization model. The ideal trade-off solution is chosen
IEEE 33 and 69 nodes test systems are evaluated. In addition, the
algorithm is tested for different transmission cost allocation among the Pareto solutions, using the fuzzy satisfaction
techniques and transmission system capacity scenarios. The evaluation decision method. In this line of research, an
results achieved demonstrate the systemic rationalization of the optimization model to investigate different EV discharge and
use of assets, which characterize the proposed algorithm as an recharge cycle strategies is explored in [15], considering
important tool to aid decision making in the operation of electrical losses and voltage profile. In [16] a multiobjective
electrical distribution systems and regulation policy.
approach is proposed, whose objective function includes:
Index Terms—Transmission Cost Allocation. Distribution electrical loss index; voltage deviation index; and voltage
Networks Reconfiguration. Transmission System Usage. stability margin index. The prioritization of these objectives
considers the analytical hierarchy process (AHP ). As a
I. INTRODUCTION solution strategy, an improved GA is proposed. In [17] the
potential benefits of dynamic reconfiguration of the

THE distribution network are investigated, taking into account the

space-time availability of electric vehicles and their charging
demand. The proposed formulation is based on a mixed
integer programming model to efficiently coordinate the
charging and discharging cycle of EVs. [18] presents a
Power distribution network reconfiguration problem (PDNR ) synthesis of several formulations, algorithms, as well as
is a classic problem in the planning and operation of electrical current trends in research on the PDNR.
power systems. The PDNR consists of a systematic change in In general, it is noteworthy that the growing interest in the use
the topological arrangement of the electrical distribution of sustainable energy, involving distributed wind and
network, varying the status (open or closed) of switches photovoltaic generation and electric vehicles, contributes to
installed along the network, considering a set of operational the growing number of research and, consequently,
restrictions. In the literature, there is a diversity of publications on the PDNR that address these new concepts.
formulations and solution strategies for the PNDR, especially However, it is clear that even with the increase in research,
aimed at reducing electrical losses and improving the voltage which has been accentuated since the last decade, some
profile [1,2,3]. aspects are still little explored in the PDNR, notably the
In the last decade, the diffusion of Distributed Energy investigation of aspects of locational pricing and allocation of
Resources (DER) has aroused growing interest in research on transmission costs. The economic signaling of locational
the PDNR addressed to distributed generation (DG) [4,5,6,7]. tariffs tends to rationalize the use of transmission assets, as
In [8] a non-linear formulation is proposed, whose objective well as becoming an important indicator for decision-making
function is to minimize electrical losses through related to the operation of electrical distribution systems [19].
reconfiguration, considering distributed generation. In the In this context, this article aims to explore the impact of
same line of research, [9] deals with the reconfiguration of the locational tariffs for transmission use on the reconfiguration of
distribution with the allocation of DG. Restrictions are related electrical distribution networks. Among the main contributions
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of this work, the following stand out: i) aggregated modeling The constant δ l transforms power losses into energy,
of electric power transmission and distribution systems; ii) while converting annual costs into losses into present
formulation of a distribution reconfiguration model that value, and is described as:
minimizes charges for using the transmission system; and iii)
analysis of the impact of transmission tariffs on the PDNR, δ l=8760 × ϕ l × c l × δ vp (13)
considering the Zbus, BEE ( Bilateral Equivalent Exchange)
In which ϕ l is the typical annual loss factor; and c l the unit
and PS ( Postal Stamp ) methods.
Formulação do Problema cost of losses (UM/kWh). The term δ vp is the present value
The formulation of the proposed PDNR considers the conversion factor of annual costs, defined as:
minimization of three main parts of costs: transmission use
charges; cost of electrical losses; and operating and
maintenance costs. The mathematical description of this 1
δ vp = (14)

∑ (1+ 100 )
formulation is presented in (1)-(10). h j
τ
D
Min f =C EUST + C LOSSES + CO ∧M (1) j=1

s.a. In which τ is the discount rate (%); and h the study horizon
(years).
PG −P S −Pd =0 ∀ i ∈ Ωb (2) The last cost term of the objective function is the cost of
operating and maintaining substations (C O∧M ¿, given by:
i i i

QG −Q S −Qd =0 ∀ i ∈ Ωb
i i i
(3) ❑
C O∧M =δ o ∑ ( P Si +QSi )
2 2 (15)
v ≤ v i ≤ v ∀ i ∈ Ωb (4) i ∈Ω s

nij × ( P2ij +Q2ij ) ≤ Sij 2 ∀ i ∈ Ωld (5) The factor δ o is used to convert annual operating and
maintenance costs into present value, expressed in terms of:
2 2 2 2
Pij + Qij ≤ S ij +ξ ij ∀i ∈ Ω¿ (6) δ o=8760× c vi × ϕl ×δ vp (16)
2 2
PS i +Q Si ≤ Si ∀ i ∈ Ωs
2
(7) In which c vi is the unit cost of operation and maintenance
of substations (UM/kVA²).
❑
The binary characteristic of the decision variables (0 or 1) is
∑ nij =n bd−n bs (8)
represented by nij in (9). In this case, nij refers to the status
ij ∈Ωld
(open or closed) of the switch installed in section ij .
nij ∈ { 0 , 1 } (9) The constraints of the mathematical model include: the
power balance at the nodes, described by (2) and (3); the
ξ ij ≥ 0 (10) radiality of the feeder circuits, guaranteed with the
simultaneous attendance of (2), (3) and (8) [4]; voltage
D
The objective function term C EUST represents the costs of magnitude limits, according to (4); the carrying capacity of
using the transmission system, described by: transmission lines and distribution networks, which are subject
to (6); and, finally, the substation loading limit, according to
❑ (7). The capacity expansion of transmission lines is modeled
C DEUST = ∑ P S × TUST Di i
(11)
by the slack variable ξ ij, which reflects the increase in
i ∈ Ωs
transmission line capacity ij .
In which PS the total active power demanded at the substation The Allowed Annual Revenue – AAR, is the amount paid to
i
transmission agents by generation and distribution agents for
i (pu); TUST iD is the tariff for the use of transmission at the accessing the system. The sum of the AAR is supplied by the
border substation i between the transmission and distribution collection via TUST, obtained from a transmission cost
system; and Ω s is the set of substations. allocation method. Notably, transmission expansion has a
significant effect on end-user tariffs. Evaluating the
The term C LOSSES refers to the cost of electrical energy losses, repercussions of transmission expansion on the evolution of
expressed as: AAR is a complex task, considering that the real expansion of
the transmission system takes place discontinuously, with the
❑
entry into operation of new ventures. Considering that the
C LOSSES =δ l ∑ R ij I 2ij (12)
focus of this work is the reconfiguration of the distribution
ij∈ Ω l
system, a simplified modeling of the evolution of the AAR
was adopted, assuming that it is possible to expand through
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marginal increases in the transmission capacity of the existing In the CSP, a list of candidate maneuverable keys (CMK) is
routes, described in (17). Even in the face of these created. Initially, all CMK switches are closed, that is, the
assumptions, it is important to highlight that the proposed distribution network is in a meshed topology. Then each of the
simplification allows a sensitivity analysis between the switches is open, while all the others are closed. If the network
reconfiguration of distribution and the expansion of is not connected, the configuration will be considered
transmission. unfeasible and the key removed from the CMK and the
❑
algorithm proceeds with the analysis for the next key.
RAP= ∑ C ij + ( ξij × π ij ) (17)
Otherwise, a non-linear power flow will be calculated and the
i ∈Ω¿
switch fitness function as:
In which C ij is the annual cost of the transmission line for
section ij ; is the incremental variable of ξ ij existing
transmission line capacity deficits ij ; e π ij is the marginal cost 1 (18)
fa=
of expanding the transmission line of section ij. C EUST +C LOSSES +C O∧ M + P 1+ P 2+ P 3
II. METODOLOGY In which P1 is the penalty for violation of substation
The solution strategy for the reconfiguration problem capacity; P2 is the penalty for violating the capacity of the
consists of two fundamental steps: reconfiguration of the distribution circuits; P3 is the penalty for violation of voltage
distribution system and the allocation of transmission costs, limits. The obtained fitness function value is stored and the
according to the macro flowchart below, in Fig. 1. brace is closed. This process is repeated until the fitness
function of all keys is obtained. Then, the key that results in
the highest fitness is selected to remain open definitively.
After the definitive opening of a given key, the CMK is
updated so that the selected key is removed. The above
procedure is applied in sequence and the CMK is updated until
the moment it becomes empty. This condition indicates the
opening of all loops and, therefore, that the network
configuration has become radial and a feasible solution has
been found.
The LIP consists of a neighborhood search for the solution
found in the FBC. This is a status exchange between selected
and non-selected keys in the CSP. A list of selected keys is
created, consisting of the keys finally opened in the CSP
(LSK), which constitutes the initial configuration. The fitness
function of this configuration is defined as the reference
fitness function ( fitness best ). Additionally, a list of
candidate keys is created, composed of keys not selected in the
CSP (LUK). The following procedure simply consists of
changing the state of the keys (open or closed) of the LSK and
the keys of the LUK. An exchange operation is defined as the
action of opening an LSK switch and closing an LUK switch.
In this case, if the network does not maintain connectivity, the
configuration will be considered unfeasible and the key is
removed from the LUK, and the algorithm will move on to the
next key. Otherwise, a non-linear power flow will be
calculated.
For configuration thus obtained, the fitness function is
processed, and compared with the reference fitness function. If
Fig. 1. Macro flowchart of the proposed solution strategy. the new configuration results in a lower value of the fitness
function, the LUK key is closed and the algorithm will move
A. Step 1 - Reconfiguration on to the next key. Otherwise, if the new configuration results
Step 1 is the initial basis of the solution strategy, in which in a higher fitness function value, it is chosen to replace the
initial configuration. To this end, the status of the LSK and
the network reconfiguration is performed through a
LUK keys is permanently exchanged, with the LUK key
metaheuristic composed of two steps: constructive search
removed. Then the reference function and the LUK is updated.
phase (CSP) and local improvement phase (LIP).
The entire process described in the LIP is repeated until all
LSK and LCNS key exchanges are evaluated.
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B. Step 2 - allocation of transmission costs
Step 2 consists of the transmission system cost allocations, Fig. 3. Sistema de distribuição IEEE 33 nós [28].
which were developed using three widely used and validated Tabela I
techniques, corroborating solid and reliable results. The Resultados Comparativos do Sistema 33 Nós
techniques used to determine the TUSTs are: Zbus, presented
in [21,22]; PS presented in [22-24] and EBE [25, 26, 27].

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This section brings the computational results of applying
the developed methodology. Initially, the validation of the
reconfiguration methodology is presented (disregarding the
economic signals of the transmission tariffs), referring to the
consolidated results in the specialized literature. Subsequently,
the results of the reconfiguration of the distribution network,
integrated into the transmission system, are presented. As
highlighted, no studies were found that explore the economic
signals of transmission tariffs to the reconfiguration problem.
Thus, for the analysis of the methodology, the 54-node
distribution test system was adopted, adapted from [19].
The methodological developments took place through an
interface between the Open Distribution System Simulation
software – OpenDSS and Matlab, as can be seen in Fig. two. Chart I presents the initial configuration and the ideal
configuration for the IEEE 33-node test system.
Note that the proposed methodology reaches the ideal
configuration (opening sections 7, 9, 14, 32 and 37), resulting
in losses of 139.7 kW. This result is consistent with that
presented in the literature. However, concerning the result of
Fig. 2. Integração entre softwares OpenDSS e Matlab. losses of 138.06 kW obtained in [30], there is a percentage
difference of 1.19%. This difference is attributed to the power
flow method proposed by the authors (simplified recursive),
considering that the topological solution found is the same as
that obtained in the proposed methodology.
The second test system used for validation is the IEEE 69
Fig. 2. Methodological developments. node 12.66 kV, widely investigated in research dealing with
the problem of reconfiguration of distribution networks, as in
. [32,36-38] (Fig.4). The system represents an active power of
3,791 MW and a reactive power of 2,694 Mvar.
The OpenDSS software is used in this work for modeling
transmission and distribution systems, as well as for solving
power flow problems, to assess the state of the network.
Matlab software is used for programming the reconfiguration
metaheuristic, as well as the development of transmission cost
allocation techniques.

Tabela II
A. Validation of the reconfiguration methodology
Resultados Comparativos do Sistema 69 Nós
For purposes of validation of the reconfiguration
methodology, disregarding the economic signals of
transmission tariffs, two IEEE distribution systems are
explored. The first test system refers to the IEEE 33 nodes
presented in [28-30, 35] (Fig.3), whose total real power of the
system is 3.715 MW and the reactive power at 2.3 Mvar.
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Fig. 4. Sistema de distribuição IEEE 69 nós [32]. Fig. 5. Sistemas de transmissão e distribuição integrados.

Chart II presents the results for the test system IEEE 69

nodes of 12.66 kV IEEE 69 nodes.

In this case, the proposed PDNR resulted in a value of

electrical losses of 99.6 kW, therefore in line with the results
of [9, 30-34]. Such results demonstrate that the developed
methodology is consistent, presenting consistent results, both
for the test system of IEEE 33 nodes and for the IEEE 69
nodes.

B. PDNR considering economic signals from

transmission tariffs
The reconfiguration of distribution networks considering
the economic signals of transmission tariffs is evaluated from The distribution system is connected to bar 4 of the
the integrated modeling of the 4-bus transmission test system transmission system through substations SE-103 and SE-104
presented in [23, 25] and the 54-node test system of [20]. The and to bar 3 through substations SE-101 and SE-102.
integration of transmission and distribution systems is Chart III presents the technical and economic data used in
illustrated in Fig. 5. the simulations.

Tabela III
Dados técnicos e Econômicos.

To assess the impact of reconfiguration on the transmission

system, different line capacity scenarios were considered,
detailed below:

Scenario I: LT-13 line capacity of 25 MVA, other lines 100

MVA;
Scenario II: LT-24 line capacity of 25 MVA, other lines 100
MVA;
Scenario III: LT-14 line capacity of 25 MVA, other lines
100 MVA;
The impact of PNDR on transmission power flows is shown
in Fig. 6.
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(a)

In scenarios I, II and III, the power flows in the

transmission lines do not exceed their capacities, when
(b) considering the reconfiguration of the distribution system,
envisioning the EUST optimization. On the other hand, in the
three cases in which transmission tariffs are not considered, it
is noted that there is a need to expand transmission.
The impact of TUST on PDNR and the loading of
distribution substations is shown in Chart IV.

In the scenario I, there is a significant load in substations

SE-103 and SE-104, with a value of 35.88 MW and 37.29
MW, respectively. This behavior is due to the reduced value
of TUST in substations SE-103 and SE-104, in relation to SE-
101 and SE-102. The TUSTs on (c)
SE-103 and SE-104, obtained
through the EBE, PS and ZBUS methods are 2.23 MU/MW,
Fig.
2.376. MU/MW
Impacto do PDNR sobreMU/MW,
and 1.83 os fluxos de potência da transmissão.
respectively. On the other
hand, the TUSTs on SE-101 and SE-102 are higher, resulting
in 3.09 MU/MW, 2.69 MU/MW and 2.77 MU/MW. In
scenario II, there is an inversion in the values of TUST. In this
case, SE-101 and SE-102 have lower values than SE-103 and
SE-104. As a consequence, there is a significant
reconfiguration of the distribution network, so that SE-101 and
SE-102 have loads of 30.25 MW and 44.55 MW, respectively.
Tabela V In scenario III, a behavior similar to that obtained in scenarios
Custos Globais I and II is observed, that is, substations with lower TUST
values present higher loads.

Chart V summarizes the global costs resulting from the

reconfigurations.
In scenarios I, II and III, the global cost is reduced when
considering the locational signaling of TUSTs. In this case, the
proposed PNDR results in a reduction of 50.98%, 27.36% and
30.62% in scenarios I, II and III, respectively, concerning the
classic PNDR. These results demonstrate the importance of
considering transmission tariffs in the PNDR.

.
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Energy Systems Planning Laboratory. He was also
a professor of the electrical engineering course at the Beneficent
[31] A. Kouzou and R. D. Mohammedi, “Optimal reconfiguration of a
radial power distribution network based on Meta-heuristic
Association of the Carboniferous Industry of Santa Catarina. He is
optimization algorithms”, in 4th International Conference on currently a doctoral student at the Graduate Program in Electrical
Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS), 2015, Engineering at UFSM at the Center for Excellence in Energy and
10.1109/epecs.2015.7368517. Power Systems.
[32] J. S. Savier and D. Das, “Impact of Network Reconfiguration on Loss
Allocation of Radial Distribution Systems”, in IEEE Transactions on
Power Delivery, v. 22, n. 4, p. 2473–2480, 2007,
10.1109/tpwrd.2007.905370.
[33] A. Baiat, A. Bagheri and R. Noroozian, “Optimal siting and sizing of Tafarel F. Milke holds a degree in electrical
distributed generation accompanied by reconfiguration of distribution engineering from the Regional University of the
networks for maximum loss reduction by using a new UVDA-based Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (2010)
heuristic method”, in International Journal of Electrical Power & and a master's degree in electrical engineering from
Energy Systems, v. 77, p. 360–371, 2016, the Federal University of Santa Maria (2019). He is
10.1016/j.ijepes.2015.11.039. currently a doctoral candidate at the Graduate
[34] K. Sebaa, A. Gelen and H. Nouri, “Cross-entropy method for Program in Electrical Engineering at the Federal
distribution power systems reconfiguration”, in Engineering Reports, University of Santa Maria. He has experience in Electrical
v. 1, p. 1–18, 2019, 10.1002/eng2.12052.
Engineering, working mainly on the following topics: planning,
[35] M. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Network reconfiguration in distribution
analysis and operation of electrical energy systems with the
systems for loss reduction and load balancing” in IEEE Transactions
on Power Delivery, v. 4, n. 2, p 1401–1407, 1989b,
application of methods with Neural Networks.
10.1109/61.25627.
[36] M. E. Baran and F. F. Wu, “Optimal capacitor placement on radial
distribution systems”, in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, v. 4,
n.1, p. 725–734, 1989a, 10.1109/61.19265. Mauricio Sperandio holds a degree in Electrical
[37] H.-D. Chiang and R. Jean-Jumeau, “Optimal network reconfigurations Engineering from the Federal University of Santa
in distribution systems. II. Solution algorithms and numerical results” Maria - RS, with an emphasis on Electrical Power
in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, v. 5, n.3, p 1568– Systems, and completed a master's and doctorate in
1574,1990, 10.1109/61.58002. Electrical Energy Systems from the Federal
[38] Y. C Huang, “Enhanced-genetic-algorithm-based fuzzy multi-objective University of Santa Catarina in 2004 and 2008,
approach to distribution network reconfiguration”, in IEE respectively. He is currently at the Federal
Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, v. 149, n. University of Santa Maria, being head of the Dept. of
5, p. 615, 2002, 10.1049/ip-gtd:20020512. Electromechanics and Power Systems. Works in the areas of
planning, analysis and operation of electric power systems with the
application of optimization methods. Main interest in
Felipe N. Lima holds a degree in Electrical Engineering from the
research and development in the area of transmission
Regional University of the Northwest of the State of Rio Grande do
and distribution, charging, smart grids and
Sul (2016). He is currently a master's student at the Graduate
microgrids.
Program in Electrical Engineering at the Federal University of Santa