Introduction to Cloud

Computing
Dr Ashutosh Jha
Source: Pinterest
Evolution - Enabling Technologies for Cloud
 Late 2000s:
Proliferation of
Mid-2000s: Web Cloud Services
2.0 and
Virtualization
Late 1990s - Early
2000s: Grid
Computing and
Utility
1980s - 1990s:
Computing
Client-Server
Model and the
Internet
1960s -
1970s:
Mainframes
and Early
Networks
Mainframes

A single-frame IBM z15 mainframe Inside an IBM System z9 mainframe

“A mainframe computer, informally called a mainframe or big iron, is a computer used primarily by large organizations for
critical applications like bulk data processing for tasks such as censuses, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and large-scale transaction processing.”

“The term reliability, availability and serviceability (RAS) is a defining characteristic of mainframe computers” (Source:
WikiMedia)
 Time Sharing Systems

An Interesting Article:
https://fedtechmagazine.com/article/2016/10/how-ibm-7094-
gave-nasa-and-air-force-computing-superiority-1960s
Source: MIT & Google
Client Server Model

Source: MIT
 Virtualization

Software
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
Hardware
Computing

Operating Systems

Virtual Machines (VM)

Source: Author’s Own

 Virtualization

Software
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
Hardware
Computing

Operating Systems

Virtual Machines (VM) Virtual Private

Networks
Source: Author’s Own
Virtual Private Networks

Source: ResearchGate
Web 2.0

“Web 2.0 refers to websites that emphasize user-generated content, ease

of use, participatory culture and interoperability (i.e., compatibility with
other products, systems, and devices) for end users.”

Image Source: WikiMedia

Datacenters

https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v
=XZmGGAbHqa0
Datacenters – Types and Components
Component Description
Servers and
Responsible for processing and storing data. Can
Computing Type Description
include individual servers or server racks.
Equipment
Owned and operated by
Infrastructure for communication between Enterprise Data
Networking individual organizations for
Centers
components within the data center and with their own computing needs.
Equipment
external networks.
Facilities where multiple
Colocation
Devices like hard disk drives (HDDs) or solid-state organizations rent space and
Storage Systems Data Centers
share infrastructure.
drives (SSDs) for storing and retrieving data.
Systems to manage power distribution and Owned by cloud service
Power and Cooling Cloud Data providers to deliver cloud
maintain optimal operating temperatures.
Systems Centers computing services over the
Includes generators and UPS units. internet.
Measures such as access controls, surveillance
Security
systems, and fire suppression to protect physical
Infrastructure
and data security.
Management and Tools for monitoring and controlling resource
Monitoring Systems utilization, performance, and security.
Types of Computing

Source: NBAI (https://blog.nebulaai.org)

Types of Computing

Grid Computing
Cluster Computing
Cloud Computing

Source: NBAI (https://blog.nebulaai.org)

 Grid Computing Cluster Computing Cloud Computing
Centralized infrastructure
Distributed across multiple Multiple computers connected in
Architecture managed by cloud service
networks and organizations close proximity
providers

Resources may be owned and Resources owned and managed by Resources owned and managed by
Resource Ownership
managed by different entities a single organization a cloud service provider

Optimized for parallel processing

Handles diverse tasks and Provides scalable and on-demand
Task Handling and high-performance computing
applications, distributed workload access to resources and services
tasks

Communication is fast and has Communication can vary based on

Communication and Communication may involve
lower latency, nodes are physically the cloud provider and network
Latency higher latency, distributed nodes
close conditions

High-performance computing Amazon Web Services (AWS),

World Community Grid,
Examples clusters for scientific simulations, Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud
SETI@home
financial modeling, etc. Platform (GCP)
 The first datacenters!
Timesharing Companies Clouds and datacenters
1940
& Data Processing Industry
1950 Clusters
1960
Grids
1970
1980
PCs 1990
(not distributed!)
2000
Peer to peer systems 2012

Source: Gupta 2019

AWS Arrives

https://www.yo
utube.com/watc
h?v=TsRBftzZsQo
..So, how do we define Cloud Computing?
Cloud Computing:
• Cloud computing is a paradigm in computing where computing services, including
storage, processing power, and applications, are delivered over the internet.
• It enables users to access and utilize computing resources without the need for owning
and maintaining physical infrastructure.
• Services are typically provided on a pay-as-you-go model, allowing users to scale
resources up or down based on their needs.

Key Components:
• Infrastructure: Physical and virtual resources like servers, storage, and networks.
• Services: Software applications, databases, and other tools delivered over the internet.
• Networking: Connectivity that allows data and applications to be accessed remotely.
Cloud Service Models
Cloud Service
Description Examples
Model

Provides virtualized computing resources over the internet. Users

Amazon Web Services (AWS),
Infrastructure as a can rent virtual machines, storage, and networking on a pay-as-
Microsoft Azure, Google Cloud
Service (IaaS) you-go basis. It offers flexibility and control over the infrastructure
Platform (GCP)
without the need for physical hardware management.

Delivers a platform that includes tools, services, and development

Oracle Autonomous Database,
Platform as a frameworks to build, test, and deploy applications. Abstracts
Amazon Red Shift, Microsoft
Service (PaaS) underlying infrastructure complexities, allowing developers to focus
Azure Cosmos DB
on application development rather than managing the platform.

Provides fully functional software applications over the internet.

Users access the software through a web browser without the need
Software as a Gmail, Microsoft 365, Salesforce,
for installation or maintenance. Examples include email services
Service (SaaS) Oracle ERP
(e.g., Gmail), office productivity tools (e.g., Microsoft 365), and
CRM software.
Cloud Deployment Models
Model Description Examples
Amazon S3 (Simple
Owned and operated by third-party cloud service Storage Service):
Public Cloud providers. Resources are shared among multiple AWS, Azure, Google Cloud store arbitrary
datasets, pay per
organizations, providing cost savings and scalability. GB-month stored
As of 2019: 0.4c-3 c
Dedicated to a single organization. Offers more control per GB month
over security and customization but may have higher On-premise private cloud,
Private Cloud Amazon EC2
initial costs. Can be hosted on-premise or by a third- dedicated private cloud services (Elastic Compute
party provider. Cloud): upload and
run arbitrary OS
Organizations using both public images, pay per
Combines public and private cloud resources, allowing CPU hour used
and private clouds, utilizing
data and applications to move between them as needs As of 2019: 0.2 c
Hybrid Cloud resources from AWS, Azure, per CPU hr to $7.2
change. Provides greater flexibility and optimization of per CPU hr
Google Cloud, and on-premise
resources. (depending on
environments strength)

Shared by several organizations with similar interests Google cloud:

Cloud infrastructure serving a similar pricing as
or requirements. Offers a balance between the
Community specific industry consortium or above
benefits of public and private clouds. Infrastructure is
Cloud group of organizations with
shared but tailored to the specific needs of the
shared interests
community.
Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing
Characteristic Description
Users can provision computing resources, such as server instances or storage, as needed
On-demand Self-
without requiring human intervention from the service provider. This enables quick and
Service
flexible access to resources based on user requirements.
Cloud services are accessible over the internet and can be used by various devices and
Broad Network
platforms. Accessibility is not limited to specific devices or locations, promoting
Access
widespread use.
Cloud providers pool resources to serve multiple customers. Resources, both physical and
Resource Pooling
virtual, are dynamically assigned and reassigned based on demand, optimizing utilization.
Cloud resources can be quickly and easily scaled up or down to meet changing workloads.
Rapid Elasticity This allows organizations to adapt to varying demands without the need for large upfront
investments.
Cloud systems monitor and measure resource usage. Users are billed based on their actual
Measured Service
consumption, providing a transparent and cost-effective pricing model.
Cloud Partners and their roles
Cloud Partner Type Role Examples
Cloud Service Offers cloud computing services, infrastructure, and platforms to AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google
Provider (CSP) customers. Cloud Platform (GCP)
Cloud Service Resells cloud services from CSPs to end customers. May add value
Rackspace, CDW, Cloudreach
Reseller through customization, support, or additional services.
Cloud Service Assists organizations in selecting and integrating various cloud
Accenture, Deloitte, Capgemini
Integrator services to create a cohesive and efficient IT environment.
Managed Service Manages and maintains customers' cloud infrastructure,
Datapipe, 2nd Watch, Cloudreach
Provider (MSP) applications, and services on an ongoing basis.
Independent
Develops and sells software applications specifically designed for
Software Vendor Salesforce, Adobe, Slack
use in the cloud environment.
(ISV)
Acts as an intermediary between cloud service providers and
RightScale (now part of Flexera),
Cloud Broker customers, helping with service selection, negotiation, and
CloudCheckr
management.
Bundles multiple cloud services into a single, integrated solution for
Cloud Aggregator AppDirect, Ingram Micro Cloud
customers.
Cloud Security Specializes in providing security solutions and services tailored for Palo Alto Networks, Trend Micro,
Provider cloud environments. Cloudflare
Benefits of Cloud Computing
Cloud Advantage Description Examples
Reduces the need for upfront infrastructure investments.
Netflix migrated to AWS, saving costs
Cost Savings Users pay only for the resources they use, leading to cost
and achieving scalability.
optimization.
Cloud resources can be scaled up or down based on demand, Spotify uses Google Cloud to scale its
Scalability
ensuring optimal performance and cost efficiency. infrastructure based on user demand.

Cloud services provide flexibility to adapt to changing

Flexibility and Airbnb leverages AWS to quickly scale
business needs quickly. Rapid provisioning and de-
Agility its platform during peak booking times.
provisioning of resources enhance agility.

Cloud-based applications and data are accessible from Microsoft 365 enables remote
Accessibility and
anywhere with an internet connection, promoting collaboration with cloud-based
Collaboration
collaboration among remote teams. productivity tools.
Cloud services offer built-in redundancy and backup options,
Salesforce uses AWS for disaster
enhancing disaster recovery capabilities. Business continuity
Disaster Recovery recovery, ensuring data availability in
is improved through data replication and backup
case of disruptions.
mechanisms.
Testimonials!
• Dave Power, Associate Information Consultant at Eli Lilly and Company: “With AWS, Powers said, a
new server can be up and running in three minutes (it used to take Eli Lilly seven and a half
weeks to deploy a server internally) and a 64-node Linux cluster can be online in five minutes
(compared with three months internally). … It's just shy of instantaneous.”

• Ingo Elfering, Vice President of Information Technology Strategy, GlaxoSmithKline: “With Online
Services, we are able to reduce our IT operational costs by roughly 30% of what we’re spending”

• Jim Swartz, CIO, Sybase: “At Sybase, a private cloud of virtual servers inside its datacenter has
saved nearly $US2 million annually since 2006, Swartz says, because the company can share
computing power and storage resources across servers.”
Challenges and Considerations
Cloud Concern Description Examples
Concerns about data security, privacy, and compliance with Capital One experienced a data breach in a
Security and regulations are essential considerations. Cloud providers cloud environment, highlighting the
Compliance implement security measures, but users must also take steps to importance of shared responsibility for
secure their data. security.

Organizations must be aware of where their data is stored and GDPR compliance efforts by companies like
Data Privacy Concerns processed to comply with data protection laws. Data sovereignty Facebook and Google to handle user data in
and jurisdictional issues may arise. accordance with European Union regulations.

Companies adopting Amazon Aurora as a

Moving from one cloud provider to another can be challenging due
database service may face challenges if they
Vendor Lock-in to differences in platforms and services. Organizations should
decide to migrate away from AWS due to
consider strategies to mitigate vendor lock-in risks.
platform-specific features.
Amazon Web Services (AWS) experienced a
Reliance on cloud services means that downtime or service
Downtime and Service major outage in 2017, affecting various online
interruptions at the provider's end can impact operations. SLAs
Availability services and emphasizing the importance of
and redundancy strategies can address this concern.
redundancy planning.
General Electric (GE) faced challenges
Integrating cloud services with on-premise systems can be
Integration with Existing integrating its on-premise applications with
complex. Compatibility and interoperability issues need to be
Systems cloud services during its digital
carefully addressed.
transformation journey.
Additional Slides
Cloud-Native

Image Source: https://pivotal.io/cloud-native

Microservices and Containers

Source: https://developer.ibm.com/articles/why-should-we-use-microservices-and-containers/
DevOps and Continuous Delivery

https://awstip.com/the-devops-journey-a-comprehensive-guide-to-becoming-a-devops-engineer-c12c4d1b8a1c
Kubernetes
Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration system for
automating software deployment, scaling, and management. Originally
designed by Google, the project is now maintained by a worldwide
community of contributors, and the trademark is held by the Cloud
Native Computing Foundation.
https://kubernetes.io/images/docs/Container_Evolution.svg
Source: https://sigridjin.medium.com/understanding-basic-concepts-of-kubernetes-8f9dbfe9a257
Source: https://allcode.com/cloud-providers/
Best Practices for Cloud Adoption
• Planning and Strategy:
• Develop a comprehensive cloud adoption strategy aligned with business goals.
• Assess current infrastructure, identify use cases, and plan for migration.
• Security Considerations:
• Implement robust security measures, including encryption, access controls, and regular
audits.
• Stay informed about security updates and best practices.
• Training and Skill Development:
• Provide training for staff to acquire the skills necessary for managing cloud resources.
• Foster a culture of continuous learning to keep up with evolving technologies.
• Monitoring and Management:
• Implement monitoring tools to track performance, detect issues, and optimize resource
usage.
• Establish effective management practices for ongoing maintenance.
Cloud Management Tools
• Terraform:
• Purpose: Infrastructure as Code (IaC) tool for provisioning and managing infrastructure.
• Benefits: Allows for version-controlled infrastructure, ensuring consistency across environments.
• Kubernetes:
• Purpose: Container orchestration platform for automating the deployment, scaling, and management of
containerized applications.
• Benefits: Enables efficient container management, scalability, and portability across different environments.
• AWS CloudWatch:
• Purpose: Monitoring and observability service for AWS resources and applications.
• Benefits: Helps track performance metrics, set alarms, and gain insights into resource utilization.
• Azure Monitor:
• Purpose: Azure's monitoring solution for collecting and analyzing telemetry data.
• Benefits: Provides insights into the performance and health of applications and infrastructure.
• Google Cloud Monitoring:
• Purpose: Monitoring and management tool for Google Cloud resources.
• Benefits: Offers real-time monitoring, alerting, and insights into the performance of applications and services.
Microsoft
Amazon
Tools and Technologies
• Overview of Common Cloud Platforms
• Cloud Management Tools
• Emerging Trends in Cloud Computing
Overview of Common Cloud Platforms
• Amazon Web Services (AWS):
• Key Features: Offers a vast array of services, including computing power, storage, databases, machine learning, and more.
• Use Cases: Widely used for hosting websites, running applications, and leveraging AI/ML services.
• Microsoft Azure:
• Key Features: Provides a comprehensive set of cloud services, including virtual machines, databases, AI, and IoT.
• Use Cases: Popular in enterprise environments for integrating with Microsoft products and services.
• Google Cloud Platform (GCP):
• Key Features: Known for its strong data analytics, machine learning, and big data services.
• Use Cases: Utilized for data processing, analytics, and machine learning applications.
• IBM Cloud:
• Key Features: Offers a range of cloud services, with a focus on hybrid and multicloud environments.
• Use Cases: Suitable for businesses with specific regulatory requirements and a need for hybrid cloud solutions.
• Alibaba Cloud:
• Key Features: Dominates the cloud market in Asia, providing services similar to other major cloud providers.
• Use Cases: Commonly used for e-commerce, online retail, and various enterprise applications.
Emerging Trends in Cloud Computing
• Edge Computing:
• Definition: Processing data closer to the source of data generation rather than relying on a centralized cloud server.
• Importance: Reduces latency, enabling real-time processing for applications like IoT and augmented reality.
• Serverless Computing:
• Definition: Executing functions in response to events without managing server infrastructure.
• Benefits: Provides automatic scaling, reduced operational overhead, and cost efficiency.
• AI and Machine Learning Integration:
• Trend: Increasing integration of AI and machine learning services into cloud platforms.
• Impact: Allows businesses to leverage advanced analytics and automation for better insights and decision-making.
• Multi-Cloud and Hybrid Cloud Strategies:
• Strategy: Organizations adopting multiple cloud providers or a combination of on-premise and cloud services.
• Benefits: Enhances flexibility, avoids vendor lock-in, and addresses specific business requirements.
• Containerization and Microservices:
• Approach: Building and deploying applications using containerized, microservices architectures.
• Advantages: Enables scalability, easier management, and improved resource utilization.
Case Studies and Examples
1.https://medium.com/@ratnesh4209211786/unleashing-the-power-of-cloud-a-marvelous-

case-study-of-netflixs-cloud-migration-5de5fa77ac3f

2.Neil Hunt of Netflix Discusses How AWS Supports Deployment of New Features and Tools –

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SorHbAiZ918

3.Netflix Delivers Billions of Hours of Content Globally by Running on AWS

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lQGHsBOZJBw
Netflix - A Case Study in Cloud Computing
Adoption
• Background: Netflix, a global streaming service for movies and TV
shows, transitioned to the cloud to meet the demands of its rapid
growth and to enhance the scalability and flexibility of its streaming
platform.
Challenges Faced
1.Scalability Issues: Netflix faced challenges in scaling its infrastructure
to handle the increasing number of subscribers and streaming
demand.
2.Global Expansion: Traditional data centers were not conducive to
quickly expanding services in new regions.
Solutions Implemented
1.Migration to AWS: Netflix made a strategic decision to migrate its
entire infrastructure to Amazon Web Services (AWS). This move
allowed them to leverage AWS's extensive global network of data
centers.
2.Microservices Architecture: Netflix embraced a microservices
architecture, breaking down its application into small, independently
deployable services. This allowed for easier scalability and
maintenance.
3.Content Delivery Network (CDN): Utilizing AWS CloudFront as a CDN,
Netflix improved content delivery to end-users by caching and
distributing content closer to the viewers.
Impact on Business
1.Scalability: The move to the cloud enabled Netflix to scale its
infrastructure based on demand, ensuring a seamless streaming
experience for users during peak hours.
2.Global Reach: AWS's global infrastructure allowed Netflix to expand
its services rapidly to new regions, reaching a broader international
audience.
3.Cost Optimization: By adopting a pay-as-you-go model, Netflix
optimized costs, paying only for the resources consumed.
Lessons Learned
1.Continuous Innovation: Netflix emphasizes continuous innovation
and experimentation. They regularly update their technology stack to
stay ahead of industry trends.
2.Resilience and Redundancy: Building redundancy into their
architecture ensures service reliability, even in the face of server
failures or other issues.
3.Collaboration with Cloud Provider: Maintaining a close relationship
with AWS has allowed Netflix to stay at the forefront of cloud
technology advancements.
Current Status
• Netflix continues to be a prime example of a company that has
successfully leveraged cloud computing to innovate and adapt to the
evolving landscape of digital entertainment. Their success showcases
the transformative power of cloud technologies in the media and
entertainment industry.
Emulab
• A community resource open to researchers in academia and industry. Very
widely used by researchers everywhere today.
• https://www.emulab.net/
• A cluster, with currently ~500 servers
• Founded and owned by University of Utah (led by Late Prof. Jay Lepreau)

• As a user, you can:

• Grab a set of machines for your experiment
• You get root-level (sudo) access to these machines
• You can specify a network topology for your cluster
• You can emulate any topology
Source: (Azhar, 2021)