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PHYSICAL-SCIENCE-12

The document outlines the coverage for a Physical Science 12 course, detailing lessons on celestial bodies, planetary motion, and the concepts of motion as proposed by Aristotle and Galileo. It includes topics such as the phases of the Moon, laws of planetary motion, and the principles of vertical, horizontal, and projectile motion. Additionally, it discusses balanced and unbalanced forces, inertia, and the effects of air resistance on falling objects.

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7 views

PHYSICAL-SCIENCE-12

The document outlines the coverage for a Physical Science 12 course, detailing lessons on celestial bodies, planetary motion, and the concepts of motion as proposed by Aristotle and Galileo. It includes topics such as the phases of the Moon, laws of planetary motion, and the principles of vertical, horizontal, and projectile motion. Additionally, it discusses balanced and unbalanced forces, inertia, and the effects of air resistance on falling objects.

Uploaded by

ricanoviza75
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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COVERAGE IN PHYSICAL SCIENCE 12

Lesson 1
 North Star or Polaris
 Eratosthenes
 Pythagoras
 Geocentric view and Heliocentric view
Lesson 2
 Phases of the Moon (Illustration of each phases)
 It takes 27 days, 7 hours, and 43 minutes for our Moon to complete one full orbit around Earth. However, it
takes our Moon about 29.5 days to complete one cycle of phases (from full Moon to full Moon).
 Rising and setting of the Sun. (gnomon)
Lesson 3
 Law of Planetary Motion (Kepler’s First Law, Second Law and Third Law)
 Tycho Brahe
 Johannes Kepler
Lesson 4
Aristotle’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion
 Vertical motion is referred to as natural motion. In a natural motion, the object will move and will return to
its natural state based on the object's material or composition - earth, water, air, and fire.
 For example, Aristotle believed that because a ball fell when thrown upward, its element was earth. Smoke
goes up the air because it seeks its natural place in the atmosphere.
 Objects fall faster in air than water.
 An object moving in a violent motion requires push or pull to maintain horizontal motion. Motion continues
only so long as there is an applied force to an object. When the force is removed, motion stops.
 The example at the right shows piled boxes of food donations. The boxes will remain on the floor unless a
push or a pull force is applied.
 Aristotle believed that the projectile motion of an object is parallel to the ground until it is the object's time
to fall back into the ground. An impetus will be kept by the object until such time that the initial force is
forgotten, and the object returns to its natural state to stop moving and fall to the ground.
Galileo’s Concept of Vertical Motion, Horizontal Motion, and Projectile Motion
 Vertical Motion. In the absence of a resistance, objects would fall not depending on their weight, but in the
time of fall. Two objects will fall at the same time, at the same time regardless of their weight.
 For example, without any resistance, a 1-kg object will be as fast as a 10-kg object when falling because they
fall with the same amount of time, given that they are released from the same height.
 For example, if we neglect air resistance, a feather will be as fast as a bowling ball when dropped at the same
time and released from the same height.
 Horizontal Motion. An object in motion, if unimpeded, will continue to be in motion, and he object will
continue to move even without an external force applied. If the Earth’s surface is very flat and extended
infinitely, objects that are pushed will not be impeded. Thus, the objects will continue to move.
 Objects only stops if there is a presence force called friction.
 An object in uniform motion will travel a distance that is proportional to time. Motion is uniformly
accelerated when speed is proportional to time of travel.
 Projectile Motion. A projectile is composed of uniform motion in the horizontal direction and uniformly
accelerated motion in the vertical direction.
 Horizontal motion is independent in vertical motion.
Lesson 5
 Object in vacuum will fall at the same time because there is no air resistance. Since there is no air or anything
in space, objects that are heavy or light, will fall at the same time.
 The role of air resistance is to delay the rate of fall of an object.
 Galileo used the inclined ramp in order to measure the acceleration of an object. He measured that objects
accelerates at the same time regardless of their size and mass. A ball rolling down an inclined plane increases
its speed by 2m/s.
 Two objects will fall at the same time regardless of which direction (horizontal/vertical) they travelled.
Lesson 6
 A balanced force is a force in which the net force is equal to zero. Object remain at rest or motionless if the
forces acting on an object are balance.
 An unbalanced force is a force in which the net force is greater than zero. Unbalanced forces cause
acceleration. Only unbalanced force can change the motion and direction of an object.
 An object’s inertia depends on its mass. An object with a greater mass has a greater inertia and an object
with a lesser mass will also have a lesser inertia.
 Types of inertia: Inertia of rest- an object will stay in place unless something or somebody moves it. Example:
a plate on the table
 Inertia of motion- an object will continue at the same speed until a force acts on it. Example: a rolling ball
 Inertia of Direction- an object will stay moving in the same direction unless a force acts on it. Example: a
moving car turning right
 To have a constant velocity for an object in motion, speed will remain unchanged.

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