CHAPTER-22

XII - BIOLOGY CHROMOSOME AND DNA

Year Scientist Discovery

Karl Nägeli; • First discovered chromosomes in pollen and named
1842
Swiss botanist them transitory cytoblasts.
Gregory • Laws of inheritance
1856 to
John Mendel; Austrian • Idea of gene (unit factor),
1863
monk and geneticist • Idea of dominant and recessive
• Isolated phosphate rich material (DNA) from pus cells
Fredric Meischer; Swiss
1869 (WBCs) nucleus and named it “Nuclein” meaning
physician
the substance from nucleus.
• Isolated the nucleic acid from protein associated with
Albrecht Kossel;
1878 it and discovered the four bases of nucleic acids;
German biochemist
adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
• Observed chromosomes in a salamander embryo by
using aniline dye (purple colour) and named the
Walther Flemming; “chromatin”
1879
German anatomist • Observed behavior of chromosomes during cell
division and used the term mitosis for cell division
hence called the founder of mitosis
Henrich Wilhelm
1888 Waldeye; German • Put forth the term chromosomes.
anatomist.
Richard Altmann; • Removed protein by pepsin associated with DNA and
German pathologist and find the remaining material was acidic and then he
1889
histologist, Meischer’s named the matterial as “nucleic acids” because of
student. its acidic nature.
• Rediscovered Medenlian inheritance.
• He worked on garden pea, corn and four o clock
plants.
Carl Correns- German
1900 • Found the relationship of heredity with chromosomes
botanist and geneticist
also found mutational theory of evolution.
• Published his paper on “Mendel’s law concerning
the behavior of progeny of radical hybrid”
• Rediscovered Medenlian inheritance.
Hugo de Vries- Dutch • He worked on evening primrose plant (Oenothera
1900
botanist lamarckiana).
• Concept of gene and mutation.
Tschermark – Austrian • Rediscovered Medenlian inheritance.
1900
agronomist • He worked on peas, wheat, barley and oats.
• Studied rare genetic disorder: Alkaptonuria;
Archibald Garrod;
1902 concluded that specific gene is associated with absence
English physician
of a specific enzyme.
• Major work on grass hopper.
• Patterns of segregation of chromosomes during
Walter Sutton; American
1902 meiosis.
biologist
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance or Sutton-
Boveri theory.

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 CHAPTER-22
XII - BIOLOGY CHROMOSOME AND DNA

Year Scientist Discovery

• Major work on sea urchin eggs.
• Worked on behavior of chromosomes after
Theodor Boveri; fertilization and reduction in number of chromosomes
1903 during meiosis.
German biologist
• Chromosomal theory of inheritance or Sutton-
Boveri theory.
William Bateson;
British geneticist and
1906 • Used term “pangene” for Mendelian unit factors.
Eduard Strasburger;
Polish-German botanist
Wilhelm Johannsen;
1909 • Named unit factors on Mendel as genes.
Danish botanist
Phoebus Levine;
• Found that nucleotides are composed of sugar,
1909 Russian born American
phosphoric acid and a nitrogen base.
physician
Walter Siegfried
1909 Albrecht; German • Discovered that RNA is a molecule distinct from DNA.
biochemist

T. H. Morgon; American • Found linkage, and made the foundation of Non-

1910
anthropologist Mendelian Genetics.
• Worked on fruit flies “ Drosophila melanogaster”.
• While working on two stands of bacteria (smooth and
Frederick Griffith; rough Streptococcus pneumoniae) to cure
1928
British bacteriologis pneumonia he found the transformation in
bacteria.
Oswald Avery and Colin
Macleod both Canadian- • Suggested the DNA as the genetic material.
1944 born American biologists • They figured out that the transforming unit was DNA.
and Maclyn McCarty;
American biologist
• Found the parity rule that A=T and C=G.
Erwin Chargaff; Austro- • He found that in a DNA sample amount of adenine is
1950 Hungarian-born American equals to thymine and guanine to cytosine. In human
biochemist 30.9% adenine, 29.4% thymine, 19.8% cytosine and
19.8% guanine.

Alfred D. Hershey and

• Confirmed DNA as a genetic material by their
1952 Martha Chase (both
famous experiment on phage viruses.
American genetics)
• Crystallized DNA to make an X-Ray diffraction
Franklin Rosalind;
1952 pattern on it. She reveaked the double helix structure
British chemist
of DNA.
James Watson;
American biologist and
1953 • Determined the duplex structure of DNA.
Francis Crick; British
physicist

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