Direct Power Control of Doubly-Fed-Induction-

Generator-based Wind Turbines under Asymmetrical

Grid Voltage Dips

Hongwei Ma1, Lie Xu, Yongdong Li, Zedong Zheng Ling Peng
school of electrical engineering Electrical Department
Tsinghua University China ship development design center
Beijing, China Wuhan, China
1. [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—The wind power system based on doubly fed the DFIG under asymmetrical grid voltage dips is analyzed
induction generator (DFIG) has become the most popular and mathematically in detail. In order to reduce the stator flux
widely used in recent years. However, the system is very oscillation at fundamental and twice synchronous
sensitive to the grid voltage dips, so its low voltage ride- frequencies, a direct power control (DPC) algorithm based
through (LVRT) capability required by grid codes is a
on multi-frequency proportional integral resonant (MFPIR)
challenging problem. In this paper, the LVRT problem for
asymmetrical voltage dips is studied. The theoretical analysis controllers is proposed. Considering the control ability of the
shows that disturbance at both of fundamental and twice converter limited by its power capacity, a simple
synchronous frequencies is caused by asymmetrical voltage demagnetization method and a crowbar protection strategy
dips. This paper proposes a direct power control (DPC) are also introduced in this paper. The final aim of this paper
algorithm to control the stator active and reactive power is to control the DFIG-based wind power system to ride
directly with a respective single loop. The multi-frequency through symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage dips in a
proportional integral resonant (MFPIR) controllers are unified algorithm. Since the grid-side converter is affected
involved by the proposed algorithm to significantly restrain the less by the voltage dips[6], all the presented strategy in this
disturbance caused by grid voltage dips. With a crowbar
paper is for the rotor-side converter. However, the strategy
protection strategy and a simple demagnetization method, the
proposed scheme can achieve the low voltage ride-through for the grid-side converter may be an interesting further
ability under both of symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage topic. A 7.5kW DFIG-based experimental prototype is built
dips in a unified algorithm. A 7.5kW DFIG-based wind turbine up and the primary experimental results are presented in this
prototype is built up to verify the effectiveness of the proposed paper to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
method.
II. DYNAMIC BEHAVIOR OF DFIG UNDER GRID
I. INTRODUCTION VOLTAGE DIPS
Nowadays, the wind power system based on doubly fed A typical equivalent circuit of DFIG in park frame can be
induction generator (DFIG) has become the most widely illustrated as Fig.1.
used due to its advantage: the variable speed operation,
reduced converter power capacity and cost, and reduced
power losses compared to other solutions such as fixed speed
induction generators or synchronous generators[1],[2].
However, the DFIG-based wind power system is very
sensitive to the grid voltage disturbance, because of the
relative small rated power converters and the direct
connection between DFIG stator and power grid[3], [4]. With
the continuous increase of the wind power penetration, the , - stator and rotor resistance;
low voltage ride-through (LVRT) capability is being focused - synchronous angular frequency; - slip angular frequency;
on by grid codes[5]. , , - stator and rotor linkage inductance and mutual inductance;
This paper focuses on the LVRT control scheme of the , -stator and rotor voltage vector; , -stator and rotor current vector;
DFIG-based wind power systems. The dynamic behavior of Figure 1. The equivalent circuit of DFIG in park frame

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 Then the DFIG can be expressed as Park’s model as current can be regarded as constant. So the stator flux during
grid voltage dips can be obtained as following by solving (7)
(1) and (8).
(2) (9)
(3) where
(4) _

(5)
_

(6)
_ _ _
where is the derivative operator, and are the stator /
and rotor inductance respectively, and are the stator
active and reactive power, is the electrical torque, and
is the pole pairs of the DFIG.
It can be known from (9) that the stator flux is composed
According to the symmetrical components theory[7], all
of the positive, negative and zero sequence components
kinds of asymmetrical grid volage can be expressed as the
during voltage dips, and the ampltude of the former two
sum of three kinds of symmetrical voltage components:
sequence components are constant but the one of the last
positive, negative and zero sequences. In practical, most
sequence component is decaying. Therefore, it can be seen
DFIGs are connected to the power grid through star/triangle
from (3) that the stator current can be expressed as the sum
transformers, so the zero sequence of grid voltage is not
of positive, negative and zero sequence components as (10)
taken into consideration for DFIGs. Therefore, when the grid
if the rotor current is not controlled rapidly.
voltage dips at t0, the stator voltage of DFIGs can be
expressed as (10)
_ So the stator power can be known from (5), (7) and (10)
(7) as
_ _
_ _ _ (11)
where _ , _ indicate the normal grid voltage and the
low grid voltage respectively, the superscript “+/-” indicates _ _ _ (12)
the quantity in positive or negative dq-frame as Fig.2, and
the subscript “+/-” indicates the positive or negative where
sequence component of the quantity.
Obtaining the expression in (4) and substituting it into
_ _
(1), the relationship between stator flux and stator voltage
can be written as _ _

(8) The electrical torque can be known from (6), (9) and (10)
as
If the controller of the rotor-side converter can not
response the grid fault rapidly and rationally, the rotor _ _ _ (13)
where

It is indicated from (7) and (9)-(13) that oscillations at the

fundamental and twice grid frequencies emerge in the stator
flux, stator active & reactive power and electromagnetic
torque if the controller of rotor-side converter can not work
Figure 2. The relationship among the stationary, dq0, dq+ and dq- frame rapidly and effectively.

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 III. DIRECT POWER CONTROL STRATEGY BASED ON
MULTI-FREQUENCY PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL RESONANT
CONTROLLERS
A. DPC based on MFPIR
According to (1)-(5), the relationship between rotor-side
converter output voltage and stator active & reactive power
can be obtained as

(14)

where Figure 3. The structure diagram of a typical MFPIR controller

It can be known from (15) that the MFPIR controller has

a very high open-loop gain around its resonant frequencies,
which means it can response the disturbance near its resonant
B frequencies effectively to make the feedback follow the
reference. In this application, the resonant frequencies of the
MFPIR controller are assigned at the fundamental and twice
m synchronous frequencies to restrain the disturbance caused
by asymmetrical voltage dips. That is
As analyzed in Section II, the asymmetrical grid voltage h 2; ; 2 (16)
dips will cause the disturbance at fundamental and twice
synchronous frequencies into the system described by (14). So the control low can be obtained from (14) and (15) as

In order to restrain the disturbance, the MFPIR _ 0

controllers are included into the control strategy. A typical 0 _
MFPIR controller is made up of a traditional proportional
integral (PI) controller and some paralleled resonant 0
(17)
controllers as Fig.3. Then the transfer function of the MFPIR 0
controller can be written as where and indicate the reference of active and reactive
power respectively, and _ and _ indicate the
G ∑ (15)
transfer function of the active power MFPIR controller and
where , and indicate the proportional, integral and reactive power MFPIR controller respectively.
resonant coefficients, and indicates the resonant Then the control diagram of the proposed DPC method
frequency of the MFPIR controller. based on MFPIR is illustrated in Fig.4.

Figure 4. The control diagram of the DPC method based on MFPIR controllers

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B. Auxiliary algorithms to enhance LVRT capability
The LVRT performance can be achieved by control the
output voltage of the rotor-side converter rationally, however,
the LVRT capability of the DFIG-based wind power system
is limited by its converter with reduced power capability.
That means the LVRT may be failed when grid voltage dips
severely. So some auxiliary algorithms are required to assist
the system to ride through the severe grid faults, which will
be discussed in this section.
According to [8]-[10], during the low grid voltage, the Figure 5. Control diagram of the proposed demagnetization method
negative and zero sequence components of stator flux will
cause a large back electromotive force in the rotor, which is a
large disturbance in rotor and can result in overcurrent in
rotor to make the whole system out of control because of the
limited power capability of the rotor-side converter. In this
point, it is beneficial for the system if the non-positive
sequence components of stator flux can be eliminated.
As analyzed in Section II, the negative component of
stator flux always exists unless asymmetrical grid voltage
faults recover, but the zero sequence component of the stator
flux is decaying naturally. So a demagnetization method is
proposed here, and it forces the zero sequence component of
stator flux decay faster by a close-loop structure and only
works after grid voltage dips but before reactive power
support is required by grid code, which is a very short time
such as 150ms.
Figure 6. Simulatioin results of the demagnetization method
The demagnetizaion method can be derived as following.
The expression can be obtained from (1) that demagnetization method works, but they are not cared by the
grid codes, which will be specifically discussed in
(18) experiment results.
As [11]-[12], the crowbar is required by the DFIG-based
According to (5) and (18), the control law of the wind power system to ride through the severe grid voltage
demagnetization method can be expressed as (19) and (20). faults. In this application, a rotor current hysteresis controller
is utilized to control the crowbar. When the rotor current
(19) crosses the upper threshold, the crowbar will be enabled, and
when the rotor current crosses the floor threshold, the
crowbar will be disabled. In this way, the DFIG-based wind
power system will be protected even when very severe grid
(20)
faults occur. The control diagram of the crowbar is shown in
Fig.7.
Making use of the power loop illustrated in Fig.4 as an
inner loop, the stator flux close loops are estiblished
according to (19) and (20). For it requires a fast response
more than no steady error, the proportional controllers are
used here and the diagram of the proposed demagnetization
method can be shown as Fig.5.
The simulation results of the demagnetization method is
shown in Fig.6. The grid voltage dips at 1.0s, then the zero
sequence component occurs in the stator flux. The
demagnetization method starts at 1.2s, then it can be seen
that the zero sequence component of stator flux decays
rapidly to zero, which is beneficial for the subsequent control.
However, it can be seen in Fig.5 that the and may
be not constant to eliminate the oscillation of the stator flux. Figure 7. Rotor current hysteresis control of the crowbar
Actually, and oscillate significantly when the

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 IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
A 7.5kW DFIG-based experimental prototype is built up TABLE I. PARAMETERS OF THE DFIG-BASED PROTOTYPE
and the primary parameters of the prototype is shown in Tab.
I. Parameters Values
Rated Power 7.5kW
When the grid voltage dips symmetrically and Rated Voltage 380V
asymmetrically, the LVRT experimental results of the Stator Resistance 0.474Ω
Rotor Resistance 0.761Ω
prototype are illustrated as Fig.8 and Fig.9.
Stator Linkage Inductance 0.013H
The symmetrical LVRT process is shown in Fig.8. It can Rotor Linkage Inductance 0.015H
be seen that no over current occurs in the rotor, the wind Mutual Inductance 0.107H
power system recovers active power to 3kW and provides Pole Pairs 3
Turn Ratio (Stator/Rotor) 1
reactive power 1.5kW to support the grid within 150ms after
voltage dips, and the DFIG maintains the connection to the

(a) 1-grid phase voltage; 2/3/4-rotor phase current (b) 1-grid phase voltage; 2/3/4-stator phase current

(c) 3-stator active power (d) 3-stator reactive power

Figure 8. LVRT performance under symmetrical voltage dips (amplitude dips to 80% for 300ms)

(a) 1-grid phase voltage; (b) 1-grid phase voltage; (c) 1/2-grid phase voltage (Phase C/B);
2/3/4-rotor phase current 2/3/4-stator phase current 3/4-stator active/reactive power
Figure 9. LVRT performance under asymmetrical voltage dips (asymmetrical factor 10% for 300ms)
(Only 4 quantities can be measured by oscilloscope at the same time, so grid voltage is measured on Phase B and C, and voltage amplitude on Phase A is
equal to the one on Phase C)

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