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FCS assignment 1

The document discusses data representation and transmission, explaining how information is encoded for storage and communication in computers. It covers number systems, character encoding, data types, structures, transmission media, modes, protocols, modulation techniques, error detection, and data security. Understanding these concepts is crucial for developing efficient and secure communication systems.

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rnjagi12
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3 views

FCS assignment 1

The document discusses data representation and transmission, explaining how information is encoded for storage and communication in computers. It covers number systems, character encoding, data types, structures, transmission media, modes, protocols, modulation techniques, error detection, and data security. Understanding these concepts is crucial for developing efficient and secure communication systems.

Uploaded by

rnjagi12
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NAME: RUTH NJAGI.

UNIT: FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER SYSTEMS.

TASK: ASSIGNMENT ONE.

REG. NO: 18/01076


Data Representation and Transmission
Data Representation
Data representation is the process of encoding information into a form that can be stored,
transmitted, and interpreted by computers. It involves converting raw data into a structured
format that machines can understand and process. This is essential for effective communication
and data management in various applications.

Number Systems:
Decimal: The most common base-10 system used by humans.

Binary: The base-2 system used by computers, representing data as a sequence of 0s and 1s.

Octal: Base-8 system used for representing binary numbers in a more compact form.

Hexadecimal: Base-16 system used for representing binary numbers in a more readable format.

Character Encoding: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange): Represents
128 characters using 7 bits.

Unicode: A more comprehensive character encoding standard that supports a wider range of
characters, including those from different languages and scripts.

Data Types:
Integers: Whole numbers, both positive and negative.

Floating-point numbers: Real numbers with decimal points.

Characters: Individual letters, digits, or symbols.

Strings: Sequences of characters.

Boolean values: True or false.

Data Structures:
Arrays: Ordered collections of elements of the same data type.

Linked lists: Dynamic data structures where elements are linked together using pointers.

Stacks: LIFO (Last-In-First-Out) data structures.

Queues: FIFO (First-In-First-Out) data structures.

Trees: Hierarchical data structures.


Graphs: Non-linear data structures representing relationships between elements.

Data Transmission
Data transmission is the process of sending data from one location to another. It involves the
physical transfer of data over a communication channel. Effective data transmission requires the
use of appropriate protocols and transmission media.

Transmission Media:
Wired:

Twisted-pair cables

Coaxial cables

Fiber-optic cables

Wireless:

Radio waves

Microwaves

Infrared light

Transmission Modes:
Simplex: Data flows in one direction only.

Half-duplex: Data flows in both directions, but not simultaneously.

Full-duplex: Data flows in both directions simultaneously.

Transmission Protocols:
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol): The foundation of the internet,
providing reliable and connection-oriented communication.

UDP (User Datagram Protocol): A connectionless protocol that offers faster but less reliable
transmission.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring web pages and other data on the
internet.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Used for transferring files between computers.
Data Modulation:
Analog modulation: Converts digital signals into analog signals for transmission over analog
channels.

Digital modulation: Converts digital signals into different analog waveforms for transmission.

Data Transmission Techniques

Frequency Modulation (FM): The frequency of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the
amplitude of the modulating signal.

Amplitude Modulation (AM): The amplitude of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the
amplitude of the modulating signal.

Phase Modulation (PM): The phase of the carrier wave is varied in proportion to the amplitude of
the modulating signal.

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): Combines amplitude and phase modulation to


increase data transmission rates.

Error Detection and Correction:


Parity checking: Adds an extra bit to each data word to detect errors.

Checksum: Calculates a checksum value for a block of data and appends it to the transmitted
data.

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): Uses a polynomial division algorithm to detect errors.

Error correction codes: Can correct errors in addition to detecting them.

Data Security:
Encryption: Scrambles data to make it unintelligible to unauthorized parties.

Decryption: Unscrambles encrypted data to make it readable again.

Authentication: Verifies the identity of the sender or receiver.

Authorization: Grants or denies access to resources based on the user's identity.


Conclusion

Data representation and transmission are fundamental aspects of modern computing.


Understanding these concepts is essential for developing efficient and secure communication
systems. By effectively representing and transmitting data, we can enable a wide range of
applications, from simple file sharing to complex network-based services.
References
1. www.numerade.com

2. Overview of Data Representation – unacademy

3. DATA REPRESENTATION IN A COMPUTER - Peda.nepeda.net

4. Data Representation: Learn To Optimize Software Performance -


Ubimindsubiminds.com

5. Decimal system | Definition, Example, & Facts - Britannica

6. www.britannica.com

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