NUMBER-LETTER-

MESSAGE
 DIRECTION
Translate the numbers into its
corresponding letters in the
alphabet to find the hidden
message.
A B C D E F G H I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
J K L M N O P Q R
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
S T U V W X Y Z
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
TRANSLATION
 THE GENETIC
CODE IS
DEGENERATE
AND UNIVERSAL
 Scientists theorized that
combinations of nucleotides
corresponded to single amino
acids.
 Francis Crick and Sydney
Brenner confirmed it
experimentally through inserting
nucleotides into the gene of a
virus.
There are 64 possible nucleotide
triplets (4^3) called the codon.
Three of the 64 codons (UAA,
UAG, UGA) terminate protein
synthesis called nonsense
codons or stop codons.
 And a special codon AUG
which is the starting codon
for translation.
 Genetic code is degenerate,
multiple codons can code for the
same amino acid during protein
synthesis, thus reducing the
negative impact of random
mutations.
The same genetic code is used
across different organisms
making it universal.
THE PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
MACHINERY
 In addition to mRNA template, many
molecules and macromolecules
contribute to the process of translation
and these are the ribosomes,
tRNAs, and various enzymatic
factors.
 Ribosome is a complex
macromolecules composed of
structural and catalytic rRNAs, and
many distinct polypeptides.
Ribosomes are classified into two: the
small subunit and the large subunit.
The small subunit is responsible for
binding the mRNA template,
whereas the large subunit
sequentially binds tRNAs.
 In E. coli, the small subunit is
describe as 30S, and the large
subunit is 50S. Eukaryotes have a
small 40S subunit and a large 60S
subunit.
Ribosomes dissociate into large and
small subunit when they are not
synthesizing proteins and
reassociate during the initiation of
translation.
tRNAs are structural RNA molecules
that were transcribed from genes by
RNA polymerase III.
tRNAs serve as adaptors, specific
tRNAs bind to sequences on the
mRNA template and add the
corresponding amino acid to the
polypeptide chain.
 tRNAs need to interact with three
factors:
1. They must be recognized by the
correct aminoacyl synthase.
Aminoacyl synthases are group
of enzymes that link each tRNA
molecule to its correct amino acid
through the process of tRNA
charging.
2. They must be recognized by
ribosomes.
3. They must find to the correct
sequence in mRNA.
THE MECHANISM
OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS
Protein synthesis can be divided into
three phases:
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
 INITIATION Start of translation

TRANSLATION ELONGATION Middle of translation

The synthesis of
specified protein by TERMINATION End of translation
mRNA.
 Initiation is the start of protein
synthesis through the formation of
initiation complex.
 In E. coli, this complex involves 30S
ribosome, mRNA template, three
initiation factors (IF-1, IF-2, IF-3) and
a special initiator tRNA, called
tRNAfMet.
HOW INITIATION
CAN BE DONE
THROUGH
THESE
ELEMENTS?
 The initiation factor together
with guanosine triphosphate
(GTP), purine nucleotide
triphosphate —energy source,
will bind into 30S ribosome.
 Then, the 30S will bind into the
mRNA template specifically on
Shine-Dalgarno sequence
(AGGAGG)—anchors the 30S at the
correct location on the mRNA
template.
 Formyl group will be added to the
initiator tRNA making it formylated
methionine (fMet) with UAC anti codon
that will bind into AUG codon on
mRNA template.
 In eukaryotes, a similar initiation
complex forms, comprising mRNA,
40S ribosome, IFs, and
nucleotide triphosphate (GTP
and ATP).
 However, the charged initiator
tRNA—Met-tRNAi, doesn't bind fMet.
Then, the initiation complex
recognizes the 7-methylguanosine
cap at the 5' end of mRNA
HOW DOES
THIS
INITIATION
COMPLEX
ATTACHES?
A cap-binding protein (CBP) and
several other IFs assisted the
movement of the ribosome to
the 5' cap.
 Once at the cap, the initiation
complex tracks along the mRNA in
the 5' to 3' direction, searching for
the AUG start codon.
 Once the appropriate AUG is
identified, the other proteins and
CBP dissociate, and the 60S
subunit binds to the complex of
Met-tRNAi, mRNA, and the 40S
subunit.
In prokaryotes and eukaryotes, the
basics of elongation are the same.
The 50S ribosome of E. coli consists
of three compartments:
1. A (aminoacyl) site
2. P (peptidyl) site
3 E (exit) site
 The A site binds incoming charged
aminoacyl tRNAs; P site binds
charged tRNA carrying amino acids;
and E site releases dissociate tRNAs
so they can be recharged with free
amino acids.
 E. coli tRNAfMet and eukaryotic
Met-tRNAi are capable of entering
the P site directly without
entering the A site.
 So that the initiation complex with a
free A site ready to accept the tRNA
corresponding to the first codon
after the AUG.
 During elongation, the mRNA
template provides specificity. As the
ribosome moves along the mRNA,
each codon comes into register, and
specific tRNA anticodon is
ensured.
Elongation proceeds with charged
tRNA entering the A site and then
shifting to the P site followed by E
site with each single codon "step"
of the ribosome.
The amino acid bound to the P site
tRNA is also linked to the growing
polypeptide chain (protein).
 HOW WILL
TERMINATION
OF
TRANSLATION
OCCURS?
Termination of translation occurs when
a nonsense codon (UAA, UAG, or
UGA) is encountered.
 Upon aligning with the A site, these
nonsense codons are recognized by
release factor that instruct peptidyl
transferase to add a water molecule
to the carboxyl end of P site
amino acid.
 That reaction forces the P site
amino acid to detach from its tRNA,
and the newly made protein is
released.
 IS A STOP
CODON ALWAYS
PRESENT IN
mRNA
TEMPLATE?
 No, there's an instance that mRNA
template doesn't have a stop codon.
In this case, the ribosome will forever
trap with the mRNA making the
protein nonfunctional.
LET'S TRY!
 DIRECTION
In a short coupon bond, illustrate the
initiation, elongation, and termination
translations.
LET'S WRAP IT UP!
In your own words, explain what is
translation?
What are the three processes of
translation?
Why genetic code degenerate and
universal?
Protein is released from the P site, this
process is primarily caused by?
Distinguish the ribosomal small subunit
from large subunit.
LET'S HAVE FUN!
 Within your cell, a change in DNA
sequence is observed but has no effect
in you. How would you explain this
scenario?
 What if translation is no longer part of
gene expression, do you think life would
still exist?
ASSIGNMENT
 DIRECTION
In one-half crosswise, extend and link
your understanding by answering this
question.
How would you explain the importance
of translation in biodiversity?
Advance study on the Evolution and
Origin of Biodiversity.
All your hardships will be translated into
a fruitful future, manifest and claim it!
THANK YOU!