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Lecture 19_Atomic Structure

The document discusses atomic structure and periodicity, focusing on polyelectronic atoms and their electron configurations. It outlines the historical development of the periodic table, the Aufbau principle, and the significance of valence electrons in chemical bonding. Additionally, it highlights the organization of elements in the periodic table based on electron arrangements and their corresponding properties.

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Kelvin Mugwagwa
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6 views

Lecture 19_Atomic Structure

The document discusses atomic structure and periodicity, focusing on polyelectronic atoms and their electron configurations. It outlines the historical development of the periodic table, the Aufbau principle, and the significance of valence electrons in chemical bonding. Additionally, it highlights the organization of elements in the periodic table based on electron arrangements and their corresponding properties.

Uploaded by

Kelvin Mugwagwa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CH 110

ATOMIC STRUCTURE
&
PERIODICITY
4
POLYELECTRONIC ATOMS [pea]
• The Quantum Mechanical model gives a
description of the H-atom.

• The model agrees with experimental data.

• The model also applies to polyelectronic (pea)


atoms.
POLYELECTRONIC ATOMS [pea]
• Consider a He atom. Energies involved are:

– KE of electrons as they move around the nucleus.

– PE of attractions between the nucleus & electrons.

– PE of repulsion between the electrons.


• For Na, the outer electron is attracted to the
highly charged nucleus.

• The electron also feels the repulsions caused


by the other 10 electrons.

• The net effect is that the electron is not bound


as tight to the nucleus as it would be if the
other electrons were not present.
• The electron is “screened” or “shielded” from
the nuclear charge by the repulsions of the
other electrons.

• For H, all the orbitals in a given quantum level


are degenerate.
• But for pea, a given principal quantum level
has orbitals that vary in energy as follows:
Ens < Enp < End < Enf

• Thus, in the same quantum level, electrons


prefer orbitals in the order: s, p, d, then f.

• E.g. E3s < E3p < E3d


• A summary diagram is shown below
History of the Periodic Table
• First constructed to represent the patterns observed
in chemical properties of elements.
• Johann Dobereiner: law of triads.
– Cl, Br, I; Li, Na, K; Ca, Sr, Ba; P, As, Sb;
– S, Se, Te
• John Newlands: law of octaves.
History of the Periodic Table
• Present form of PT was conceived independently by
Julius Lothar Meyer & Dmitri Mendeleev.
• Mendeleev gets the credit because he emphasized
how the PT can predict the properties of unknown
elements.
• Current PT lists elements in order of atomic
numbers.
The Aufbau principle and the PT
• Quantum Mech model can be used to show how
electron arrangement in atoms account for the
organisation of the PT.
• As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to
build up elements, electrons are similarly added to
these orbitals. [Aufbau principle].
• Thus, electrons occupy orbitals of lower energy
level first.
• Before we look at examples, see how electron
configuration is written:
Standard Notation Number of electrons
in the sub level 2,2,5
of Fluorine

2 2
1s 2s 2p5

Sublevels
Shorthand/Condensed Notation
• Use the last noble gas that is located on
the periodic table just before the element.
• Write the symbol of the noble gas in
brackets.
• Write the remaining configuration after
the brackets.
• Eg: Fluorine: [He] 2s2 2p5
Electron Configuration & Orbital Diagram

Continue up to Carbon
Hund’s Rule
• An electron can occupy any of the degenerate 2p
orbitals.
• For C, the two 2p electrons will occupy separate
degenerate 2p orbitals because of repulsion.

• Hund’s rule: the lowest energy configuration for an


atom is the one having maximum number of
unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli principle in a
particular set of degenerate orbitals.
• Analogy: Passengers could fill each seat of a Power
Tools bus, one person at a time, before doubling up.
N to Ne Configuration
• With Ne, orbitals of n=1 & n=2 are
completely filled.
• For Na, the 1st 10 electrons occupy the 1s,
2s, & 2p.
• The 11th electron occupies the 1st orbital with
n=3 (i.e. 3s orbital)
• Na: [Ne]3s1 Mg: [Ne]3s2
• Al to Ar have configurations obtained by
filling the 3p orbital.
Valence Electrons
• These are electrons in the outermost principal
quantum level of the atom.

• For N, valence electrons are the 2s & 2p.

• Valence electrons are important because


they are the ones involved in bonding.
Valence Electrons
• The inner electrons are called “Core”
electrons.

• The elements in the same group have the


same valence electron configuration.
Valence Electrons
• Elements with the same valence electron
configuration show similar chemical behavior.

Li: [He]2s1

Na: [Ne]3s1
Example
• What is the electron configuration and orbital
diagram for a phosphorus atom?
• What are the four quantum numbers for the last
electron added?
• The last electron added is a 3p electron.
• Therefore, n = 3 and,
• for a p-type orbital, l = 1. The ml value could
be –1, 0, or +1.
• The three p orbitals are degenerate, so any
of these ml values is correct.
• For unpaired electrons, convention assigns
the value of +½ for the spin quantum
number; thus, ms = +½.
Transition Metals [TM]
• Sc begins a series called TM.
• The configurations are obtained by adding
electrons to the five 3d orbitals.
Sc: [Ar]4s23d1
Ti: [Ar]4s23d2
V: [Ar]4s23d3
Cr: [Ar]4s23d4 Expected
Cr: [Ar]4s13d5 Actual
Ga through Kr have configurations that correspond to filling 4p orbitals
Points to note on PT
• The (n+1)s orbitals always fill before the nd orbitals
due to more penetration of (n+1)s orbitals.
Penetration makes them get attracted more to the
nucleus than nd orbitals, hence lower in energy.
• After lanthanum, [Xe]6s25d1, a group of 14 elements
called lanthanide series or the lanthanides occurs.
These correspond to the filling of the seven 4f
orbitals.
• After actinium, [Rn]7s26d1, a group of 14 elements
called the actinide series, or the actinides occurs.
These correspond to the filling of seven 5f orbitals.
Points to note on PT
• Group labels, 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A, &
8A indicate the total number of valence
electrons for the atoms in these groups.

• Some groups are assigned special names.


Group 1A: Alkali metals
Group 2A: Alkaline earth metals
Group 7A: Halogens
Group 8A: Noble gases
Points to note on PT
• Groups labeled, 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 5A, 6A, 7A,
& 8A are often called “Main group” or
“Representative” elements.

• They form the s & p block and every member


has the same valence electron configuration
Points to note on PT
• Rare Earth Elements (REE) or Rare Earths
(RE) or Rare Earth Metals (REM) are a group
of 17 elements consisting of scandium, Sc,
Yttrium, Y, and the 15 lanthanoids.
– Japanese call them “the seeds of technology”
– Americans call them “technology metals”
Orbitals being filled

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