EXPERIMENT M4 DETERMINATION OF YOUNG’S MODULUS OF A LOADED BEAM INTRODUCTION ‘A loaded beam is a beam horizontally supported at both ends with a load placed at any point between the supports. In this experiment, a light beam with a rectangular crose- section loaded at its mid-point will be used and Young's modulus of the material of the beam determined. THEORY Consider a uniform beam of length L, mass m, width b, and thickness d which is symmetrically ‘supported and carries a load of mass M, at its mid-point as shown in FicuI . FIGURE M4-1 Let the x- and y-axes directions be as shown in FIGURE Mé-1, then at point P, distance x from support A, the bending moment B, at this section is given by: My Oe ec MEA(#) 2 2s s =-£ {tes 2(La-e)} wooed) un @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner. The proof of equation eben y, ity(NOTE: The PPO to gravity NOs given By: me he reaoang nomen scope (2) odulus of the material of the beam and Tis the geometricay Bis the Yc 5's me P. eer at of ment of the cross-section at jon of width band thickness di i of the rectangular cross-sectior Biven The geometric moment by: (8) I=. 2 At equilibrium, the restoring moment is equal to the bending moment, thus EI dy Bf mn -x)} Ra Mx + S(Lx x?) 2 On integrating equation (4) two times under the condition that =i wy, i at x= 5, =Oandy and at x=0,y=0 then we have @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerFora light beam the second term in equation (5) becomes small compared to the first term and hence may be neglected. Thus the slope of a graph of y, vs M may be used to calculate the Young's modulus of the material of the beam. APPARATUS ‘A metre rule or lath, two knife-edges mounted firmly on supports, optical pin, millimetre scale, plasticine, stand and clamp, a piece of thread, 6 x 50g masses, mass-holder, Vernier callipers, and a micrometer screw gauge. PROCEDURE 1, Measure the width b and thickness d of the wooden beam provided at several places along it using the Vernier callipers and micrometer screw gauge respectively. 2. Fixat the mid-point of the beam a pointer (optical pin) to use it in measurements of the sag y,, with plasticine and a loose loop of thread for loading the beam. 3. Arrange the supports for the beam on the same horizontal level such that they are rigid and stable. 4. Place the beam such that it rests symmetrically and horizontally on the knife-edges on the supports. Also place a millimetre scale close to the pointer as shown in FIGURE M42. FIGURE M4-2 5. Set the length between the knife-edges at 100 cm. 6. Before loading the beam, note the pointer reading on the millimetre scale. @ Scanned with OKEN Scanneri ine the sag caused by 7. Load the beam with 50g and note the pointer reading and ean s y the load. Increase the load in steps of 50g and record the eae : determine the ‘sag each time you increase the load. Take at least six readings. : : . Decrease the load in steps of 50 g and record the pointer readings and determine the 58g each time you decrease the load. 9- Calculate the average sag from the values obtained for increasing and decreasing the load. 10. Repeat steps 7 to 9 for two other different lengths: 80 cm and 60 cm, of the beam between the supports and record your data ina table, Braphs of average sag against the mass of the load for 11. On the same axes plot the different lengths, 12. From the graphs, determine the average value of Young's modulus of the material of the beam. @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerLABORATORY REPORT SHEET NAME:. PARTNERG).. EG.N°. EXPERIMENT M4: DETERMINATION OF YOUNG'S MODULUS OF A LOADED BEAM. OBSERVATIONS AND DATA ANALYSIS Reading of the pointer before loading the beam = TABLE M4-1 Length of beam L, = Pointer readings Sag Mass of load | Loading | Unloading | Loading | Unloading| Loading @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerTABLE M4-2 Length of beam L,= _— Pointer readings Pointer readings Sag Mas fad [Lacing | Laing Pee Cee Pee @ Scanned with OKEN ScannerLOLLATIONS @ Scanned with OKEN Scanner