Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem

2023

History of Internet
& technological foundation of internet

The USSR launches Sputnik in the year 1957 - October 4th -, the first artificial earth
satellite.1958 - February 7th - In response to the launch of Sputnik, the US Department of
Defense issues directive 5105.15 establishing the Advanced Research Projects Agency
(ARPA).Several years later ARPA began to focus on computer networking and communications
technology.
The origins of the internet are rooted in the USA of the 1950s. The Cold War was at its
height and huge tensions existed between North America and the Soviet Union
In 1965, Lawrence Roberts made two separate computers in different places ‘talk’ to each other
for the first time. The problem with having computers communicate with each other was that the
method of transferring data from one computer to another, circuit switching, took a long time
and could easily be interrupted. This experimental link used a telephone line with an acoustically
coupled modem, and transferred digital data using packets.
Roberts was the first person to connect two computers.
When the first packet-switching network was developed in 1969, Kleinrock successfully
used it to send messages to another site, and the ARPA Network—or ARPANET—was born.
Once ARPANET was up and running, it quickly expanded. By 1973, 30 academic, military and
research institutions had joined the network, connecting locations including Hawaii, Norway and
the UK.
As ARPANET grew, a set of rules for handling data packets needed to be put in place. In
1974, computer scientists Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf invented a new method called transmission-
control protocol, popularly known as TCP/IP, which essentially allowed computers to speak the
same language.
After the introduction of TCP/IP, ARPANET quickly grew to become a global
interconnected network of networks, or ‘Internet’.
The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990.
The World Wide Web was launched in 1991. The Web allows users from any connected
computer to locate resources and web pages using Uniform Resource Locators, or URLs. The URL
functions as an address that tells the computer where to find the resource on the internet. The
Web also uses HTTP, Hypertext Transfer Protocol, to enable users to download linked resources,
and HTML, Hypertext Markup Language, the formatting language for web pages. Although people
often refer to the Web as the internet, it is actually a service that runs on the internet, not the
internet itself

What Is the Internet?

Internet (Inter-Network),the internet is defined as a global network of linked computers,

servers, phones, and smart appliances that communicate with each other using the transmission
control protocol (TCP) standard to enable the fast exchange of information and files, along with
other types of services. The information uploaded on the internet is updated regularly and any
user can know almost anything in today’s world by simply searching on the net.

1
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023

Development of Internet in India

Internet got introduced in India in 1986 but it took a decade to make it available for the
public. The introduction of internet in India began with launch of ERNET (Education Research
Network ) in 1986. Although this was limited to only educational and research institutes. The
program was initiated by DoE (Department of Electronics) and funded by Goverment of India &
UNDP (United Nations Development Program). The participating institutes were NCST Bombay,
IISc, IITs (Delhi, Bombay, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Madras) and DoE New Delhi.

The first publiclly available internet was launched by stateowned Videsh Sanchar Nigam
Limited (VSNL) On the independence day 15 August 1995, internet was offered to public in six
cities like Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi, Madras, Pune and Bangalore in 1995 through telephone
connection. The speed of 9.6 Kbps connection was Rs5000 when Internet began in India.

Rediff.com opened India's first cyber cafe in Mumbai. In 1997, ICICI Bank started online
banking. The year 1998 was also another important year that saw the establishment of NASSCOM
and private ISPs were allowed to set shop. The first hacking incident was also reported in the
year. 1997 – Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) was formed to provide transparent
environment in telecommunication.

2000 – Indian parliament passed information technology act. Also popular companies like Yahoo!
started their Indian branches.
2001 – Indian railway started the online booking through internet website.
2003 – First Indian online flight booking was started.
2005 – Google launched its social networking site Orkut.
2006 – Facebook started services to Indian users.
2008 – Apple’s iPhone was introduced in India.
2010 – 3G spectrum was offered on auction.
2022 - 5g telecom services were rolled out in India.

Internet in India started in 1986 and was initially available only to the educational and
research community.The internet was available to the General public only on August 15, 1995,
and as of now, there are 718.74 million active users, which accounts for 54.29 percent of the
population.
Top 4 Best Internet Service Providers in India in 2023:
1. Reliance Jio Infocomm limited
2. Bharti Airtel Limited
3. Vodafone Idea limited
4. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)

Who Owns Internet?

The short answer is no one and everyone. No single person or organization controls the internet
in its entirety

2
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023
In the beginning days of the internet, ARPANET made up this backbone. Today, several
large corporations provide the routers and cable that make it up. At the same time, thousands of
people and organizations own the internet. These smaller systems each have an owner, and
these owners can control the quality and level of access one has to the internet. They may not
own the entire system, but they can impact your internet experience.

Packet switching

Packet switching is a method of transferring

data to a network in form of packets. In order to
transfer the file fast and efficiently manner over the
network and minimize the transmission latency, the
data is broken into small pieces of variable length,
called Packet. At the destination, all these small
parts (packets) have to be reassembled, belonging to the same file.

Packet-switching technologies are part of the basis for most modern Wide Area Network
(WAN) protocols, including Frame Relay, X.25, and TCP/IP.

Circuit Switching?

Circuit switching was designed in 1878 to send telephone calls down a dedicated channel.
It is a method that is used when a dedicated channel or circuit needs to be established.
A channel used in circuit switching is kept reserved and applied only when the two users need to
communicate.
Circuit switching is a switching technique that establishes a dedicated path between
sender and receiver. In the Circuit Switching Technique, once the connection is established then
the dedicated path will remain to exist until the connection is terminated. Fixed data can be
transferred at a time in circuit switching technology.

Communication through circuit switching has

3 phases:
1. Circuit establishment
2. Data transfer
3. Circuit Disconnect

Distributed computing
A distributed computer system consists of multiple software components that are on
multiple computers, but run as a single system. The computers that are in a distributed system
can be physically close together and connected by a local network, or they can be geographically
distant and connected by a wide area network. A distributed system can consist of any number of
possible configurations, such as mainframes, personal computers, workstations, minicomputers,
and so on. The goal of distributed computing is to make such a network work as a single
computer.

3
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023

What is a Client-Server Network?

A client-server network is the medium through which clients access resources and
services from a central computer, via either a local area network (LAN) or a wide-area network
(WAN), such as the Internet. A unique server called a daemon may be employed for the sole
purpose of awaiting client requests, at which point the network connection is initiated until the
client request has been fulfilled.

Client

A client is a program that runs on the local

machine requesting service from the server. A
client program is a finite program means that
the service started by the user and terminates
when the service is completed.

Server

A server is a program that runs on the

remote machine providing services to the
clients. When the client requests for a service,
then the server opens the door for the
incoming requests, but it never initiates the
service.

A server program is an infinite program means that when it starts, it runs infinitely unless
the problem arises. The server waits for the incoming requests from the clients. When the
request arrives at the server, then it responds to the request.

4
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023

Electronic mail messages.

Electronic mail, or e-mail, allows an Internet user to send a message in formatted manner
(mail) to the other Internet user in any part of world. An e-mail address identifies a person and
the computer for purposes of exchanging
.
Ray Tomlinson invented electronic mail. Here his contribution was “@” which indicated
the destination address of the message to be sent.This symbol to separate the recipient’s name
from their location. (“username@name of computer”)

There are three primary TCP/IP protocols for E-Mail management:

1. Post Office Protocol

2. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
3. Internet Message Access Protocol

The basics of email:

An email address: This is a unique identifier for each user, typically in the format of
[email protected]. Example. [email protected]

An email client: This is a software program used to send, receive and manage emails, such as
Gmail, Outlook, or Apple Mail.
An email server: This is a computer system responsible for storing and forwarding emails to their
intended recipients.

5
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023
Format of E-mail :
An e-mail consists of three parts that are as follows :

1. Envelope
2. Header
3. Body

These are explained as following below.

1. Envelope :
The envelope part encapsulates the message. It contains all information that is required for
sending any e-mail such as destination address, priority and security level. The envelope is used
by MTAs for routing message.

2. Header :
The header consists of a series of lines. Each header field consists of a single line of ASCII text
specifying field name, colon and value. The main header fields related to message transport are :

1. To: It specifies the DNS address of the primary recipient(s).

2. Cc : It refers to carbon copy. It specifies address of secondary recipient(s).
3. BCC: It refers to blind carbon copy. It is very similar to Cc. The only difference between in
CC each recipient will able to see the list of all other recipients but in BCC each recipient
will not be able to see the list of all other recipients.
4. From : It specifies name of person who wrote message.
5. Sender : It specifies e-mail address of person who has sent message.
6. Received : It refers to identity of sender’s, data and also time message was received. It
also contains the information which is used to find bugs in routing system.
7. Return-Path: It is added by the message transfer agent. This part is used to specify how to
get back to the sender.
3. Body:- The body of a message contains text that is the actual content/message that needs to
be sent, such as “Employees who are eligible for the new health care program should contact
their supervisors by next Friday if they want to switch.” The message body also may include
signatures or automatically generated text that is inserted by the sender’s email system.

Social Networking
Social networking refers to using internet-based social media sites to stay connected with
friends, family, colleagues, or customers. Social networking involves the development and
maintenance of personal and business relationships using technology. Social networking can have
a social purpose, a business purpose, or both through sites like Facebook, X (formerly Twitter),
Instagram, and Pinterest.

Social networking is also a significant opportunity for marketers seeking to engage

customers. Facebook remains the largest and most popular social network, with 2 billion people

6
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023
using the platform daily, as of Feb 1, 2023.1 Other popular platforms in the U.S. are Instagram, X,
WhatsApp, TikTok, and Pinterest.

Blog
A blog, sometimes known as a "weblog," is an online journal or informational content on a
website that is published on a regular basis by an individual, group, or organization. It is written in
an informal or conversational tone and offers facts, figures, and insights that users want to know.
When blogs first emerged around 1994, people used them mainly to share their personal
lives, including their experiences and interests. Now, blogs have become an essential online
marketing strategy for businesses and one of the most profitable career choices for individuals.
The interface of blogs has changed significantly over time. Bloggers can now integrate
various widgets and plugins into their platforms, such as a social media feed, a contact form, or
an author profile.

Chat
A chat is an online conversation with one or more people. Whether one-on-one or in a
group, chats are usually private and text-based, although they may incorporate GIFS, photos, and
even audio recordings. Common chat platforms include WhatsApp and Facebook Messenger.
“Chat” can also be used to mean a moderated public conversation on social media,
organized around a hashtag.Twitter chats, like the monthly #HootChat, are a prime example.

Intranet

An Intranet can be defined as a network connecting an affiliated set of clients using standard
Internet protocols, TCP/IP and HTTP or as an IP-based network of nodes behind a firewall, or
behind several firewalls connected by secure, possibly virtual, networks.

Example: An intranet is used by different organizations and only members/staff of that

organization have access to this. As this is a private network, so no one from the outside world
can access this network.

Extranet
An extranet is an organization’s private network and its available only for selected users. It’s a
way to connect to third parties like vendors, customers, and partners in a secure and controlled
way.
Example: An e-commerce site exchanges information with its retailers, a supplier’s
through an extranet network.
Internet Intranet Extranet
What is it? It is a global system It is a network of It is a private
7
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023
of interconnected computers or a network that uses
computer network. private network public network to
design for specific share information.
group of users.
Access Open Private By agreement only

Local Area Network

A Local Area Network (LAN) is a
network that is confined to a relatively
small area. It is generally limited to a
geographic area such as a writing lab,
school, or building. Rarely are LAN
computers more than a mile apart.
In a typical LAN configuration, one
computer is designated as the file server. It
stores all of the software that controls the
network, as well as the software that can
be shared by the computers attached to
the network. Computers connected to the
file server are called workstations. The
workstations can be less powerful than the file server, and they may have additional software on
their hard drives. On most LANs, cables are used to connect the network interface cards in each
computer.

Wide Area Network

Wide Area Networks (WANs) connect larger geographic areas. Dedicated transoceanic
cabling or satellite uplinks may be used to connect this type of network.
Using a WAN, can communicate with places in the world within a matter of minutes, without
paying enormous phone bills. A WAN is complicated. It uses multiplexers to connect local and
metropolitan networks to global communications networks like the Internet. To users, however,
a WAN will not appear to be much different than a LAN or a MAN.

8
 Unit 1 BCom HBC 5 sem
2023