SENIOR HIGH

SCHOOL

ARCHITECTURE

Submitted by:

Agena, Alliah Grey

Maon, Alliah
Montierro, Princes Julize Aldrea
Rullan, Patricia Nicole
Santos, Karla Monica

BFB-BFSC

Submitted to:
Johanna Pamela Rapayrapay

Date of Submission:

February 06, 2025

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I. Introduction

Architecture is a multifaceted field

encompassing both art, and science, which
compromises
the design and construction of buildings and
structures. Its etymology traces back to the Latin
word "architectus," derived from the Greek
"arkhitekton," meaning "chief builder" or "principal
craftsman." This etymology highlights the historical
significance of architecture as a profession
demanding skill and knowledge in planning,
designing, and overseeing the construction of
structures.
Architecture encompasses a broad range of
activities, from the initial conceptualization of a
building's design to its final construction and
integration into the surrounding environment. It
involves considerations of functionality, aesthetics,
sustainability, and cultural context. Architects strive
to create spaces that are both functional and
beautiful, meeting the needs of their users while
contributing to the overall visual and social fabric of a
community.
Architecture is generally categorized as a visual
art, as it primarily involves the creation of physical
structures that can be appreciated through sight.
Under visual art, it is classified specifically as applied
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arts—although it includes artistic expression and

beautiful design, its main purpose is to build useful
structures that serve a particular purpose, such as
housing people or facilitating their activities; in other
words, it combines art with usefulness.
II. Historical Background

Throughout history, architecture has undergone

significant transformations, mirroring the cultural,
social, and technological advancements of each era.
The resulting diversity of styles, from ancient
civilizations to modernity, has permanently shaped
the world’s-built landscape.

Prehistoric and Ancient Architecture (Pre-3000 BCE to 500 CE)

Prehistoric Architecture: Simple shelters and

structures made from natural materials, such as
caves, tents, and primitive huts.
Ancient Egyptian: Monumental stone
structures like pyramids, temples, and tombs,
characterized by massive scale and intricate
hieroglyphic decoration.
Ancient Greek: Classical architecture featuring
symmetrical designs, columned temples, and
mathematical precision, exemplified by the
Parthenon in Athens.
Ancient Roman: Innovative engineering with
arches, domes, and aqueducts, seen in structures like
the Colosseum and Pantheon.
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Medieval and Renaissance Architecture (500 CE to 1600 CE)

Byzantine: Byzantine architecture known for its

grand domes, mosaics, and basilica-style churches
like Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
Islamic: Islamic architecture blending geometric
patterns, intricate tilework, and ornate domes in
mosques and palaces such as the Alhambra in Spain.
Romanesque: Romanesque architecture
characterized by thick walls, rounded arches, and
barrel vaults in churches like Saint-Sernin in France.
Gothic: Gothic architecture featuring pointed
arches, ribbed vaults, and soaring cathedrals like
Notre-Dame in Paris and Chartres Cathedral in
France.
Renaissance: Revival of classical styles
emphasizing proportion, symmetry, and humanism,
seen in structures like the Florence Cathedral and St.
Peter's Basilica in Rome.

Baroque and Neoclassical Architecture (1600 CE to 1800 CE)

Baroque: Baroque architecture known for its

dramatic forms, elaborate ornamentation, and
dynamic compositions in palaces and churches such
as Versailles in France and St. Paul's Cathedral in
London.
Rococo: Rococo architecture characterized by
ornate decoration, pastel colors, and asymmetrical
designs in palaces and residences like the Palace of
Versailles.
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Neoclassical: Neoclassical architecture inspired

by classical Greek and Roman designs, featuring
columns, pediments, and symmetrical facades in
buildings like the U.S. Capitol and The Louvre.

19th and 20th Century Architecture (1800 CE to Present)

Industrial Revolution: Rise of industrialization

with innovations in materials and construction
techniques, leading to the development of steel-
frame skyscrapers like the Empire State Building.
Art Nouveau: Art Nouveau architecture
characterized by organic forms, decorative motifs,
and flowing lines in buildings such as Casa Batlló in
Barcelona.
Modernism: Modernist architecture focusing on
functionalism, simplicity, and the use of new
materials like glass and steel, seen in structures like
the Bauhaus School and Fallingwater.
Postmodernism: Postmodern architecture
challenging modernist principles with eclectic styles,
historical references, and playful ornamentation in
buildings like the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and
the Walt Disney Concert Hall.
Contemporary: Contemporary architecture
reflecting diverse influences, sustainability concerns,
and technological advancements in buildings like the
Burj Khalifa and the One World Trade Center.

Over thousands of years, the history of

architecture is a rich tapestry of various styles,
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methods, and influences. Architecture has shaped the

world we live in from the colossal constructions of
ancient civilizations to the avant-garde designs of the
present day, reflecting the goals, ideals, and
inventiveness of people throughout history.

III. Elements of Design in Architecture

In architecture, the elements of design are the

fundamental components used to create visually and
functionally effective spaces. These elements shape
the form, structure, and experience of a building.
Here are the key design elements in architecture:

1. Line
Different types of lines can reinforce specific
feelings that build the character and identity of a
building. When combined in creative ways, lines
can form the identity for a design.
2. Direction
The direction of design is how lines and other
elements of design combine to create a natural
sense of movement in a building. In other words, it
tells one to focus attention at a specific part or
section of a building.

3. Proportion
The proportion element of design is the size and
scale comparison between at least two parts of a
design.
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4. Texture
“Texture” is the tactile feeling of materials that
we use anywhere the user of a building can touch.

5. Color & Value

The color choice of an architectural component
can change its mood. Combining and manipulating
colors gives an architect endless ways to mark the
aesthetic of a design or create a desired mood. A
color’s value is its lightness or darkness. This value
adds another layer that further defines the mood
created by color.

6. Shape & Form

“Shape” is the two-dimensional definition of a
design formed by other design elements. These
include geometric, abstract, and common shapes
found in the natural world.
“Form” is a three-dimensional representation of
a shape that allows designers the ability to further
define the design using light, shadows, and the
environment.

IV. Functions Of Architecture

Use and user function

Function can be used to describe planned
activities and uses. Architects refer to this as a
program. Working from the inside out, it is the
human side of function. While allowing for future
modifications or enhancements, a building's
placement, shape, and features must represent its
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intended use and the people who utilize it.

Technical function
Mechanical and structural systems are essential
to architecture's operation. The limitations of the
program, the site, and the available building
technologies are then addressed by these systems.
The physical mechanisms that support the
building's development and functioning should be
well understood by architects. Architecture
welcomes technology and design innovation,
combining engineering, architecture, and
construction site management. The business is
skilled in maximizing technical functionality.

Environmental Function
As a reaction to the surroundings and context,
architectural function can likewise be viewed from
the outside in. The enclosure system of a building
works to control the impacts of the sun, rain, dust,
and other environmental factors.

Economic function
For both large enterprises and private owners, a
building with optimal functionality is a wise
investment. We look to source locally available
building materials, expedite the construction
process, optimize usable floor space, enhance
thermal performance, streamline maintenance and
cleaning tasks, and take other actions intended to
lower lifetime costs and increase operational
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efficiency while keeping our clients' long-term

financial interests in mind. Function at this level
corresponds directly to business logic.

Symbolic function
Certain kinds of functions cannot be neglected
even though they cannot be measured or
articulated in instrumental terms. This is true for
civic and cultural initiatives that aim to represent a
community's or a country's history, values, and
identity.

V. Famous Architects and Their Works

Architecture has been shaped by visionary

figures who revolutionized design, technology, and
spatial experience. Here are some famous and
influential architects that left their legacy up until
today:

1. Zaha Hadid
She was a pioneer
of parametric
architecture, and her
innovative designs are
replete with forms that
defy gravity and the
shapes of classical
architecture. Known
as an architect who
consistently pushes the Heydar Aliyev Centre, Azerbaijan
boundaries of
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architecture and urban design, her work

experiments with new spatial concepts
intensifying existing urban landscapes and
encompassing all fields of design, from the urban
scale to interiors and furniture.

2. Antoni Gaudi
All of
Barcelona is
dotted with the
buildings of
Antoni Gaudi. He
is known as a
pioneer of Catalan Modernism, his intricate
structures have earned great respect for their
innovation, free-flowing style full of organic
curves, and rich, hyperbolic vaults.
Sagrada Familia, Spain

3. Norman Foster
Known for his clean
lines, his style is often
praised for its sleek,
modern nature, and has
earned the tag of “High
Tech” architecture. He has
earned the reputation of Reichstag Dome, Germany
being the “Father of High
Tech Architecture”, but Foster is also an
advocate of something he calls the
“responsibility framework”.
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4. Philip Johnson
In terms of style,
he was well known
for his exploration
of multiple design
philosophies,
including the
modernist style,
the neoclassical style, and postmodernism. This
wide variety of styles led him to be a pioneer of
modern architecture and one of the most famous
architects of the 20th
Glass House, Connecticut century.

5. Ieoh Ming Pei

Known for his
iconic modernist
designs, although
classified as a
modernist, his work
combines modern and
traditional elements.
His work was often praised Glass Pyramid, Paris
for its geometric.
Additionally, he maintained a careful balance
between form and function as well as their ability
to create harmony between architecture and
nature.
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VI. Interesting Facts

1. Architecture Was Once an Olympic Sport

2. A French postman spent 33 years building the
“Ideal Palace” with stones he collected during his
daily round.
3. The two principal building materials used in
ancient Egypt were unbaked mud brick and
stone.
4. Romans built monuments as a statement of
power.
5.

VII. Reference List

Admin. (2024, February 21). The multiple meanings of function in architecture. Omrania.
https://omrania.com/insights/the-multiple-meanings-of-function-in-architecture/

Anandita. (2025, January 27). 20 Iconic Architects Who Redefined Architecture in 2025.
Famous and Influential. https://www.novatr.com/blog/famous-architects

Architects, P. H. (2024, January 2). Architecture Design Principles & Elements of building
design. Halajian Architects. https://halajianarch.com/architecture-design-principles-
elements-of-building-design/

architecture | Etymology of architecture by etymonline. (n.d.). Etymonline.

https://www.etymonline.com/word/architecture

Buildner. (n.d.). 5 Aspects of Roman architecture that changed civilization.

https://architecturecompetitions.com/5-aspects-of-roman-architecture-that-changed-
civilization

Design Dispatch. (2023, September 24). These iconic buildings designed by Zaha Hadid
prove why she’s remembered as ‘Queen of the Curve.’ https://designdispatch.mt/these-
iconic-buildings-designed-by-zaha-hadid-prove-why-shes-remembered-as-queen-of-the-
curve/

Hnin, T. (2025, January 30). 10 Types Of Architectural Concepts.

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https://www.novatr.com/blog/architectural-concepts-types

Introduction to History of architecture | ArchitectureCourses.org. (n.d.).

https://www.architecturecourses.org/learn/introduction-history-architecture

Van Huyssteen, J. (2023, July 28). Is architecture art? – Why is architecture considered
art? Art in Context. https://artincontext.org/is-architecture-art