Questions based on problems faced by the state of Pakistan in its early timeents

: Describe the refugee crisis of 1947. [4] *

Summer (1947) saw rioting and violence between Muslim and non-Muslim
communities across IndiaAfter the Boundary Award, millions of people found
themselves in the ‘wrong’ country and vulnerable to attacksMigration then took place
with Muslims moving into India and non-Muslims moving into PakistanOver 10 million
people were involved in this migrationCommunal violence lead to many deaths
Up to 1 million people may have been killed as a result of the migration or attacks
20 million people were made homeless
Karachi received 2 million refugees

Q: What was the Canal Water Dispute? [4] *

Threatened agriculture in the Eastern part of Punjab
Irrigation system depended on 6 rivers and 30 canals, some of which were in India
April 1948 India shut off waters flowing into Pakistan from Firozpur headworks,
threatening millions of acres of agricultural land in Pakistan.
Some waters reinstated in May 1948 but not permanently until 1959 and Indus Water
Treaty

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
1988? [14] (Past Paper, June 2001: Q5/c)

Relations between India and Pakistan have been hostile from the date the two countries
came into existence in August 1947. The first confrontation came along over the
accession of Kashmir. United Nations promised a plebiscite which India never agreed to
conduct. Kashmir conflict is the root cause of poor relations between the two countries.

At the time of partition, India created serious problems for Pakistan on the division of
financial assets and military equipment. Payment of rupees was delayed and only
broken equipment was handed over to Pakistan. Canal Water Dispute, triggered by
India was another important event that provoked Pakistan’s anger. Such issues strained
the bilateral relations.

A good move was made in April 1950 when both countries signed the Minority Pact to
control the migration of refugees across the border. Each country promised that she
would safeguard the minorities within her territories.

Tension was escalated when Indian-occupied Kashmir was tried in 1954 to integrate
with India. Pakistan reacted with protests and called on the UN to resolve the issue.
Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, signed with the help of World Bank in
September 1960, was a breakthrough that came up with a water-sharing formula and
thus settled the water dispute.

Bilateral talks in 1963 at foreign ministers level failed on the issue of Kashmir. Both
countries went into full-scale war in September 1965. Ceasefire was made after 17
days. The war created immense bitterness in mutual relations.

Tashkent Agreement, made in January 1966, was another significant milestone in

normalizing relations. Both sides agreed to resolve their issues peacefully through
dialogue and that economic and diplomatic relations would be restored.

India played major role in the separation of Bengal from Pakistan. She patronized Mukti
Bahini, the independence movement of Bengalis. India gave them weapons, military
training and base camps. Finally India’s army directly attacked East Pakistan resulting
in the creation of independent Bangladesh. After this incident relations went extremely
hostile with India.

Simla Agreement between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan in 1972 was
another positive move towards diffusing the tension and establishing good trade
relations.

India’s nuclear test in 1974 once again put Pakistan under great strain. India became a
serious threat to Pakistan’s security. Nuclear arms race started between the two
countries.

In early 1980s, the Sikh community in Punjab launched the Khalistan Movement
demanding a separate homeland. India blamed Pakistan for secretly plotting the
movement and providing arms to Sikh freedom fighter though they could produce no
evidence. In October 1984, Indra Gandhi was assassinated by Sikhs. When her son
Rajiv Gandhi became the Indian prime minister, he believed that Pakistan was behind
such moves. By 1987 relations had deteriorated to the extent that war-like situation was
created. But all of a sudden, General Zia-ul-Haq flew to India to watch a cricket match
between Pakistan and India. There he met with Indian leaders including Rajiv Gandhi
and the tension was released.

[Conclusion] Relations between India and Pakistan have been a series of failures. The
1965 and 1971 wars have taken the two countries too apart from each other. Kashmir is
the topmost hurdle in mutual relations

Pakistan’s Problems and Politics so far

 There was great opposition by Pakistan and a few also by India in matters of
Chittagong Hills.
 Sikhs in Punjab also went to India although they wanted an independent state.
 Bengal was also partitioned into East and West Bengal each country given its majority
part
 The boundaries laid in Punjab were also unjust giving Muslim majority areas of
Gurdaspur and Ferozepur to India.
 Gave Calcutta to India surrounded by Muslim majority areas
 Marked boundaries b/w India and Pakistan
 Made by the Boundary commission under Sir Cyril Radcliffe
 Plan for partition of India made in 1947.

4(a) What was the Radcliffe Award? 4

Level 1: One mark for each relevant point, two marks for a developed
statement 1–4
e.g.
Sir Cyril Radcliffe chaired the Radcliffe Award and gave his name to it
It established the new borders of India and Pakistan in 1947, particularly
in Bengal and the Punjab
He had four assistants, two nominated by the Muslim League and two by
Congress
The results were announced on 16 August 1947
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
Question Answer Marks

4(a) Describe the refugee crisis of 1947. 4

Level 1: One mark for each relevant point, two marks for a developed
statement 1–4
e.g.
Summer (1947) saw rioting and violence between Muslim and non-
Muslim communities across India
After the Boundary Award, millions of people found themselves in the
‘wrong’ country and vulnerable to attacks
Migration then took place with Muslims moving into Pakistan and non-
Muslims moving into India
Over 10 million people were involved in this migration
Communal violence lead to many deaths
Up to 1 million people may have been killed as a result of the migration
or attacks
20 million people were made homeless
Karachi received 2 million refugees.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

1. Why steps did Pakistan take to solve the refugee problem? Collected aid from
the Pakistanis living in well conditions. Joined UNO to take help from UNHCR. Quid-E-
Azam relief fund was established. Made temporary shelter, gave medicines and training
was given on government work.

2. What was the Canal Water Dispute? In 1948, April, India stopped Water from
Ferozpur Headworks. Pakistan’s agriculture was in great danger. The dispute was
solved by International Court of Justice in which water of 3 rivers was given to Pakistan.
Further more help and contract for building of 2 dams and some canals was also given.

Why was Pakistan faced with a refugee problem in 1947? [7] (Past Paper, June
2001: Q4/b)

[Escaping Hindus’ Atrocities] Many parts of India had already seen worst scenes of
Hindu-Muslim riots just before partition in 1947. The Hindus and Sikhs in Eastern
Punjab were particularly fully charged with anti-Muslim sentiments. In such areas, a
large number of Muslims were ruthlessly killed; entire Muslim villages were destroyed.
Women were disrespected and even children were slaughtered. There were reports that
local Indian authorities were also supporting the violent Hindu mobs. Under such
circumstances, the Muslims had no option except to seek refuge in a safe place and
therefore they migrated to Pakistan on large scale to escape the brutalities of Hindus.

[Unjust Demarcation] The boundary demarcation was unjust; a number of Muslim-

majority areas like Gurdaspur and Ferozpur were given to India where the Muslims
were not feeling secure. They were now vulnerable to the barbarities of Hindus and
Pakistan was unable to help them across the border. They therefore left their homes,
land and businesses and joined the migrating caravans towards Pakistan.

[Princely States] When the Muslim. ruler of Junagadh, a Hindu-majority area, decided
to join Pakistan, India forcibly took over its territories putting the Muslims at risk to
communal violence. Similarly, Kashmir had about 85% Muslim population but when its
Hindu maharajah decided to join India, fighting broke out against him. These incidents
further intensified the movement of refugees to Pakistan.

[Willing Migration] Since partition was made on the religious lines, a number of
Muslims migrated willingly to Pakistan. They could manage to move some of their
belongings along with them. They liked to live in a Muslim country.
3. What was the Kashmir Issue? In 1947 Poonch District, the Muslim tribesman
rebelled against the Hindu Ruler Hari Singh. India invaded Kahmir on Hari Singh’s plea.
Pakistani forces also attacked. Both armies captured as much as they could until UN
put a ceasefire in 1949. The state of Indian Controlled Kashmir was declared disputed.
A plebiscite has to held to solve this problem. 2 wars have strung up due to Kashmir’s
unsolved issue, 1965 and 1971 wars.

Key Question 12: How far did Pakistan achieve stability following the death of
Jinnah?
Liaquat Ali Khan (1947 – 1951)
Background:
• He was born in Karnal, India in 1895.
• When Pakistan came into formation, Liaquat Ali Khan became the first Prime
Minister.
• His role in the Pakistan Movement was significant and he along with Iqbal also
persuaded Jinnah to return to India in 1934.
• In the initial years, Pakistan faced various problems and he failed to acknowledge
all of them, but he wanted the county to be developed.
• He gained popularity after the death of Jinnah.
• In 1951, he was assassinated.

Role of Liaquat Ali Khan:

• In 1949, a resolution was passed by the first constituent Assembly moved by
Liaquat Ali.
• This resolution was known as the Objection Resolution.
• The basic principles of this resolution were as follows:

- Sovereignty belongs to Allah only and Pakistan will practice tolerance, freedom,
democracy, social justice and equality as described by the religion, Islam.
- The Muslims will be allowed to live their lives as defined by Islam and Sunnah with
full liberty.
- The rights of minorities will be protected, and provisions will be made to allow them
to practice their religion freely.
- The country will be a federation and the legal system will be independent of
government.

• Liaquat Ali Khan performed his role in preserving the Islamic and ideological
character of Pakistan.
• The Objective Resolution is the first step towards the making of the constitution.
• Objective Resolution was made in accordance to Islam to avoid criticism from the
Ulema, but it lacked objective implementation.
• Liaquat Ali Khan failed to define a proper timeline for the draft of the constitution
and holding of the elections.
Liaquat Ali Khan
Objectives Resolution
 First move towards constitutional development
 Focused on principles of Islam and human rights
 Designed to deflect criticism from religious leaders
 Successes
 Objectives Resolution
 Minority Pact 1950
 Proper handling of coup (Rawalpindi conspiracy)
 Managed to keep economy going and produce surplus budgets for new state
 Failures
 PRODA
 Failed to frame constitution
 Failed to handle Hyderabad crisis
 Unable to resolve Kashmir issue (ceasefire)

1948-1956
LIAQAT ALI KHAN AS PRIME MINISTER (1948 – 1951)
Successes
>Objectives Resolution introduced in constituent assembly ….Guaranteed Islamic State
with Islamic laws, justice, basic human rights, religious freedom. ….Accepted by basic
principles committee thus start to constitution making was begun

>Objectives resolution appeased Ulemas with the Islamic references. ….Support for
LAK’s government increased.
>The Resolution became the preamble of the 1956, 1962, 1973 constitutions. ….Still
used today, importance can thus be judged.
>LAK gave surplus budgets to Pakistan ….Thus kept a strong economy in tough
financial conditions
>Appointed Ayub Khan as CnC ….Sated demands of Pakistani CnC instead of General
Gracy
>LAK signed the Liaqat-Nehru pact for the minority protection ….Thus helped fix
minority issue

Failures
>Objectives resolution had no time frame for completion ….Thus it was not there when
it was sorely needed (e.g: in 1956) >First report of basic principles committee rejected
….Furthered East/West divide ….Constitution making delayed

>PROD introduced, gave power to dismiss people from office ….Meant to prevent
corruption, but gave officials power to remove opponents ….Jinnah’s vision of
democracy damaged

Why was it so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950? (7 Marks)

 Economic instability; development at a halt, treasury overburdened, poor
infrastructure, burden to accommodate refugees, bankrupt
 Political instability; Five PM’s had changed b/w 1955 and 1958, corrupt government,
landlords mainly in National Assembly, rifts and challenges for inexperienced leaders
At provincial level, disagreements arose on the powers kept with the central
government and the President.
 East Pakistanis also disagreed to equal representation as they had a population
almost 10 million greater than the Western part and Urdu as the only national language
 Religious ulemas disagreed to proposals not being Islamic enough

Why constitution making was delayed in 1950/

Why basic principles committee criticized:

>Parity of seats between East and West criticized by East Pakistan .…claimed they
deserved higher seats >It suggested Urdu as national language .…Rejected by E.P,
they wanted Bengali
>Stronger Central Govt criticized .…Provincial leaders wanted provincial
Autonomy

Khawaja Nazimuddin (1948 – 1951)

Background:
• Khawaja Nazim was Nawab Samiullah’s nephew and son of Khawaja Nizamuddin.
• He was one of the most successful members of the Nawabs of Dhaka.
• He entered politics with loyalty and consistency, but he lacked firmness.
• In 1947 he was appointed as the Chief Minister of East Bengal.
• After the death of Jinnah, he became the 2nd Governor-General of the newly
created Muslim state.
• He also became the second Prime Minister of Pakistan after the demise of Liaquat
Ali Khan.

Role of Nazimuddin:
• One thing that Khawaja Nazimuddin lacked is the charisma to be a leader.
• In 1951, the Finance Minister of Pakistan, Ghulam Muhammad asked him to leave
the post of Governor-General to become the Prime Minister.
• In 1953, Nazimuddin also stepped down from the post of Prime Minister.
• Several factors created the basis for Nazimuddin's failure as a Prime Minister
including the anti-Ahmadi movement, poor economy, constitutional issues, and
Bengali and Punjabi rivalry.
• Later, Ghulam Muhammad appointed Muhammad Ali Bogra as the new Prime
Minister.
Ghulam Muhammad (1951 – 1955)
Background:
• Ghulam Muhammad was appointed as a member of the Cabinet.
• He became the Finance Minister of Pakistan.
• Liaquat Ali Khan wanted to remove him from the Cabinet before he was
assassinated.
• However, the demise of Liaquat Ali Khan turned the tables for Ghulam Muhammad.
• When Nazimuddin stepped down from the post of Governor-General to become the
Prime Minister, the cabinet elected Ghulam Muhammad as the third Governor-
General of Pakistan.
• When he became the Governor-General, Khawaja Nazimuddin became nothing but
only a dummy as Ghulam Muhammad was dominating the affairs of the country.

Role of Ghulam Muhammad:

• In 1950, a commission was established to manage the economic development of
the country.
• In 1951, the commission proposed a 6-year plan for the development.
• In 1952, a vast reserve of natural gas was discovered in Sui, Balochistan because
of exploration by a major jute processing plant.
• From 1951 to 1953, there was severe flooding in Pakistan that resulted in a
shortage of food.
• There were major riots throughout the country due to the shortage of food and
religion.
• A campaign was started by the Ulemas to declare Ahmedis as the non-Muslims as
well as to dismiss the Ahmedis from the office.
• In 1953, Ghulam Muhammad dismissed Khawaja Nazimuddin from the cabinet and
criticized him for not controlling the riots and economic crisis.
• A new Cabinet was formed, and Muhammad Ali Bogra became the new Prime
Minister of Pakistan.
• In 1954, Muhammad Ali Bogra tried to limit the power of the Governor-General to
make sure Ghulam Muhammad would not dismiss him like he did Khawaja
Nazimuddin.
• However, Ghulam Muhammad acted promptly and dismissed the entire Constituent
Assembly.
• A new Cabinet was formed and Ghulam Muhammad re-appointed Muhammad Ali
Bogra as the Prime Minister.
• Maulvi Tamiz-ud-din challenged the decision in Sindh High Court and won the case,
but the Supreme Court reversed the verdict.
• In 1955, Ghulam Muhammad fell seriously ill and Major General Iskandar Mirza
replaced him.
Malik Ghulam Muhammad 1951-55
Successes
 Economic development
1. 1951 – Planning Commission 5 years plan
2. 1953 – Planning Board further 5 year plan
 Repealed PRODA
 Foreign aid – wheat, CENTO
 Failure
 Political instability – dissolved assembly
 Campaigns against Ahmedis – Forced to expel Zafarullah Khan (Foreign
Minister)
 Improper handling of drought – led to riots
 Unable to make constitution

MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD AS GOVERNER GENERAL

(1951 to 1955)
Was Finance Minister, took control after LAK’s assassination after persuading Khwaja
Nazimuddin.
Successes
>Introduced a 5 year and a 6 year plan for development. Development of Economic
Sectors like Agriculutre, Industry (e.g: EP Jute Mill, important as Jute was main export)
….Helped to Develop Pakistan economically
>Large reserves of N.Gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan in 1952, this
strengthened Pakistan’s economy as now the fuel requirements of Pakistan’s industries
could be met and power sector requirements were easily fulfilled
>Managed to alleviate rioting due to food shortages by persuading the US to send a
million tons of Wheat.

Failures:
>Rioting happened due to shortage of food
….As well as due to Ahmedis present in the govt. Civil govt could not control these riots.
>Military Help was sought by MGM which opened the door for future martial laws.
>1952 Khawaja Nazimuddin presented the second report of the Basic Principle
Committee in Asembly.
….This said assembly would have East West seat parity, disliked by higher population
of East Pakistan.
….Stated Prime Minister of Pakistan must be a Muslim, angered Non Muslims as they
could no longer attain the highest Govt post.
….Constituent Assembly disliked Council of Ulemas who had Constitutional power to
amend and change laws. Thus undemocratic
>MGM dismissed KN from power despite his support. Undemocratic and unfair, shows
his want for power.
>in 1954, PRODA was reappealed by Bogra, annoyed MGMT. He retaliated by
dissolving the Assembly. The Constituent assembly’s dissolving was troublesome since
constitution delayed.ISK

Iskandar Mirza (1955 – 1958)

Background:
• In 1955, Iskandar Mirza became the Governor-General.
• He had been a British Indian Army officer but served in the political sector and was
considered to be a bridge between civil and military service.
• However, he used his power to overthrow the government.
• In 1956, he was successful in formulating the first constitution of Pakistan.
• According to the constitution of 1956, he became the first President of Pakistan.
• He also encouraged General Ayub Khan to demonstrate the first Martial law in
Pakistan.
Role of Iskandar Mirza:
• In 1955, One Unit scheme was introduced that suggestion the formation of West
Pakistan i.e. Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan and NWFP as a single province and East
Pakistan as another province.
• The main aim of the One Unit scheme was to make the administration efficient.
• However, East Pakistan considered this scheme as the denial of their right to claim
majority seats in the national assembly because in the constitution of 1956 equal
number of seats to be given to East and West Pakistan.
• In 1958, Iskandar Mirza dissolved the constitution and imposed Martial Law.
• In the Martial Law, he remained the President but appointed General Ayub Khan as
the Chief Martial Law Administrator.
• In the same year, Ayub Khan forced Iskandar Mirza to resign and exiled him
Major General Iskander Mirza 1955-58
Successes
 1956 Constitution
 Modernization
1. Rural development program
2. Industrialization
3. Karachi airport established (1955)
4. Telephone system expanded
5. Provision in health, education services
 Establishment of Defence Pacts
1. SEATO
2. MDAA
 One Unit Scheme
Failures
 Rise of Nationalism in East Pakistan – they realized that they needed to take
solid steps to protect their rights
 Undemocratic Rule (Martial Law)
 Political instability – changed prime ministers too much

4. Who was Liaqat Ali Khan? Liaqat Ali Khan had been an active member of Muslim
League working along Jinnah in many situations. He was declared as the first Governor
General. Controlling a state like Pakistan in 1947 was a very hard job and he tried best
to solve the problems specially constitution problem. He was murdered in 1951 in what
is now known as the Liaquat Bagh.

20. What was the Objective Resolution? A resolution passed by Constitution

Assembly. Passed in March 1949. Under PM: Liaquat Ali who declared it very
important. It made several references to Islam. The resolution faced a lot of oppositions.

5. What was the One Unit Policy? A policy annulled by General Yahya which grouped
the 4 provinces were marged into one unit. This was done to make administration more
central and effective. To make devising a constitution easier. It was done to remove
ethnic differences. The measure was not welcomed by the different people beacause of
the deep differences.

Question Answer Marks

5(b) Explain why there were many governments between 1951 and 1958. 7
Level 3: Explains reasons 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven
marks for three explanations)
e.g.
Jinnah died in 1948 and Liaquat Ali Khan was assassinated in 1951
without these experienced figures it was more difficult to establish a
stable government.
The problems of running a new country were very difficult to overcome,
especially as some of the joint assets were withheld after partition.
Relations with India were strained with no agreement on Kashmir.
Food shortages followed a drought 1951-53. This, combined with an
economic slump, led to rioting which forced changes in the cabinet.
Resistance to the One Unit Policy from East Pakistan contributed to a
loss of support for Iskander Mirza’s government.
Level 2: Identifies reasons 2–4
(One mark for each identification)
e.g.
Jinnah died in 1948
Governments that followed after Jinnah were inexperienced
Level 1: Simple statement 1
(One mark for any simple statement)
e.g.
It was a challenge to build a new country.
No evidence submitted

1948-1958
Why was it so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950? (7 Marks)
 Economic instability; development at a halt, treasury overburdened, poor
infrastructure, burden to accommodate refugees, bankrupt
 Political instability; Five PM’s had changed b/w 1955 and 1958, corrupt government,
landlords mainly in National Assembly, rifts and challenges for inexperienced leaders
At provincial level, disagreements arose on the powers kept with the central
government and the President.
 East Pakistanis also disagreed to equal representation as they had a population
almost 10 million greater than the Western part and Urdu as the only national language
 Religious ulemas disagreed to proposals not being Islamic enough

5(b) Explain why there was a constitutional crisis in 1958. 7

Level 3: Explains reasons 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven marks
for three explanations)
e.g.
There were a number of Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 and it
reached a stage where Ayub Khan felt the army should take control until
stability had been restored.
Previous governments endured a number of problems that hampered
development such as food shortages and a drought, which led to
demonstrations of discontent. As successive governments found difficulty
in dealing with these matters, there were many personnel changes to try
to find a solution. As a result, little constitutional development could take
place.
Iskander Mirza lost the support of many of the leading politicians and was alarmed at
a plan by Prime Minister Suhrawardy to unite the political
leadership of Bengal and Punjab against him.
Level 2: Identifies reason(s) 2–4
(One mark for each identification)
e.g.
There were many Prime Ministers between 1956 and 1958 / the
government was unstable
Drought and food shortages presented a challenge to development
Iskander Mirza lost support
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1
(One mark for any simple statement)
e.g.
The politicians could not agree
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
1988? [14] (Past Paper, June 2001: Q5/c)

Relations between India and Pakistan have been hostile from the date the two countries
came into existence in August 1947. The first confrontation came along over the
accession of Kashmir. United Nations promised a plebiscite which India never agreed to
conduct. Kashmir conflict is the root cause of poor relations between the two countries.

At the time of partition, India created serious problems for Pakistan on the division of
financial assets and military equipment. Payment of rupees was delayed and only
broken equipment was handed over to Pakistan. Canal Water Dispute, triggered by
India was another important event that provoked Pakistan’s anger. Such issues strained
the bilateral relations.

A good move was made in April 1950 when both countries signed the Minority Pact to
control the migration of refugees across the border. Each country promised that she
would safeguard the minorities within her territories.

Tension was escalated when Indian-occupied Kashmir was tried in 1954 to integrate
with India. Pakistan reacted with protests and called on the UN to resolve the issue.

Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, signed with the help of World Bank in
September 1960, was a breakthrough that came up with a water-sharing formula and
thus settled the water dispute.

Bilateral talks in 1963 at foreign ministers level failed on the issue of Kashmir. Both
countries went into full-scale war in September 1965. Ceasefire was made after 17
days. The war created immense bitterness in mutual relations.

Tashkent Agreement, made in January 1966, was another significant milestone in

normalizing relations. Both sides agreed to resolve their issues peacefully through
dialogue and that economic and diplomatic relations would be restored.

India played major role in the separation of Bengal from Pakistan. She patronized Mukti
Bahini, the independence movement of Bengalis. India gave them weapons, military
training and base camps. Finally India’s army directly attacked East Pakistan resulting
in the creation of independent Bangladesh. After this incident relations went extremely
hostile with India.
Simla Agreement between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan in 1972 was
another positive move towards diffusing the tension and establishing good trade
relations.

India’s nuclear test in 1974 once again put Pakistan under great strain. India became a
serious threat to Pakistan’s security. Nuclear arms race started between the two
countries.

In early 1980s, the Sikh community in Punjab launched the Khalistan Movement
demanding a separate homeland. India blamed Pakistan for secretly plotting the
movement and providing arms to Sikh freedom fighter though they could produce no
evidence. In October 1984, Indra Gandhi was assassinated by Sikhs. When her son
Rajiv Gandhi became the Indian prime minister, he believed that Pakistan was behind
such moves. By 1987 relations had deteriorated to the extent that war-like situation was
created. But all of a sudden, General Zia-ul-Haq flew to India to watch a cricket match
between Pakistan and India. There he met with Indian leaders including Rajiv Gandhi
and the tension was released.

[Conclusion] Relations between India and Pakistan have been a series of failures. The
1965 and 1971 wars have taken the two countries too apart from each other. Kashmir is
the topmost hurdle in mutual relations.

1948-1956
LIAQAT ALI KHAN AS PRIME MINISTER (1948 – 1951)
Successes
>Objectives Resolution introduced in constituent assembly ….Guaranteed Islamic State
with Islamic laws, justice, basic human rights, religious freedom. ….Accepted by basic
principles committee thus start to constitution making was begun >Objectives resolution
appeased Ulemas with the Islamic references. ….Support for LAK’s government
increased. >The Resolution became the preamble of the 1956, 1962, 1973
constitutions. ….Still used today, importance can thus be judged. >LAK gave surplus
budgets to Pakistan ….Thus kept a strong economy in tough financial conditions
>Appointed Ayub Khan as CnC ….Sated demands of Pakistani CnC instead of General
Gracy >LAK signed the Liaqat-Nehru pact for the minority protection ….Thus helped fix
minority issue

Failures
>Objectives resolution had no time frame for completion ….Thus it was not there when
it was sorely needed (e.g: in 1956) >First report of basic principles committee rejected
….Furthered East/West divide ….Constitution making delayed >PROD introduced, gave
power to dismiss people from office ….Meant to prevent corruption, but gave officials
power to remove opponents ….Jinnah’s vision of democracy damaged

Why was it so difficult to agree on a new constitution in 1950? (7 Marks)

 Economic instability; development at a halt, treasury overburdened, poor
infrastructure, burden to accommodate refugees, bankrupt
 Political instability; Five PM’s had changed b/w 1955 and 1958, corrupt government,
landlords mainly in National Assembly, rifts and challenges for inexperienced leaders
At provincial level, disagreements arose on the powers kept with the central
government and the President.
 East Pakistanis also disagreed to equal representation as they had a population
almost 10 million greater than the Western part and Urdu as the only national language
 Religious ulemas disagreed to proposals not being Islamic enough

Why constitution making was delayed in 1950/

Why basic principles committee criticized: >Parity of seats between East and West
criticized by East Pakistan .…claimed they deserved higher seats >It suggested Urdu as
national language .…Rejected by E.P, they wanted Bengali >Stronger Central Govt
criticized .…Provincial leaders wanted provincial
Autonomy

MALIK GHULAM MUHAMMAD AS GOVERNER GENERAL

(1951 to 1955)
Was Finance Minister, took control after LAK’s assassination after persuading Khwaja
Nazimuddin.
Successes
>Introduced a 5 year and a 6 year plan for development. Development of Economic
Sectors like Agriculutre, Industry (e.g: EP Jute Mill, important as Jute was main export)
….Helped to Develop Pakistan economically
>Large reserves of N.Gas were discovered at Sui, Balochistan in 1952, this
strengthened Pakistan’s economy as now the fuel requirements of Pakistan’s industries
could be met and power sector requirements were easily fulfilled
>Managed to alleviate rioting due to food shortages by persuading the US to send a
million tons of Wheat.

Failures:
>Rioting happened due to shortage of food
….As well as due to Ahmedis present in the govt. Civil govt could not control these riots.
>Military Help was sought by MGM which opened the door for future martial laws.
>1952 Khawaja Nazimuddin presented the second report of the Basic Principle
Committee in Asembly.
….This said assembly would have East West seat parity, disliked by higher population
of East Pakistan.
….Stated Prime Minister of Pakistan must be a Muslim, angered Non Muslims as they
could no longer attain the highest Govt post.
….Constituent Assembly disliked Council of Ulemas who had Constitutional power to
amend and change laws. Thus undemocratic
>MGM dismissed KN from power despite his support. Undemocratic and unfair, shows
his want for power.
>in 1954, PRODA was reappealed by Bogra, annoyed MGMT. He retaliated by
dissolving the Assembly. The Constituent assembly’s dissolving was troublesome since
constitution delayed.

ISKINDAR MIRZA AS GOVERNER GENERAL/PRESIDENT

1955-1956, 1956-1958
Successes and Failures.
>Introduced “One Unit Scheme” which made all the separate provinces into one
province. Pakistan now had 2 provinces.
+Helped Constitutional Crisis of dividing seats between the two sides.
-EP demanded more seats because majority.
-Criticized by smaller units as smaller units felt that they’d be dominated by Punjab, the
biggest and most developed.
>Constitution of 1956 brought in, stated that Pakistan would be an Islamic state, Muslim
President
+Satisfied Ulemas who wanted a purely Islamic State
-Minorities disappointed and felt like second class citizens.
+Both Urdu and Bengali recognized as national language
>Communication and telecommunication projects started
+Karachi airport created, Railway and Telephone services improved. Thus Pakistan
modernized

>Political Actions:
-Dismissed 4 PM’s in 2 years,
-Brought in Ayub Khan when he feared East Pakistan politicians
….Abrogated his own constitution

Why the One Unit Scheme was introduced:

>People of the 4 procinves were loyal to their own local people and area, Mirza believed
that creating one province would unifty and increase patriotism.
>Government expenditure would ve reudeced since there would be only one provinceial
govt.
>Constitution easier to agree upon.

Why the One Unit Scheme was unpopular:

>E,P saw it as move to take away their majority, as now seats were equal
>Smaller units of WP saw it as a threat to their separate identities
….feared Punjab Domination
….Feared that their resources would be used by other province

Reasons for Martial Law in 1958:

>Rapid change in PM’s: Chundrigar, Suhrawari, Feroze Khan Noon.. Caused
Administrative problems, Ayub thus felt the need to step in.
>Iskindar Mirza’s desire to stay in power, he found that Suhrawardi had united the
political leaders of Punjab and Bengal against him he turned to the military so he could
retain power.
>Ghulam had given himself the right to dismiss power after the case of the dissolving of
the constituent assembly in 1954, “As the situation demanded it”. This pave way for
Ayub and Iskindar’s martial law for the nation’s interest
Factors that delayed Constitution making 1947 – 1956:
>Refugee Problems
>Constitutuent Assembly members were landlords
>Objectives resolution had no time frame
>Basic Principles Committee first report rejected
>1952 report rejected
>1954 Crisis
>Also: Death of Jinnah + Death of LA

Ayub Khan
6. Who was General Ayub Khan? Born in NWFP in 1907. He was educated at Aligarh
College. Later at Sandhurst, a British College for training Army officials. Commisioned
an army officer in 1928. Fought against Japanese in WW 2. In 1951 he became the
First Pakistani Commander in chief. He wrote his biography “Friends Not Masters”. Was
the first army chief to declare Martial law in Pakistan.

7. What was the Basic Democracies? Ayub Khan introduced the Basic Democracy
System. 80,000 Basic democrats selected form East and West Pakistan. Political
Parties were not allowed. They were to vote weather Ayub should remain President or
not. 95% voted for his presidency.

8. Why was Islamabad chosen as capital? It had a better climate. To keep Officials
away from Commercial influences. To move Center of Administration from Industrially
and commercially developed South to the Northern Punjab. Was a site north of
Rawalpindi. A lot of money was spread on the new Capiital.

15. What was RCD? It stands for the Regional Cooperation Development. In 1964 it
was set up by Pakistan, Turkey, Iran and Iraq. Its purpose was to increase economic,
educational and cultural link between these Muslim countries. It was more successful in
cultural an educational sector than trade and came to an end in 1979. General Zia later
revived it in 1985 naming it ECO (Economic Cooperation Organization.)

16. What was the CENTO? CENTO was A defence Agreement between Iran, Iraq,
Pakistan and Turkey. It stands for Central Asia Treaty Organization. It was also called
the Baghdad Pact. CENTO failed to give protection to Pakistan in war with india. It was
disbanded in 1979.

Q. How justified is it to term the years between 1958 and 1969 as decade of
development? Explain your answer. [14]

President Ayub Khan governed Pakistan during the time period from 1958 to 1969. He
brought revolutionary policies and tried his best to develop the country industrially. For
this reason, his tenure was known commonly as the “Decade of Development” for
Pakistan. How justified it is to declare his progress with this respective title, is discussed
below.
Ayub Khan had introduced certain agricultural reforms to introduce agricultural
productivity. He attempted to break the power of landlords as well. He appointed a limit
of owning maximum 1000 acres of land and 500 acres if it is irrigated. The lower limit
was 12.5 acres. Moreover, farmers were loaned money to afford tube wells and
fertilizers. The Indus Water Treaty was signed during his tenure as well. It overcame the
lack of water as through it, Pakistan was able to use the western three tributaries for
water supply, and 3 major dams were built, thus improving water storage facilities and
irrigation facilities. Crop yield was at an all-time high and food was in such surplus that it
was exported to foreign countries as well. Agriculture had developed greatly during his
tenure
Ayub Khan also introduced industrial reforms to improve the industrial productivity in
Pakistan, which was suffering greatly. This was mostly through assistance by the US,
Germany and UK in forms of loans. In 1962 an oil refinery was set up in Karachi, and to
explore mineral deposits in which Pakistan was rich, a mineral development corporation
was set up. Pakistan joined the RCD with Turkey and Iraq to establish trade ties. Due to
these reasons Pakistan’s economy rose up at a rate of 7% annually.
He also wished to improve the educational condition of Pakistan, as the literacy rate
was embarrassingly low. He launched educational programs and built new schools and
colleges. A new school curriculum was also devised. Although these educational
programs were slow, they achieved literacy rate to at least some extent.
Ayub Khan shifted the capital of Pakistan from Karachi to Islamabad. He did so in hopes
that it would provide a better structure for government and prevent politicians from
getting involved in trade and export activities, which would distract them from their
governmental duties. This also enabled him to get military support in case of
emergency, as Islamabad was near to military headquarters. It was a very successful
idea as both his aims were met.
We can see clearly that Ayub Khan made certain achievements, but his policies also
increased difficulties and challenges for Pakistan. His reforms led to the concentration
of wealth in the hands of the few was multiplied. By 1962, only 22 families controlled
66% of Pakistan’s industrial assets. They also controlled 80% of banking and insurance
companies. Instead of a trickle-down system of economy, it further widened the gap
between the elite class and the poor.
In addition, his family planning policies failed as people in Pakistan were unwilling to
give up their customs and traditions, and they saw large families as a matter of pride. It
was also true that people in rural areas depended on having large families to provide
financial support.
His industrial policies were also the cause of major debts. This is due to the fact that
Pakistan had to make major loans from developed countries in order to develop
industries. This increased both the circular and regular debt and resulted in negative
balance of payments.
Based on the aforementioned reasoning, it is clear that indeed, his tenure rightfully
deserves to be known as the decade of development. the drawbacks, although existent,
are miniscule compared to the progress Pakistan was able to make. Pakistan
desperately needed reforms like his, and he did a great job to bring Pakistan to a better
position.
Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital? (7 Marks)
Closer to Kashmir
 Martial law imposed therefore need to move capital near headquarters for security
 Karachi considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in
government affairs.
3. Ayub Khan wanted to be closer to the armies headquarters in the north
 Buildings not adequate in number or up to standards in Karachi t in Pakistan was
focused on the colonial centre of Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it equally
distributed
1. Favourable location with better climate
 Constant threats from India made the situation critical
. . Development
 Moved from commercially and industrially developed south to the under developed
north
 Karachi was located at one end of the country, making it vulnerable to attacks from the
Arabian Sea

2. Government away from commercial influences in Karachi

 Islamabad in the middle of country with links to all provinces
 Karachi faced dangers of tsunami and tropical cyclones on the coast
 Army was the only proper functioning organization as failure of bureaucracy,
politicalparties and government made army the only possible organization to save the
country in times of peril such as the one Pakistan was facing at that time.

Why Did Ayub Khan declare martial law in 1969? (7 Marks)

5(c) Were the economic reforms of Ayub Khan the most important of his domestic
policies in the ‘Decade of Progress’ between 1958 and 1969? Explain your
answer. 14
Level 5: Explains with evaluation 14
(As top of Level 4 plus a judgement or evaluation)
Level 4: Explains the economic reforms AND other reforms 9–13
(Two explanations, one on the challenges in Sindh and one on another
reason, are worth nine marks. Additional explanations awarded up to 13
marks)
e.g.
Economic
The land of smaller farmers was redistributed to farmers with medium
sized farms and agriculture was revitalised to such an extent that crop
outputs were at record levels.
In 1962, an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral
Development Corporation was set up for the exploration of mineral
deposits which contributed significantly to the economy.
An Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives to
industrialists who increased exports.
The national economic annual growth rate was 7% and the economy
grew three times faster than that of other South Asian countries.
However, the new wealth was concentrated in the hands of a few and
did not bring widespread benefits.
Other
The government set about improving housing for refugees. A massive
new housing development provided new homes for refugees in
Karachi, which had a beneficial effect on the lives of these people.
Family Planning Programme used the media to persuade people to
limit family size to slow population growth rates.
In 1959, Basic Democracies were introduced. This was a four tier
structure of government, allowing elections at various levels. The
success of these councils was such that martial law was lifted.
People were prevented from hoarding goods and selling them on at
inflated prices. Profiteers had their goods confiscated and many were
arrested. As a result, this action brought prices of many goods down
and that benefitted people.
The price of milk and other goods were fixed to stop profiteering which
helped families to manage their weekly budget better.

Question Answer Marks

5(c) Level 3: Explains the economic reforms OR other reforms 7–10
(One explanation is worth seven marks. Additional explanations awarded
up to 10 marks)
See exemplars on L4
Level 2: Identifies / describes aspects of his reforms 3–6
(One identification / description is worth three marks. Extra marks are
awarded for additional identification / descriptions up to six marks)
e.g.
An oil refinery was established in Karachi
A Mineral Development Corporation was set up
Family Planning Programme was set up
Basic Democracies were introduced
Profiteers and hoarders were prosecuted
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1–2
(One simple statement is worth one mark. An answer with additional simple
statements is worth two marks)
e.g.
Reforms that affected the economy were very important
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

Q. How justified is it to term the years between 1958 and 1969 as decade of
development? Explain your answer. [14]

Read both the responses carefully, judge as to which of the responses is of better
quality
Student A
Ans. Ayub Khan immediately after taking control over the government promised to bring
about important reforms that were essential to modernize Pakistan between 1958 and
1969 which came to be known as decade of development.
With many shortages of goods there was ample oppurtunity for some people to make a
great deal of money by selling goods on the black market. Some goods were hoarded
so that the price would rise and they could be sold at a bigger profit. All this put up the
prices of goods that ordinary people had to pay in the shops and markets. He took
tough action to stop hoarding, end the black market and action against smuggling.
Goods were seized from profiteers and many arrests were made. These actions brought
down prices.
in 1961 the Muslim Family Laws Ordinance helped improve the position of women.
Divorce by simple repudiation was no longer allowed. Marriages and divorces had to be
registered and approved by a court. Further marriages also had to be approved by a
court. The minimum age for marriage was set at 16 for women and 18 for men. They
were an important step towards improving the rughts of women.
Moreover, Ayub Khan also introduced reforms in education. The government began as
extensive literacy programme building new schools and colleges. As a result education
up to class 5 was made free and compulsory. Secondary education boards were set up
to oversee secondary schooling up to class 12. Progress was made to improve scientific
education and research. As a result noticeable literacy rate was improved.
Furthermore, Ayub Khan set up the land reform commission. This led to a series of
important land reforms aimed at providing security of tenure and fairer distribution and
ownership of land. A limit was set that no farm could be smaller than 12.5 acres or
larger than 500 acres of irrigated or 1000 acres of rain fed(un irrigated) land. Big land
owners were forced to find tenants for parts of their land and this too, raised in turn,
raised productivity as the tenants and smaller farms were often more efficient than the
larger, poorly run farms. Three major dams were built to help irrigation. Farmers were
also loaned money to build wells to reduce the need for canal irrigation. These reforms
revitalized agriculture and crop yields were at an all time record.
Ayub Khan industrial reforms were remarkable. In 1962 an oil refinery was established
in Karachi and a mineral devlopment corporation set up for the exploration of mineral
deposits. In 1964 an economic union the regional cooperation for devlopment was
formed with Iran and Turkey, in which the three countries agreed to develop ties in
trade, commerce and industry. An export bonus scheme was set up offering insentives
to industrialists who increased exports. As a result of these policies economic growth
rose sharply. The average annual rate by which the economy grew in the 1960s was
7% which was three times that of India. Production did rise rapidly and the Pakistan
economy improved significantly.
Therefore, Economic development was a priority for Ayub Khan. For a long time he had
been Chairman of the Planning Commission, and he recruited able economists and
advisers, many of whom had been trained in the USA. So successful were his policies
that businessman and leaders around the world began to praise the ‘Pakistan miracle’.
Pakistan achieved faster economic growth than neighbouring country India.
In addition, Private enterprise was central to Ayub Khan’s plans for economic growth.
He looked to private investment to build new manufacturing plants and improve
agricultural output. Businesses liked stable government. They also liked cuts in taxation
such as the abolition of the Business Profits Tax. All this encouraged companies to
expend.
Based on the above discussion, it is justified to term the years between 1958 and 1969
as decade of development.
Student B
The reign of Ayub Khan was a famous one yet notorious for some reasons. The
highlight of his reign were his foreign policies, and the domestic policies of agricultural
and industrial reforms along with social.
The foreign policies of Ayub khan took up the the major time of his reign. The fact that
he was able the get on good terms with India by signing the Indus Water Treaty in 1959,
when the previous leaders could not, goes to show his capability, and through the treaty
he was able to ensure Pakistan valuable water supply for its agriculture. Moreover,
USSR, which was at first against Pakistan, was now suggest oil exploration during the
reign of Ayub Khan. Ayub Khan than followed up in 1962, which further improved
relations, and the project started, benefitting Pakistan economically. The military also
got stronger in the when Pakistan closed down the air base of America in Peshawar,
and the USSR as a token of good will, started supplying arms. The relations with USA
were also at peak when Ayub stated that they were USA ‘most allied ally’, and they
allowed the plane to spy on USSR from the base of Peshawar in the U2 Affair. This
guaranteed them economic aid from USA in the future, resulting in development. China
also loaned Pakistan 11 million pounds with low interest, which resulted in
developmental projects in his reign.
Moreover, he was also well known for his agricultural reforms, which included setting
limits of land holding to 1000 acres unirrigated and 500 acres irrigated. What this did
was increase the size of small subsistence farm which were not very productive due to
low output, and reduce the size of large holdings which were not being administered
properly, resulting in an easier administration and higher output. Making tube wells and
giving out low interest loans to encourage mechanization also significantly boosted
output.
Furthermore, his industrial reforms were also well known, which he carried out through
the help of foreign aid from other developed countries. In 1962, he established an oil
refinery in Karachi, which helped in fulfilling the oil requirement of the country and also
generate foreign exchange. He also set up the Mineral Oil Exploration which helped in
exploration of minerals to generate wealth for the country. He made the country join
RCD in which turkey and Iran helped the country industrially. Furthermore, incentives
were given to export oriented industries in his rule to boost exports.
The social reforms included providing rehabilitation for the unsheltered refugees who
migrated from India to Pakistan in Karachi, introducing family programs to reduce
population growth, and improving school curriculum. The health facilities were also
increased through increasing the amount of doctors and nurses.
However, he also faced failures in some of his policies. Such as in the 1962 U2 affair in
which the spy plane of USA took flight from Pakistan, further tensed the countries
relations with USSR, which could be seen when USSR regarded Pakistan as USA’s pet.
This meant that no vital financial support from Russia for the development of the country
and no diplomatic support in the Kashmir issue. In terms of relation with USA, they
deteriorated rapidly in 1962 when USA helped India against China in 1962 without
consulting Pakistan, which developed grudges between both the countries and may
have lead to the arms embargo in the 1965, which coupled with their no direct help to
Pakistan in that war, further deteriorated financial ties.
The agricultural reforms also had some significant failures, such as the poor could not
afford the mechanization and thus the projected output of produce was never reached.
The poor who took the loan had difficulties or could not pay the loan back, reducing
living standards of the poor and hurting Pakistan financially. The farm produces also got
expensive, which lead to protests later on.
The industrial reforms also lacked the impact as even though economic growth rose to
was 7 percent, all the wealth went to only 22 families, the same families which
controlled 66 percent of Pakistan’s assets and 85 percent of its insurance companies,
thus it did not benefit the whole Pakistan community, increasing opposition.
The family planning programs introduced through ads on cinemas and pamphlets were
also not very effective and the problems of famine and unemployment related to it
remained. This was also burdening the health department.
Based on the above discussion, it can be concluded that it is justified to a lot of extent to
call the reign of Ayub Khan Decade of Development, as even though his reforms did
have some problems, the economic benefits he brought to the country were never seen
before during the reign of any other ruler before him, and it was his contributions in the
economy which started the exponential development of Pakistan in the future, as even
zulfikar ali Bhutto used his policies as the basis for his reforms.
Q. How justified is it to term the years between 1958 and 1969 as decade of
development? Explain your answer. [14]

President Ayub Khan governed Pakistan during the time period from 1958 to 1969. He
brought revolutionary policies and tried his best to develop the country industrially. For
this reason, his tenure was known commonly as the “Decade of Development” for
Pakistan. How justified it is to declare his progress with this respective title, is discussed
below.
Ayub Khan had introduced certain agricultural reforms to introduce agricultural
productivity. He attempted to break the power of landlords as well. He appointed a limit
of owning maximum 1000 acres of land and 500 acres if it is irrigated. The lower limit
was 12.5 acres. Moreover, farmers were loaned money to afford tube wells and
fertilizers. The Indus Water Treaty was signed during his tenure as well. It overcame the
lack of water as through it, Pakistan was able to use the western three tributaries for
water supply, and 3 major dams were built, thus improving water storage facilities and
irrigation facilities. Crop yield was at an all-time high and food was in such surplus that it
was exported to foreign countries as well. Agriculture had developed greatly during his
tenure
Ayub Khan also introduced industrial reforms to improve the industrial productivity in
Pakistan, which was suffering greatly. This was mostly through assistance by the US,
Germany and UK in forms of loans. In 1962 an oil refinery was set up in Karachi, and to
explore mineral deposits in which Pakistan was rich, a mineral development corporation
was set up. Pakistan joined the RCD with Turkey and Iraq to establish trade ties. Due to
these reasons Pakistan’s economy rose up at a rate of 7% annually.
He also wished to improve the educational condition of Pakistan, as the literacy rate
was embarrassingly low. He launched educational programs and built new schools and
colleges. A new school curriculum was also devised. Although these educational
programs were slow, they achieved literacy rate to at least some extent.
Ayub Khan shifted the capital of Pakistan from Karachi to Islamabad. He did so in hopes
that it would provide a better structure for government and prevent politicians from
getting involved in trade and export activities, which would distract them from their
governmental duties. This also enabled him to get military support in case of
emergency, as Islamabad was near to military headquarters. It was a very successful
idea as both his aims were met.
We can see clearly that Ayub Khan made certain achievements, but his policies also
increased difficulties and challenges for Pakistan. His reforms led to the concentration
of wealth in the hands of the few was multiplied. By 1962, only 22 families controlled
66% of Pakistan’s industrial assets. They also controlled 80% of banking and insurance
companies. Instead of a trickle-down system of economy, it further widened the gap
between the elite class and the poor.
In addition, his family planning policies failed as people in Pakistan were unwilling to
give up their customs and traditions, and they saw large families as a matter of pride. It
was also true that people in rural areas depended on having large families to provide
financial support.
His industrial policies were also the cause of major debts. This is due to the fact that
Pakistan had to make major loans from developed countries in order to develop
industries. This increased both the circular and regular debt and resulted in negative
balance of payments.
Based on the aforementioned reasoning, it is clear that indeed, his tenure rightfully
deserves to be known as the decade of development. the drawbacks, although existent,
are miniscule compared to the progress Pakistan was able to make. Pakistan
desperately needed reforms like his, and he did a great job to bring Pakistan to a better
position.
Notes on Ayub Khan’s Reforms
Ayub Khan’s tenure lasted between the years 1958 and 1969. He introduced various
economic and social reforms that led to the development of Pakistan as well as had
some negative aspects.
Ayub Khan introduced many industrial reforms to industrialise Pakistan in order to
impove the living standards of the people as well as bring down the level of inflation. In
1962, an oil refinery was established in Karachi and a Mineral Development Corporation
was set up for the exploration of mineral deposits, both of which are still operating in
Pakistan today. An Export Bonus Scheme was set up offering incentives to industrialists
who increased exports, in order to increase the income earned from exports. The
reforms led to the average annual rate by which the economy grew in the 1960s, 7%
that was thrice of India. Production rose rapidly and economy improved significantly.
The price of consumer goods too reduced.
In order to safeguard Pakistan from famine, Ayub Khan introduced agrarian reforms as
well. A law was passed declaring that no farm could be smaller than 12.5 acres or larger
than 500 acres (irrigated) or 1000 acres (unirrigated), so that productivity could be
increased. The large farms produced a steady rise in food output. Big landowners had
to find tenants for parts of their land and this too raised productivity as the tenants and
the smaller farms were more efficient than the larger, poorly run farms (larger than the
land ceiling). Moreover, three major dams were built to help irrigation and farmers were
also loaned money to build wells, to reduce the need for canal irrigation. Crop yields
were at an all-time record.
Furthermore, Ayub Khan introduced many social reforms to uphold the society. The
government began an extensive literacy programme, building new schools and
colleges. General Azam Khan, the Rehabilitation Minister was appointed to deal with
shelterless people. 75,000 refugees of the partition era were settled in newly built
dwellings near Karachi. Laws were passed that factory owners had to provide
accommodation for workers at a reasonable rent, thus upholding their rights. There was
also an attempt to control population growth by setting up the Family Planning
Programme. Radio, cinema, newspapers etc. were used to persuade people to limit the
size of their families. Medical facilities improved and more medical and nursing training
schools were set up to increase the number of doctors and nurses. There was also an
attempt to uphold women rights. Ayub Khan encouraged female education and also
passed The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance in 1961 that improved the position of
women and gave them rights such as, the right of divorce.
Ayub Khan’s foreign policy also proved to be beneficial for Pakistan. Industrial
development took place as a result of loans taken from more developed countries such
as USA, UK, USSR and Germany. In 1961, USSR agreed to begin exploring for oil in
Pakistan. China began to give aid to Pakistan in 1963, it granted Pakistan $60 million
interest free loan and purchased its cotton and USSR loaned Pakistan 11 million
pounds. PIA began regular flights to China in 1963, which increased trade with China. In
1964, an economic union was formed with Iran and Turkey, the Regional Cooperation
for Development (RCD). In 1968, Pakistan was receiving military aid from USA, USSR
and China.
However, Ayub Khan’s reforms also had negative consequences. The industrial reforms
improved the economy but the wealth created did not benefit the large number of
Pakistanis living near the poverty line. It was revealed in 1968 that only 22 families
controlled 66% of Pakistan’s industrial assets. These families also controlled 80% of
Pakistan’s banking and insurance companies. Hence, a small elite group of Pakistanis
had almost complete control of Pakistan’s wealth. In addition to that, almost all these
families were in West Pakistan, creating an economic disparity between both the wings.
Pakistan was also becoming increasingly dependant on foreign aid for industrial
development.
The educational reforms were not very effective because there had just been a 1%
increase in literacy rate. Ayub Khan’s Family Planning Programme and steps towards
women empowerment were not supported by ulema and fundamentalists, hence the
Muslim Family Laws Ordinance could not be promulgated.
Therefore, it can be deduced from the above discussion that it is justified to term the
years between 1958 and 1969 as the Decade of Development because Pakistan’s
economy had improved and even those reforms that did not have a positive impact,
were progressive and well-planned.
AYUB KHAN AS OVERLORD OF PAKISTAN
(1958 – 1969)
Reforms of Ayub:
Political:
>Introduced BD system (Union council < Sub District < District < Divisional), 80K in
number, half from east half from west.
+Excellent System as common people problems would be easily communicated
+Better position for Pakistan, as voting done for Ayub improved his position as leader,
thus he cold remove Martial Law
+Also good since now he could say he was democratic
>Constitution of 1962
-Renamed to “Islamic Republic of Pakistan”, failure since he came under pressure.
-President-al form of Govt, as he had executive, judicial/lawmaking powers –
“Democracy with Discipline”. Undemocratic, as these powers should be divided.
-If problems happened in the future, he would be blamed. Happened in 1968.
+This Constitution had certain measures to placate EP. Bengali and Urdu were both
accepted as national language.
+Cultural Rights were maintained, Sessions in Dhaka and E.P (speaker from diff)
-Parity of seats maintained.
Economic
>Agriculture: 1959 Land reforms and Green Revolution
+Land reforms of 1959 set a bar for lands, made larger farms into more efficient smaller
farms
-Land reforms remained on paper bec landlords passed on land to relatives, tenants.
+Green revolution encouraged farmers to use modern methods, output increased,
better income, better economy
-Many tenants became jobless
-Mostly enjoyed by the rich, the poor were unable to reap its benefits
>Industrial: Oil Refinery, Growth Rate, 22 Families
+Established Oil Refinery in Karachi, Pakistan could now import crude oil instead of
refined oil
+Positive Economic Policies led to growth rate of 7% (best in Asia, 3x that of India)
-Only 22 families controlled most of the wealth, poor couldn’t benefit
-^most of these were of West PakistanSocial
+With American aid first family planning problem was started, any decrease in
population growth can be attributed to him
-Ulemas opposed it, considered it Unislamic, so largely unsuccessful
+Family ordnances in 1961, all marriages, divorces now had to be registered. Husband
needed 1st wife’s permission before further marriages. Women’s rights supported
despite Ulema opposition.
+Action taken against refugee problem, General Azam Khan was appointed as
Rehabilitation minister.
+Many schools, colleges etc were set up
+^Curriculum reorgaznied.
Foreign Policy
+Signed Indus Water Treaty under the UN
+RCD highway constructed b/w Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, improving relations and all
agreed to co operate in different sectors
+Tashkent Accord signed to send 1965 war in Russian City Tashkent, relations
improved with both as a result

Why was Islamabad chosen as the new capital? (7 Marks)

Closer to Kashmir
 Martial law imposed therefore need to move capital near headquarters for security
 Karachi considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in
government affairs.
3. Ayub Khan wanted to be closer to the armies headquarters in the north
 Buildings not adequate in number or up to standards in Karachi t in Pakistan was
focused on the colonial centre of Karachi, and President Ayub Khan wanted it equally
distributed
1. Favourable location with better climate
 Constant threats from India made the situation critical
. . Development
 Moved from commercially and industrially developed south to the under developed
north
 Karachi was located at one end of the country, making it vulnerable to attacks from the
Arabian Sea 2. Government away from commercial influences in Karachi
 Islamabad in the middle of country with links to all provinces
 Karachi faced dangers of tsunami and tropical cyclones on the coast
 Army was the only proper functioning organization as failure of bureaucracy,
politicalparties and government made army the only possible organization to save the
country in times of peril such as the one Pakistan was facing at that time.
Why Did Ayub Khan declare martial law in 1969? (7 Marks)

Yahya Khan
9. What was the 6 point Programme. This was the demand of Shiekh Mujib-ur-
Rehman of Awami League. They were as a way suggestions suggesting that West
Pakistan should have its own arm and currency. Furthermore each half should keep its
own revenue. Federal and Foreign affairs of each half should be controlled by separate
governments in each half. Infact these were Points suggesting the two units to be totally
different in all but name.

18) What was Mukti Bahini? Stands for People’s Army An independence movement
Was supported by India. The rebel army attacked on the town of Jysore. Thus began
war with Bangladesh was India in 1971.

Who was Mujeeb ur Rehman?

 Became first PM of independent state of Bangladesh in 1971.
 Arrested during operation searchlight  Started the Bengali Nationalist Movement.
 Helped Awami League win majority of 160 given for East Pakistan in 1970 elections
 Presented Six Point programme in 1966 for demands of self-government due to
deprivation of rights in politics.  Found Awami League in 1949
 An East Pakistani supporter of self-government
 Seats distributed according to Pakistan

What were Yahya Khan’s successes? (4 marks)

• LFO – Legal Framework Order – one man, one vote

• Abolished Basic Democratic System

• Abolished One Unit Scheme

Key Question 13: Why did East Pakistan seek and then form the independent
state of Bangladesh?
Tensions Between East Pakistan and West Pakistan
• East Pakistan and West Pakistan were separated by 1000 miles of Indian territory.
• The language difference made things unpleasant as Urdu was declared the national
language.
• The Governments made things worse by their actions.
Economic Tensions:
• Pakistan's largest export Jute was produced in East Pakistan yet most of the budget
was spent on West Pakistan.
• During the rule of Ayub Khan, it was revealed that only 22 families were handling all
the industrial and banking assets of Pakistan and all of them were from West Pakistan.

Social Tensions:
• The language issue was proved to be significant as Urdu became the official language
even though Bengal had a population of almost 4 million.
• There were cultural differences between East and West Pakistan and West Pakistan
started considering themselves superior by insulting the Bengali dress code.

Military & Political Tensions:

• In 1970, Yahya Khan held elections but was reluctant to transfer powers to the elected
Mujib-ur-Rahman because he was from East Pakistan.
• The reluctance of Yahya fired the agitation among the people of East Pakistan and a
rebellion was started.
• To suppress the rebellion, Yahya used military action against the Bengali people and
thousands were killed.
• Yahya’s action made this worse and it became impossible for East Pakistan to accept
rule from Islamabad.
• East Pakistan felt betrayed by the Government of Yahya Khan and their biased nature
was became apparent.
• In 1966, demands of Awani League famously known as the ‘6 points’ were rejected by
Ayub Khan.
• The leader of the Awami League, Mujib-ur-Rahman was arrested.
• East Pakistan encountered severe flooding, but they did not receive relief in time.
• In 1970, the 6 points were accepted, and Bengalis were hopeful that they will be
allowed to form the Government.
• In 1971 war, India intervened, and West Pakistan faced defeat and partition of Bengal
became eminent
Awami League

Background:
• In 1948, the Bengalis were disappointed when the Bengali script was removed from
the stamps, government exams, and coins.
• In 1949, after a couple of years of the formation of Pakistan, the Bengali nationalists in
the Muslim League parted their ways and formed the Awami League.

The Rise of the Awami League:

• Initially, the party was established to represent the Bengali people and fight for their
rights in the newly formed country of Pakistan.
• Its first president was Abdul Hamid Khan.
• A.K Rafiqul Hussain, Mujib-ur-Rahman and Khondaker Mushtaq Ahmed became the
Awami League’ joint secretariat.
• In 1952, many students involved in the Awami League started a movement for the
Bengali Language to be declared the official language, but the forces retaliated, and
many students were killed.
• This event changed everything for West Pakistan and its East Wings' People as a
bitter realization hit them and after facing continuous discrimination, they eventually
fought a war for their freedom and independence.
• In 1957, a movement for the removal of One Unit Scheme was started.
• In 1958, Ayub Khan demonstrated martial law and banned all political parties including
the Awami League.
• During the rule of Ayub Khan, the Bengalis faced extreme discrimination in Pakistan in
almost every sector.
• The Awami League and its leader Mujib-ur-Rahman gained popularity after Ayub
Khan’s rule came to an end.
• In 1970, Yahya Khan started an election in which the Awami League came out
victories.
• They won 167 seats in East Wing and none in West Wing of Pakistan.
• Their victory led them in a position to form Government on their own which made
political parties in West Pakistan fearful.
• As a result, Yahya Khan delayed the power handover indefinitely which further
promoted the agitation.
Mujib-ur-Rahman
• He was born in Faridpur, Bengal in 1922.
• He was an active member of the All India Muslim League before the partition of
Pakistan in 1947.
• In 1948, he carried a black flag against Jinnah’s decision to make Urdu the official
language throughout West Pakistan and East Pakistan and was arrested.
• In 1949, following the discrimination faced by West Pakistan and the government
entities, he became a joint secretariat of the Awami League.
11. Who was Shiekh Mujib? Born in 1920, he was a strong believer of Self Government
for East-Pakistan. He was the founder of Awami League. He was successful in winning
1970 elections and uprising Bengalis against Pakistan. He became the first Prime
Minister Of Bangaldesh. He was murdered in a military takeover on August 1975.

What was the Simla Accord? (4 Marks)

 For India, they were given the promise that the Kashmir issue would not be taken to
UN and would directly be discussed with India.
 For Pakistan, the prisoners of war and the land captured was returned
 Between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi
 Signed in 1972 after the third Indo-Pak War and secession of East Pakistan
 But when the Indian forces drove across the borderinto parts of Punjab, the army was
forced to retreat and the operation failed

What was Operation Grand Slam? (4 Marks)

 When India became aware of this, they launched an attack in Kashmir which was of
no match against the Pakistani forces
 They then tried to instigate Kashmiris into rioting against India
 The infiltration started in the first week of August 1965, as Pakistani infantry infiltrated
the border in teams of twos and threes, eventually swelling to more than 4000-5000 in
numbers.
 It refers to a plan drawn up by the Pakistan Army, in May 1965, to attack the vital
Akhnoor Bridge in Jammu and Kashmir. The bridge was not only the lifeline of an entire
infantry division in Jammu and Kashmir but could also be used to threaten Jammu, an
important logistical point for Indian forces.
 Operation Grand Slam was a key operation of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War
.  A military government led by Bhutto's Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq
eventually installed a military government, composing the Chairman Joint Chiefs, Chiefs
of Navy and the Air Force, and took over government operations in the country.

YAYHA KHAN + SECOND PARTITION

Successes:
>Finished the One Unit Scheme which had been heavily criticized, broke Pakistan back
into separate provinces. >Announced that seats would be proportionate to the
population, pleased East Pakistan >Organized First elections on basis of one man one
vote, most fair elections in Pakistan History

Failures:
>Abrogated 1962 Constitution, >Finished the BD system >Postponed the first session of
the newly elected assembly indefinitely. Didn’t let Mujeeb take power despite the fact
that he won the elections fairly. >Took military action against EP, caused political unrest
>Ordered troops to surrender in the 1971 war.

Why Mujib gave his six points:

>To achieve Provincial autonomy sd he believed WP was dominating EP through the
central Govt, he thus wanted to achieve political rights >Mujib wanted that taxes be
collected by provinces and not the center, since he believed that EP unfairly spend the
revenue on the development of WP. Thus gave the points for the economic
independence of EP so they would not be exploited by WP. >He believed that these
points contained the main demands of EP (Provincial autonomy, Minority rights,
Separate currencies etc. Thus he made the points to gain support of EP in the elections

Why there was a war in EP in 1971:

>Yayha delayed the National Assembly’s meetings after Awami League’s victory. EP
felt that they had been betrayed and so rebelled against Yayha’s govt to show their
opposition to his unjust acts. >Yayha started a military action against EP to suppress
their opposition. 1000s were killed. They thus rebelled in order to liberate themselves
from WP’s tyrannical government >Mujib, their main leader was arrested by the army.
They now believed that they were being politically oppressed as well,. Thus rebelled to
protect their rights

What was Operation Grand Slam? (4 Marks)

 When India became aware of this, they launched an attack in Kashmir which was of
no match against the Pakistani forces
 They then tried to instigate Kashmiris into rioting against India
 The infiltration started in the first week of August 1965, as Pakistani infantry infiltrated
the border in teams of twos and threes, eventually swelling to more than 4000-5000 in
numbers.
 It refers to a plan drawn up by the Pakistan Army, in May 1965, to attack the vital
Akhnoor Bridge in Jammu and Kashmir. The bridge was not only the lifeline of an entire
infantry division in Jammu and Kashmir but could also be used to threaten Jammu, an
important logistical point for Indian forces.
 Operation Grand Slam was a key operation of the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War
.  A military government led by Bhutto's Chief of Army Staff General Zia-ul-Haq
eventually installed a military government, composing the Chairman Joint Chiefs, Chiefs
of Navy and the Air Force, and took over government operations in the country.

Who was Mujeeb ur Rehman?

 Became first PM of independent state of Bangladesh in 1971.
 Arrested during operation searchlight  Started the Bengali Nationalist Movement.
 Helped Awami League win majority of 160 given for East Pakistan in 1970 elections
 Presented Six Point programme in 1966 for demands of self-government due to
deprivation of rights in politics.  Found Awami League in 1949
 An East Pakistani supporter of self-government
 Seats distributed according to Pakistan

Reasons for the creation of Bangladesh:

Economic: >Largest export, Jute was grown in EP, but most of the budget spending
was on the border disputes with India in WP. India had no such issues and were angry
and felt deprived of their own share in foreign trade >During Ayub’s rule it was revealed
that just 22 families controlled almost al of Pakistan’s banking + industrial assets, these
were almost all from WP. Social: >Diff between art, music, dress style of the West and
East alienated both sides. The West insulted Bengali dresses/dress styles. West went
on to consider themselves culturally superior. >This was worsened by the language
issue, since WP wanted urdu and even Jinnah insisted on it whereas West made
Bengali the national language in numerous constitutions.

Political/Military: >President Yayha Khan started military action against EP to suppress

their opposition. 1000’s were killed, situation was aggravated and was made worse
rather than end. It was obvious that one unit was not possible, EP disliked rule from
Islamabad. They announced Independence in a broadcast >YK postponed the first
assembly session after 1970 elections. He feared the formulation of Bangladesh, and
EP felt that they had been betrayed the right to form a government.

Awami League won with a clear majority >Demands of six points of Awami League were
rejected by Aub in 1966 and leader Sheikh Mujeeb was arrested, the biased nature of
the government became clear to the EPakistanis. >EP had been faced by continous
flood, the Bangali govt didn’t get the relief in time and attempts to rescue and help were
half hearted. The locals thus felt neglected in 1970. >Six points of Mujeeb were
accepted, Bengalis looked forward to it being accepted as the Govt >Intervention by
Indian troops in December 1971 resulted in loss of Pakistan in the 1971 war >East
Pakistan was angry with the many dismissed previous prime ministers by Iskindar Mirza
such as Suhrawardhy

What was Operation Searchlight? (4 Marks)

 Sheikh Mujibur Rehman arrested and many Bengalis murdered.
 To keep order in East Pakistan by putting an end to the Bengali Nationalist Movement
in 1971.  Launched by Yahya Khan to resist opposition to his government
 Murdered in 1975

Who was Mujeeb ur Rehman?

 Became first PM of independent state of Bangladesh in 1971.
 Arrested during operation searchlight  Started the Bengali Nationalist Movement.
 Helped Awami League win majority of 160 given for East Pakistan in 1970 elections
 Presented Six Point programme in 1966 for demands of self-government due to
deprivation of rights in politics.  Found Awami League in 1949
 An East Pakistani supporter of self-government
 Seats distributed according to Pakistan
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
 What was the Simla Accord? (4 Marks)
 For India, they were given the promise that the Kashmir issue would not be taken to
UN and would directly be discussed with India.
 For Pakistan, the prisoners of war and the land captured was returned
 Between Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Indira Gandhi
 Signed in 1972 after the third Indo-Pak War and secession of East Pakistan
 But when the Indian forces drove across the border into parts of Punjab, the army was
forced to retreat and the operation failed

12.Who was Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto? Born in 1928, he was a brilliant politition. Served as
Minister of Commerce in 1958. Served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1963-6. Served
as President and then Prime Minister from 1971-7. Founder of Pakistan’s People Party.
Graduated in law from California and Oxford Universities. He was hanged by General
Zia in 1979 after being convicted to a murder.
Key Question 14: How successful was Pakistan in the twenty years following the
decades of Progress?
Policies of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971 – 1977)
Military Reforms:
• He made major changes in the Military officers and replaced Tikka Khan with
Gul Hassan as Chief of Army Staff to get his intended support.
• He established Federal Security Force (FSF) but he misused it to get rid of
opponents.
Constitution of 1973:
• In 1973, a new constitution was introduced and approved that received zero
criticism from Ulemas.
• This constitution states that Pakistan being an Islamic republic can only appoint
Muslim Prime Minister and President.
• Jamat-e-Islami also gave their approval on it.
• This constitution also countered the Punjab domination by stating seats in
National Assembly (Lower House) equal to population and seats in Provincial
Assembly (Upper House) equal in provinces.

Agricultural Reforms:
• He introduced land reforms that halved the limits set by Ayub Khan.
• He also gave the first power to buy the land to tenants, but it was useless
because they were not wealthy enough.
Health Reforms:
• He established Basic Health Units and Rural Health Centers in the rural areas
that provided free health care.
• He made sure that medicines are affordable which substandard medicines as
well as less investment by foreign companies.

Industrial Revolution:
• During his reign, the inflation rate decreased by 25%.
• He localized the industries.
• However, there was a shortage of experts to run these industries.

Education System:
• He introduced a free education system, but it failed because there was not any
proper administration.
• During his time, the literacy rate did not improve much but only 1%.
Foreign Policy:
• He signed the Simla Agreement with Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India
for the release of the war prisoners of 1971 as well as recovered the Pakistani
territory held by India.
• He pledged to recognized Bangladesh as well as to do a Kashmir agreement to
resolve the dispute and improve the relationship with India.
• In 1972, he visited the Soviet Union and they decided to build a steel mill in
Pakistan.
Nuclear Power:
• Bhutto is considered as the father of the Atomic Deterrence Program in
Pakistan.
• He established Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission long before the war of
1971.
• In 1974 when India demonstrated and tested its nuclear power.
• Bhutto sensed the urgency of the situation and considered India’s Nuclear test
as the death of Pakistan.
• At that moment he pledged that Pakistani would eat grass but will make the
nuclear bomb to defend itself.
• In 1978, Bhutto called for the nuclear test from his jail cell.
4(c) In which of the following did Zulfikar Ali Bhutto have most success?
(i) reform and control of the armed forces
(ii) constitutional reform
(iii) education and health reforms
Explain your answer with reference to all three of the above.
14
Level 5: Explains with evaluation 14
As top Level 4 plus judgement or evaluation.
Level 4: Explains IMPACT of two or more reforms 9–13
(Two explanations are worth 9 marks. Additional explanations awarded up
to 13 marks)
Bhutto was concerned about the army and decided that he should
assert his control. He made the army and air-force chiefs resign. This
made his position more secure.
A new constitution in 1973 established a Senate giving the opportunity
for professionals, academics and specialists to work together. It also
safeguarded the interests of minority provinces, which now had an
equal status in the Senate. It marked the return to a form of
parliamentary democracy, the basis upon which Pakistan has been
governed to the end of the twentieth century, apart from when it was
suspended due to martial law. One of the main weaknesses of the new
constitution was that the focal point of political power lay with the party
leadership and Bhutto in particular. When things went wrong he was
blamed, which made him vulnerable
His education reforms, introduced free primary education. New schools
were planned and all private sector schools were nationalised. The aim
was to increase the literacy rate and raise academic standards. The
changes in education led to overcrowding in existing schools whilst new
ones could be built. The reforms had limitations since the building of
new schools and the recruitment of new teachers could not be achieved
quickly and was also very expensive.
His health reforms attempted to improve infant mortality and age
expectancy rates by introducing Rural Health Centres and Basic Health
Units. Pharmaceutical companies were banned from charging for a
particular medical brand name and so medicines became cheaper.
However, this did see the profits of chemists fall drastically and many
international drug companies closed down their operations in Pakistan,
meaning that Pakistan lost income.
Level 3: Explains one reform 7–10
(One explanation is worth 7 marks. Additional explanations awarded up to
10 marks)
See exemplars on L4

4(c) Level 2: Identifies / describes reforms/their successes

(One identification / description is worth 3 marks. Extra marks are awarded
for additional identification / descriptions up to 6 marks)
e.g.
Bhutto introduced free primary education
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1–2
(One simple statement is worth 1 mark. An answer with additional simple
statements is worth 2 marks)
e.g.The armed forces reforms were the most important

What was Operation Fair Play? (4 Marks)

 Soon after the martial law imposed, the new military government tookover the
government and the state's affairs.[5]
 Bhutto and all other major political leaders arrested
 Preceded by social unrest and political conflict between the ruling Pakistan People’s
Party government of Bhutto, and the right-wing Islamist opposition Pakistan National
Alliance which accused Bhutto of rigging the 1977 general elections.
 Coup by Pakistan Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, overthrowing
the government of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Source A, what were the effects of the High Court

judgement regarding Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto on the people of Pakistan? 3
Level 1: One mark for each correct statement identified from the source;
allow a second mark for a developed statement from the source 1–3
e.g.
People were stunned
There were arrests
Some people died in clashes
There was strong opposition
There were strikes
There were peaceful protests
There were demonstrations
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO

Domestic Policies:
>Changes in the Military >1973 Constitution >Agricultural Reforms >Industrial Reforms
>Educational Reforms >Health Reforms >Administrative Reforms

Foreign Policy: >1972 Simla Agreement >Visit to Soviet Union

Changes in the Military: +Removed Important Military Officers from power, Brought in
supporters and improved Rule. (Tikka Khan replaced with Gul Hassan as Chief of Army
Staff) -Established Federal Security force (FSF), Misused by Him to ret rid of
opponents, accused of murdering an opponent and hanged.

Constitution: +Approved, was democratic, strengthened his govt, no more criticism

+Islam Republic of Pakistan, approved by Ulemas. President and PM as Muslims.
Jimmat E Islami approved of it. +Lower House (National Assembly) had seats equal to
population, but Upper House (senate) had seats equal in provinces. Thus helped
minorities and stopped Punjabi Domination.
Agriculture: -Land Reforms, halved Ayub’s Limits. Landlords understated it by
transferring lands, thus it was not brought in properly -Tenant first right of purchase was
given, but useless since tenants too poor. Industries: +Nationalized Industries leading to
Economic Growth increasing, Inflation going down by 25% -Lack of experts, qualified
managers to run these since there was no education system to produce qualified
teachers

Education: +Free Education was provided -Administration was not in place to provide
this. Child Labour tendencies meant that this was unlikely to succeed. Literacy rate
increased by a measly 1%. Health Reforms: +IFM was really high, Life Expectancy was
really low, He reduced these
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971 – 1977)
Background:
• In 1971, Pakistan experienced a terrible defeat that not only made Pakistan lost the
glory of winning but also made it lose the East Wing that comprises 56% of the total
population.
• The country was left with only the four provinces of West Wing namely, Punjab, Sindh,
Balochistan, and NWFP.
• The East Wing’s area was nearly 54501 square miles and the war left with thousands
of prisoners in India and Bangladesh.
• By that time, the creditability of the military became questionable.
 • On December 6, 1971, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, who won elections in West Pakistan with a
majority, became President received the power by Yahya Khan.
• Nurul Amin, a Bengali politician was made the Prime Minister but he remained on that
position till December 20, 1971, only.
• Because on that day Bhutto not only became the President but also acquired the
power of Chief Martial Law Administrator by Yahya Khan upon request.

Ousted of Bhutto:
• In 1977, elections were held, and the success of Bhutto was clear, yet he rigged it.
• This rigging made his credibility questionable and made the opposition agitated.
• Pakistan National Assembly demonstrated strikes nationwide.
• In 1977, this rebellion against Bhutto gave a way to Zia-ul-Haq to demonstrate Martial
law.
• Zia-ul-Haq released Bhutto but he was threatened when Bhutto tried to gain support
from the people.
• Soon after, Bhutto along with three others was charged with a murder case.
• The trial lasted for two years.
• The Supreme court passed its verdict of the death sentence against Bhutto on charges
of murdering his political opponent, Ahmad Khan Kasuri.
• In 1979, Bhutto was hanged.

Notes on Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Reforms 1971 – 1977

Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Foreign policy
 He strengthened relations with China, former USSR, Saudi Arabia, Bangladesh,
Afghanistan and the Arab world.
 Bhutto visited China and China gave $110 loan to Pakistan.
 In 1972 military and economic aid came from China , 60 MiG fighters and many tanks.
 Bhutto visited USSR and it gave Pakistan 4.5 billion rupees to help establish steel mill,
it further gave loans to start mineral and oil exploration.
 Bhutto also signed a Simla Agreement with India which cooled down the effects of
1971 war.
 He played active role in uniting Muslims of the world. He hosted the second OIC with
collaboration with Saudi Arabia in Lahore in February 1974.
 This conference was a historic event that projected Pakistan as a leading Muslim
country. He was trying to create an economic alliance between the Islamic countries.
 Bhutto in his attempt to have strong bilateral relations with Saudia and Bangladesh,
renamed the major city of Lyallpur to Faisalabad in the honor of Shah Faisal (king of
Saudi Arabia) and built Qaddafi cricket stadium in Lahore in the honor of Mamar
Qaddafi of Bangladesh.
 He signed a number of bilateral agreements with the gulf countries for facilitating
Pakistani workers to seek overseas employment.
 Millions of skilled and non-skilled workers obtained jobs in the Middle East.
 There was significant rise in foreign exchange for Pakistan.
 Bhutto withdrew from commonwealth as well as SEATO in 1972.
 Pakistan attended Non-aligned summit as observer in 1976.
 Bhutto created an Afghan cell in Pakistan foreign office.
 Sardar Daud visited Rawalpindi and established friendly ties.
Constitutional reforms
 This constitution gave power more to the Prime Minister Rather than President such
as emergency powers and appointment of chief justice
 This constitution formed a Bi-cameral form of Government with two houses of
Parliament, Senate and National assembly.
 Islamic committee was also established which gave advice on legislation only.
 Basic Human rights were also guaranteed first time in the constitution of Pakistan , a
list of Basic human rights was drew and made part of constitution.
 This constitution stated clearly that head of state must be Muslim.
 This constitution was accepted by all opposition parties and faced no opposition.
 This constitution is still practiced till this day with some amendments.
Industrial reforms
 Bhutto started a programme of nationalistion of industries.
 Sugar, cotton, vegetable oil and rice industries, together with the banking and
insurance sectors were taken under government control.
 70 industrial units were placed under Federal Ministry of Production.
 This helped control industrial output and channel investment into industrialization.
 This also helped to raise the workers living and working standards.
 This also allowed workers to set up unions.
 To distribute the wealth that had collected in few Industrial houses.
 Wealth was created to fund other government reforms.
 Inflation fell from 25% to just 6% in 1976, economic growth began.
 Agricultural reforms
 Bhutto reduced the ceiling of ownership of agricultural land from 1000 acres un-
irrigated and 500 acres irrigated to 500 acres un-irrigated and 250 acres irrigated.
 Bhutto believed that mechanization would help increase production on small farms.
 However Bhutto’s reforms were undermined by cunning of landowners.
 These landowners transferred some of the landholdings to members of extended
family members.
 Some landowners used personal influence to bribe officials to overlook transgressions
of new law.
 Bhutto also introduced a reform known as security of tenure.
 This law gave tenants first right of purchase of land farmed by them and landlords
could not sell land to a third party which might then evict the tenants.
 Landowners still used their influence to take land illegally from tenants and tenants
were unable to stand up against the landowners
 Landowners also used to bribe the revenue officers to record land as “owner
cultivated” although it was cultivated by tenants.
Social reforms
 Bhutto introduced educational reforms, Article 37 of government of constitution stated
that it was the duty of Government to provide free education.
 Bhutto provided education for all including Women.
 He ensured that school curriculum met Pakistan’s social, economic and political
needs.
 Although the literacy rate increased to some extent but these reforms faced a lot of
opposition.
 Administration needed to coordinate the new reform did not exist
 The budget allocated by Government was only 13% for education.
 Many people in rural areas did not want to send their children to school because this
would reduce the number of family members working on farm.
 Bhutto also introduced health reforms, he introduced RHCs for every 60,000 people
and BHU for every 20,000 people. Training colleges for doctors and nurses set up.
Once qualified doctors had to work first year wherever the government placed them.
 The sale of medicines under brand names was also banned .This measure reduced
the costs of medicine dramatically.

Agreements Made in Simla Agreement July 2, 1972

The Simla Agreement signed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and President Zulfikar Ali
Bhutto of Pakistan on 2nd July 1972 was much more than a peace treaty seeking to
reverse the consequences of the 1971 war (i.e. to bring about withdrawals of troops and
an exchange of PoWs). It was a comprehensive blue print for good neighbourly
relations between India and Pakistan. Under the Simla Agreement both countries
undertook to abjure conflict and confrontation which had marred relations in the past,
and to work towards the establishment of durable peace, friendship and cooperation.
The Simla Agreement contains a set of guiding principles, mutually agreed to by India
and Pakistan, which both sides would adhere to while managing relations with each
other. These emphasize: respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty;
non- interference in each other’s internal affairs; respect for each other’s unity, political
independence; sovereign equality; and abjuring hostile propaganda. The following
principles of the Agreement are, however, particularly noteworthy:
 A mutual commitment to the peaceful resolution of all issues through direct bilateral
approaches.
 To build the foundations of a cooperative relationship with special focus on people to
people contacts.
 To uphold the inviolability of the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir, which is a
most important CBM between India and Pakistan, and a key to durable peace.
India has faithfully observed the Simla Agreement in the conduct of its relations with
Pakistan.
Key Question 14: How successful was Pakistan in the twenty years following the
decades of Progress?
Policies of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto (1971 – 1977)
Military Reforms:
• He made major changes in the Military officers and replaced Tikka Khan with Gul
Hassan as Chief of Army Staff to get his intended support.
• He established Federal Security Force (FSF) but he misused it to get rid of opponents.
Constitution of 1973:
• In 1973, a new constitution was introduced and approved that received zero criticism
from Ulemas.
• This constitution states that Pakistan being an Islamic republic can only appoint
Muslim Prime Minister and President.
• Jamat-e-Islami also gave their approval on it.
• This constitution also countered the Punjab domination by stating seats in National
Assembly (Lower House) equal to population and seats in Provincial Assembly (Upper
House) equal in provinces.
Agricultural Reforms:
• He introduced land reforms that halved the limits set by Ayub Khan.
• He also gave the first power to buy the land to tenants, but it was useless because
they were not wealthy enough.
Health Reforms:
• He established Basic Health Units and Rural Health Centers in the rural areas that
provided free health care.
• He made sure that medicines are affordable which substandard medicines as well as
less investment by foreign companies.
Industrial Revolution:
• During his reign, the inflation rate decreased by 25%.
• He localized the industries.
• However, there was a shortage of experts to run these industries.

Education System:
• He introduced a free education system, but it failed because there was not any proper
administration.
• During his time, the literacy rate did not improve much but only 1%.
Foreign Policy:
• He signed the Simla Agreement with Indira Gandhi, the Prime Minister of India for the
release of the war prisoners of 1971 as well as recovered the Pakistani territory held by
India.
• He pledged to recognized Bangladesh as well as to do a Kashmir agreement to
resolve the dispute and improve the relationship with India.
• In 1972, he visited the Soviet Union and they decided to build a steel mill in Pakistan.
Nuclear Power:
• Bhutto is considered as the father of the Atomic Deterrence Program in Pakistan.
• He established Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission long before the war of 1971.
• In 1974 when India demonstrated and tested its nuclear power.
• Bhutto sensed the urgency of the situation and considered India’s Nuclear test as the
death of Pakistan.
• At that moment he pledged that Pakistani would eat grass but will make the nuclear
bomb to defend itself.
• In 1978, Bhutto called for the nuclear test from his jail cell.
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1972-77
Successes
 1973 Constitution
 Reforms (land, health, education, administrative)
 Controlled army
 Simla Agreement 1972

Failures
 FSF in 1975
 1973 – dissolved Balochistan Assembly
 1974 – press freedom and political opponents/parties banned
 Negative reforms (industrial and administration

ZULFIQAR ALI BHUTTO

Domestic Policies:
>Changes in the Military >1973 Constitution >Agricultural Reforms >Industrial Reforms
>Educational Reforms >Health Reforms >Administrative Reforms

Foreign Policy: >1972 Simla Agreement >Visit to Soviet Union

Changes in the Military: +Removed Important Military Officers from power, Brought in
supporters and improved Rule. (Tikka Khan replaced with Gul Hassan as Chief of Army
Staff) -Established Federal Security force (FSF), Misused by Him to ret rid of
opponents, accused of murdering an opponent and hanged.

Constitution: +Approved, was democratic, strengthened his govt, no more criticism

+Islam Republic of Pakistan, approved by Ulemas. President and PM as Muslims.
Jimmat E Islami approved of it. +Lower House (National Assembly) had seats equal to
population, but Upper House (senate) had seats equal in provinces. Thus helped
minorities and stopped Punjabi Domination.
Agriculture: -Land Reforms, halved Ayub’s Limits. Landlords understated it by
transferring lands, thus it was not brought in properly -Tenant first right of purchase was
given, but useless since tenants too poor. Industries: +Nationalized Industries leading to
Economic Growth increasing, Inflation going down by 25% -Lack of experts, qualified
managers to run these since there was no education system to produce qualified
teachers

Education:
+Free Education was provided
-Administration was not in place to provide this. Child Labour tendencies meant that this
was unlikely to
succeed. Literacy rate increased by a measly 1%.
Health Reforms:
+IFM was really high, Life Expectancy was really low, He reduced these through Rurl
Health Cetners in
villages as well as Basic Health Units, which provided free health care
+All medicines had to be sold under medical names, cheaper and more affordable
-but also meant less investment by foreign companies and substandard medicines
Administration:
+Unified pay scales, removing unnecessary
-Reorganized CSF into numerous levels and let anyone join at any level without working
their way up, but
opponents accused him of doing this to let him appoint his own people at positions he
wanted.
Foreign Policy:
+Simla Agreement of 1971, Pakistani POW’s were returned
+Kashmir agreement, improved Indo-Pak relations and Pakistani Image
+Soviet Union visit in 1972, they agreed to build a steel mill in Pakistan.

Why Bhutto came to power:

>Army had been defeated by India and was at a low ebb, Yayha (Martial Law
Administrator and and president had been disgraced. The army was at a low ebb.
Bhutto took the opportunity to seek power.
>E.P had been lost, and became Bangladesh. Yayha and army were blamed. Bhutto
decided to take advantage of this and force Zia down and attempt to shape Pakistan.
>His program of reforms: Food, Clothing and Shelter was attractive and appealed to the
electorate. Thus he won a majority in W.P in the national assembly in 1970 elections.
Thus it was his democratic right.
Why Bhutto fell from power:
>Bhutto rigged the elections of 1977, which was apparent with PPP’s “shocking”
landslide victory. In some areas, the results were announced even before the votes
were counted. This effected his credibility and sowed the seeds for his decline.
>Greatly angered the opposition alliance, the PNA which began large scale strikes and
demonstrations in all parts of Pakistan. This instability gave Zia, the Chief of army staff
a reason to take over by imposing Martial Law which ended Bhutto’s government.

>The economic policies angered the populace. (nationalization, land reforms) and
began to work against his rule.
Why Bhutto was executed:
>When Zia released Bhutto, he tried to reassert his political power by gaining the
support of the people. This was a threat to the rule of Zia.
>Moreover Bhutto, along with 3 others was accused of murdering a political opponent
by sending the FSF. The trial took place, lasted for 2 years, found Bhutto guilty. >Bhutto
had threatened Zia that he would charge him for tampering with the constitution, Zia
feared punishment under article 6 of the constitution. Thus got Bhutto executed

What was Operation Fair Play? (4 Marks)

 Soon after the martial law imposed, the new military government tookover the
government and the state's affairs.[5]
 Bhutto and all other major political leaders arrested
 Preceded by social unrest and political conflict between the ruling Pakistan People’s
Party government of Bhutto, and the right-wing Islamist opposition Pakistan National
Alliance which accused Bhutto of rigging the 1977 general elections.
 Coup by Pakistan Chief of Army Staff General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, overthrowing
the government of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

Zia Ul Haq

13. Who was General Zia? He was the Chief of Army set up by Bhutto. He removed
Bhutto from the office by declaring Martial Law on country and charged him of murder.
He became President of Pakistan from 1977 to 1988. He adopted a strict policy of
Islamization in the country. He became famous in the World specially due to the Afghan
Miracle. He died in plane crash on 17th August 1988

Who was Muhammad Khan Junejo? [4 marks]

This was enough for Zia to see his growing influence a threat to him and so Junejo was
dismissed in May 1988.
 He also promised that anyone found involved in the Ojhri camp blast of 1988 would be
brought to justice even if army officials were dismissed
 Called an all-party conference in 1988 to show influence of civilians independent of
army
 At first was not a threat to army but later started growing in influence  Worked to
develop the Muslim League
 Started the Nai Roshni Schools scheme to improve literacy
 Became PM of Pakistan under Zia after the 1985 elections
 Former PPP member from Sindh
 Restored diplomatic relations with India and Pakistan.

What was the ‘Afghan Miracle’? [4 marks]

 Pakistan became a leading country in world politics and this led to huge sums of
money coming into the country to pay for the care of refugees and the armedforces.
 Economic and military support came from the West and Pakistan became an
important base against the Soviets
 Zia was seen as leader of a Muslim nation on the frontline against communist forces.
 USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to an immediate impact on Pakistan’s
relationship with other countries.

How successful have governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between

1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14] (Past Paper, November 2009: Q5/c)

The Objectives Resolution, passed in March 1949, made it clear that the constitution of
Pakistan would be based on Islamic laws of social justice, equality and religious
freedom. These provisions were not enough to satisfy the religious wings of the country.
They wanted complete implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with other
reasons, the resolution was withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.

When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of
Pakistan to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was retained for
monitoring the legislation. The religious scholars would ensure conformity of new laws
with the Quran and Sunnah.

Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to
which marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were
defined for marriage. In spite of opposition from religious wings, these laws were
imposed. He established Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to advise him the
religious aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute. But these
institutes were just symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.

In the 1973 constitution, Islam was declared to be state religion. The president and the
prime minister were to be Muslims and they must believe in the finality of Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). But no consideration was given to full implementation of Shariah
Laws. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National Alliance was protesting on the
roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious factions by banning gambling,
restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the weekly holiday. These were
just desperate actions.

General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established Federal Shariat

Court in 1979 to consider conformity of existing laws and judgments with Islamic laws.
He introduced Hudood Ordinances giving Islamic punishments to people involved in
drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. He also introduced the Council of Islamic
Ideology to suggest ways for bringing the legal system closer to Islamic ideology. Zakat
and Ushr Ordinance was introduced imposing 2.5% wealth tax and 5% tax on
agricultural income respectively. To give an Islamic color to Pakistan’s society, Islamiyat
and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory subjects in the schools and colleges.
Memorizers of the Holy Quran were given extra marks in the Civil Service examinations.
Arabic language was promoted through TV and Radio programs. No woman was
allowed to appear on the TV without scarf.

But there were a number of weak sides of Zia’s Islamisation program. Only a small part
of Islamic Legal System was enforced. There were misappropriations of Zakat fund, the
Federal Shariat Court could not replace the Pakistan Penal Code, Ushr was not taken
from landowners and Islamic punishments were rarely exercised.

When it comes to conclusion, it can be said that the governments have not been
successful in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988. Some laws seem to
be implemented under pressure from certain circles, and once announced, no serious
efforts have been made to implement them in true sense.

5(a) What was the Eighth Amendment? 4

Level 1: One mark for each relevant point, two marks for a developed
statement 1–4
e.g.
1985
Introduced by Zia, after lifting of martial law
It confirmed all previous acts of the martial law period with no right of
appeal
President could appoint Prime Minister, Governors of Provinces and
other officials
President could dismiss Prime Minister and National Assembly
Firmly established Presidential rule.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

5(a) Describe the Zakat Ordinance. 4

Level 1: One mark for each relevant point, two marks for a developed
statement 1–4
e.g.
In 1980, Zia-ul-Haq imposed a 2.5% wealth tax on savings over a
certain amount.
Money raised was given to Zakat committees in villages and towns for
the poor.
Some Muslim groups protested against this since their view of Islamic
law was that giving should be voluntary.
In 1984, these groups held demonstrations in Islamabad forcing Zia-ul-
Haq to accept their objections and exempt them from paying the tax.
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

1(b) How does Source B help us to understand the way Zia-ul-Haq governed
Pakistan? 5
Level 3: Inference(s) supported by detail from the source and/or
contextual knowledge 4–5
(Four marks for one supported valid inference, five marks for two or more
supported valid inferences)
e.g.
Zia-ul-Haq is firmly in charge of Pakistan. This can be seen by him
wearing a military uniform.
He is a figure of power / authority / determination / vision / decisiveness /
commitment. This can be seen by him raising his arm / pointing his finger.
He wants to display his power. This can be seen by the decorative
surroundings which emphasise the power and majesty of the office of the
President.
He wants his message to be heard / he believes what he is saying is very
important / communication is very important. This can be seen by the
many microphones in front of him.
He used martial law to demonstrate control, which was enhanced by the
passing of the Eighth Amendment in 1985.
Level 2: Unsupported valid inferences 2–3
(Two marks for one unsupported inference, three marks for two or more
unsupported inferences)
e.g.
Zia-ul-Haq looks a powerful leader
He looks like a soldier
He gave formal / organised / ceremonial speeches
He is pointing the way forward
He looks decisive / firm
Level 1: Identifies surface features from the source 1
e.g.
It shows Zia-ul-Haq making a speech
He is wearing a uniform
There are microphones
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

1(d) How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy between 1978

and 1988?
Explain your answer.
10
Level 5: Explains and makes judgement / evaluation 10
(As top of Level 4 plus judgement / evaluation)
Level 4: Explains success AND less success 6–9
(Two explanations, one on success and one on less success, are worth 6
or 7
marks. Additional explanations on the same two factors cannot be awarded
more than 8 marks. Explanation of all success and less success is worth 9
marks)
e.g.
Success
Pakistan’s relationship with China was strengthened in 1978 with the
opening of the Karakoram Highway between the two countries, opening
up huge areas of both countries to trade and tourism.
Pakistan received support from the West to assist Afghan fighters in
their
conflict with Russia in 1979. The USA gave Pakistan $3.2 billion over six
years to help cope with the influx of refugees from Afghanistan (the
Afghan Miracle).
Negotiations between Pakistan and Bangladesh on tourism, culture and
trade, brought an extra $40 billion a year into Pakistan by 1986.
Less success
Pakistan became a target of Russia as a result of supplying Afghans
with
arms. Border villages were bombed and a series of explosions happened
across the country.
Threats to law and order as a consequence of the Afghan Miracle.
Level 3: Explains success OR less success 5–7
(One explanation is worth 5 marks. Additional explanations on the same
factor
awarded up to 7 marks)
See exemplars in L4
Level 2: Identifies / describes aspects of foreign policy 3–4
(One identification / description is worth 3 marks. An answer with additional
identification / descriptions is worth 4 marks)
e.g.
Gained financial support from the USA
Good relations with China
Became a Russian target
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1–2
(One simple statement is worth 1 mark. An answer with additional simple
statements is worth 2 marks)
e.g.
Zia-ul-Haq’s policy was very successful
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

1(c) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce his Islamisation reforms? 7

Level 3: Explains reason(s) 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven marks
for three explanations)
e.g.
To produce a strong and stable government managed by people
committed to Islamic values.
He wanted to provide a counter to Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s socialist
government which he saw as liberal / westernised.
He made the Islamic laws strict in order to produce a strong government
by imposing a strict legal code.
He wanted to implement laws which punished people for showing
disrespect towards the Prophet and ensured that Islamic education was
implemented in schools to raise Islamic awareness.
He wanted to distribute some wealth to the poor and needy by introducing
Islamic taxes following Islamic principles.
Level 2: Identifies reason(s) 2–4
(One mark for each identification)
e.g.
To strengthen the government
To raise Islamic awareness
To punish people showing disrespect towards the Prophet
To redistribute wealth to the poor
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1
(One mark for any simple statement)
e.g.
Zia-ul-Haq felt that it was necessary after coming to power
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

1(d) How successful was Zia-ul-Haq’s foreign policy between 1978 and 1988?
Explain your answer.
10
Level 5: Explains and makes judgement / evaluation 10
(As top of Level 4 plus judgement / evaluation)
Level 4: Explains success AND less success 6–9
(Two explanations, one on success and one on less success, are worth 6 or 7
marks. Additional explanations on the same two factors cannot be awarded
more than 8 marks. Explanation of all success and less success is worth 9
marks)
e.g.
Success
Pakistan’s relationship with China was strengthened in 1978 with the
opening of the Karakoram Highway between the two countries, opening
up huge areas of both countries to trade and tourism.
Pakistan received support from the West to assist Afghan fighters in their
conflict with Russia in 1979. The USA gave Pakistan $3.2 billion over six
years to help cope with the influx of refugees from Afghanistan (the
Afghan Miracle).
Negotiations between Pakistan and Bangladesh on tourism, culture and
trade, brought an extra $40 billion a year into Pakistan by 1986.
Less success
Pakistan became a target of Russia as a result of supplying Afghans with
arms. Border villages were bombed and a series of explosions happened
across the country.
Threats to law and order as a consequence of the Afghan Miracle.
Level 3: Explains success OR less success 5–7
(One explanation is worth 5 marks. Additional explanations on the same factor
awarded up to 7 marks)
See exemplars in L4
Level 2: Identifies / describes aspects of foreign policy 3–4
(One identification / description is worth 3 marks. An answer with additional
identification / descriptions is worth 4 marks)
e.g.
Gained financial support from the USA
Good relations with China
Became a Russian target
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1–2
(One simple statement is worth 1 mark. An answer with additional simple
statements is worth 2 marks)
e.g.
Zia-ul-Haq’s policy was very successful
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0

Zia-ul-Haq 1979-88
Successes
 Reforms – economic, industrial
 Economic Development (Afghan Miracle)
 Banned FSF
 Improved relations with Balochistan
 Islamisation
 Foreign Policy

Failures
 Negative effects of Afghan Miracle
  Hanging of Bhutto – made him unpopular
 Amendments of judiciary reforms – PCO (1980), CAA (1979)
 8th Amendment – took over complete power
Political instability – removal of Junejo and dissolved assembly

Q: How successful the governments have been in the Islamisation of Pakistan

between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: The Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in March 1949 which
was the first step towards constitution of Pakistan. This resolution made several
references to Islamic laws like social justice, equality and religious freedom, and
Muslims were also enabled to lead their lives according to Islamic teachings. But the
religious wings were not satisfied with these provisions. They wanted complete
implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with other reasons, the resolution was
withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.
Khawaja Nazimuddin revised the proposals of the same resolution in 1952. Now the
Head of the state would be Muslim over 40. He would appoint a board of religious
scholars who would advise on central and provincial legislation. In case of objections on
religious grounds, the bill had to be sent back to the assembly for amendment. Now
fears arose in many circles that the Religious Advisory Board would have power of veto
over new laws. The Prime Minister withdrew the proposals in 1953.
When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of
Pakistan to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was still
retained for monitoring the legislation with right of veto. The constitution also declared
that the President was to be a Muslim.
Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to
which marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were
defined for marriage. Women were empowered. In spite of opposition from religious
wings, these laws were imposed. He established Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to
advise him the religious aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute.
These institutes were just symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.
In the 1973 constitution, Bhutto gave no consideration to the implementation of Shariah
Laws. It was almost based on the 1956 constitution. Islamic committee was still set up,
but it could only advice on legislation. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National
Alliance was protesting on the roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious
factions by banning gambling, restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the
weekly holiday. These were just desperate actions. However, there was also a little
success on road of Islamization. Both President and Prime Minister were to be Muslims
and had to believe in the finality in of Holy Prophet (PBUH). The Legislation also gave a
definition of a ‘Muslim’.
General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established Federal Shariat
Court in 1979 to consider existing laws and judgments in the light of Islamic principles.
He set up a Federal Shariat Court to consider existing laws and legal judgements and
decide if they were in keeping with Islam. He introduced Hudood Ordinances which
gave Islamic punishments to people involved in drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. A
new offense of disrespect of Holy Prophet was introduced, with imprisonment or a fine
as a punishment for offenders. He also introduced the Council of Islamic Ideology to
suggest ways for bringing the legal system closer to Islamic ideology. He also
introduced Zakat and Ushr Ordinances imposing 2.5% wealth tax and 5% tax on
agricultural income respectively. Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory
subjects in the schools and colleges. Memorizers of the Holy Quran were given extra
marks in the Civil Service examinations. Arabic language was promoted through TV and
Radio programs. No woman was allowed to appear on the TV without scarf. Many
people from the civil society raised a voice against some of his actions, but in many
areas he has support from Ulamas. Of course the reign of Zia ul Haq saw maximum
implementation of Shariah Laws. He won the support of many religious political parties,
ulamas and religious factions.
In conclusion it can be said that although several and serious efforts for Islamisation
were made, but implementation of clauses of Islamisation remained in question. Desired
results were not achieved because of lack of will and proper implementation. The fact
remains that governments have not been successful in their efforts for Islamisation in
Pakistan
Policies of Zia-ul-Haq (1977 – 1988)
Introduction of Islamisation:
• Zia-ul-Haq introduced Islamisation to prove that he considers Pakistan’s
ideology and he is a better leader than Bhutto who only focused on
industrialization.
• He wanted support from the Islamic political parties such as Jamaat-e-Islamic.
• In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan, and to fight against them and
defend Afghanistan, he needed the support of the World's other Muslim leaders,
so he took measures to prove himself a true Muslim leader.
Hudood Ordinance:
• He introduced punishments for crimes as per the penalties defined in Islam.
• After the introduction of Hudood Ordinance, the crime rate in the country
decrease
The Shariat Court:
• He established a Federal Shariat Court to give decisions considering the Quran
and Hadith.
Zakat Ordinance:
• He implemented one very important pillar of Islam, Zakat in the banking sector.
• Its introduction made a deduction of an amount from the savings of banks on
every 1st of Ramzan.
• It helped the poor and underprivileged Muslims.
• However, it gained criticism from the Shia community and sectarian division
started.
Pakistan Studies & Islamiyat:
• In the education system, Pakistan Studies and Islamiyat were declared
compulsory.
• An incentive of 20 extra marks was introduced for Hafiz-e-Quran students; but it
was unfair for non-Muslim students of FSc, Matric, and MBPS.
• In the universities, a course of Arabic was introduced.
Sanctity of Ramadan:
• The introduction of “Sanctity of Ramadan” strengthened the fasting behavior
among the Muslims.
• Considering it, special Ramadan transmissions also increased.
Economic Reforms:
• He reversed the industry nationalization done by Bhutto and it helped decrease
the burden from the government.
• The denationalization of industries also helped in attracting more foreign
investors to Pakistan.
• He applied remittance to Pakistanis who went abroad with the help of his
policies.
• The remittance alone gave Pakistan around a billion in revenue, foreign
exchange improved, and economic growth increased by 6%.
Judiciary Reforms:
• He established Military Courts which made the judiciary system of Pakistan
partial.
• The Judges were required to take an oath to not make any decision that goes
against the rule of Zia-ul-Haq.
• He established “Majlis-e-Shoora” that was an Islamic Parliament, however it did
not have any real power.
Political Reforms:
• In the constitution of 1972, he made the eighth amendment to have extensive
powers that allowed him to dismiss Assembly, Cabinet, and the Prime Minister.
• The government of Junejo during Zia’s rule was a mere puppet and before him,
Zia-ul-Haq dismissed many Prime Ministers for invalid reasons.
• In 1988, Zia-ul-Haq also dismissed Junejo for calling an All Party Conference to
investigate the 'Ojhri Camp” incident that could have put Zia in a tight spot.
• Junejo also signed the “Geneva Accord” against Zia’s wish.
• There was no political stability during his rule.

Foreign Policy:
• In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan.
• Zia-ul-Haq agreed to help the United States decided to do Jihad for Afghanistan.
• The war led to increased crime rates, guns, and drugs.
• NWFP had to accommodate and manage around 3 million refugees from
Afghanistan.
• Balochistan was tired of this war and disunity started.
• The end of the war also resulted in the end of aid from the United States and
there were no funds to care for 3 million refugees

The Death of Zia:

• In 1988, after 11 years of rule, Zia announced to hold elections within the next
three months.
• At that time, Benazir Bhutto, daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto also came back to
Pakistan.
• Zia was in a dilemma that whether to postpone the election or not but before any
decision could have been taken, he died in a plane crash.
• In that crash, Zia was accompanied by the ambassador of the United States yet
many believe that it was an assassination as the United States was fearful that Zia
might prove a threat to the 'Geneva Accords'.
ZIA UL HAQ
Islamization:
>Hudood Ordinances: …Different Islamic Punishments for different things, cutting of
hair, lashing for adultery +Reduced Crime Rate rapidly, pleased the Ulema. -Partially
Implemented (Amputation) or implanted wrong (4 witnesses)
>Federal Shariat Court: …To give decisions in light of Quranic Laws and Hadis.
+Satisfied Muslim circles who believed Zia tried to make Islamic Judiciary.
>Zakat Ordinances: …Deducted from the savings of bank accounts of every Pakistani
on 1st Ramzan. -Shiaa side claimed it was Unislamic because Involuntary, they disliked
it and sectarian divisions began. +Implemented a pillar of Islam, helped poor Muslim
s >Islamiat & Pakistan Studies compulsory: +Shows his commitment to Islamization for
future generations -Course was unbalanced and crappy. overburdened, they learnt it
only to pass. ….20 extra marks for Hafiz in FSC, MBPS, Matric. +Good incentive –Bad
for Non Muslims >Arabic Course in the media and universities. +Also taught Quran in
Arabic >”Sanctity of Ramadan” preserved +Helped ensure fasting, Special
Transmissions increase

Economic:
>Denationalized Industries. +Reduced burden on government, since they became sick
Industries +Offered them to private sector, increasing Industry growth >Promised no
further nationalization + Fair compensation if it did +More foreign investors
>Remittances sent from Pakistanis Abroad who went due to his policies. +Around 3 – 4
billion earned, helped F.E +Economic Growth was above 6% highest in the world.
Changes in Judiciary: >Introduced Military Courts, even though he had promised to
make judiciary impartial, but tightened grip on it as well as the provincial constitutional
order (PCO). Which made judges take an oath and weren’t allowed to take a decision
against Zia’s govt. >Established Islamic Parliament “Majlis e Shoora”. Only advisory, no
real power. Parliament supported it and increased his support. Political Reforms: >8th
amendment in the constitution of 1973 +Gave president extensive powers, he could
dismiss the PM + Cabinet, could dismiss assembly. Government of Junejo was a mere
puppet, many PM’s were dismissed for “lame reasons” thus strengthened his rule. -
Presidents misused this power too often in future and dismissed the elected
governments: Benazir in 1990, Nawazu in 1993. Thus, political instability increased by
this amendments.

Foreign Policy: >In 1979, Russians invaded Afghanistan +Agreed to help the U.S. Lots
of imports of economy, military, it was the summit of PAK US relations +Improved
relations with Pakistan as they gave shelter to 3 million refugees who fled to Pakistan to
escape the war. Why Zia was unpopular: >Afghan Mircale led to drugginess and guns
and crime rate. >NWFP had to bear Afghan Refugees, Balochistan was annoyed. Thus
disunity in support. >End of Afghan Mircale meant no financial aid meant unable to care
for refugees. Why was Junejo dismissed by Zia in 1988: >Junejo called an all party
conferences as this meant Civil Government was acting independently >Junejo did an
inquiry into the “Ojhri camp” incident, with intention to blame those involved. Meant Zia
could be punished as Army Staff chief. >Said Junejo’s govt was not promoting Islamic
practices, and was corrupt.

Who was Muhammad Khan Junejo? [4 marks]

This was enough for Zia to see his growing influence a threat to him and so Junejo was
dismissed in May 1988.
 He also promised that anyone found involved in the Ojhri camp blast of 1988 would be
brought to justice even if army officials were dismissed
 Called an all-party conference in 1988 to show influence of civilians independent of
army
 At first was not a threat to army but later started growing in influence  Worked to
develop the Muslim League
 Started the Nai Roshni Schools scheme to improve literacy
 Became PM of Pakistan under Zia after the 1985 elections
 Former PPP member from Sindh
 Restored diplomatic relations with India and Pakistan.

What was the ‘Afghan Miracle’? [4 marks]

 Pakistan became a leading country in world politics and this led to huge sums of
money coming into the country to pay for the care of refugees and the armedforces.
 Economic and military support came from the West and Pakistan became an
important base against the Soviets
 Zia was seen as leader of a Muslim nation on the frontline against communist forces.
 USSR’s invasion of Afghanistan in 1979 led to an immediate impact on Pakistan’s
relationship with other countries.

How successful have governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between

1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14] (Past Paper, November 2009: Q5/c)

The Objectives Resolution, passed in March 1949, made it clear that the constitution of
Pakistan would be based on Islamic laws of social justice, equality and religious
freedom. These provisions were not enough to satisfy the religious wings of the country.
They wanted complete implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with other
reasons, the resolution was withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.

When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of
Pakistan to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was retained for
monitoring the legislation. The religious scholars would ensure conformity of new laws
with the Quran and Sunnah.

Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to
which marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were
defined for marriage. In spite of opposition from religious wings, these laws were
imposed. He established Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to advise him the
religious aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute. But these
institutes were just symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.

In the 1973 constitution, Islam was declared to be state religion. The president and the
prime minister were to be Muslims and they must believe in the finality of Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). But no consideration was given to full implementation of Shariah
Laws. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National Alliance was protesting on the
roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious factions by banning gambling,
restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the weekly holiday. These were
just desperate actions.

General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established Federal Shariat

Court in 1979 to consider conformity of existing laws and judgments with Islamic laws.
He introduced Hudood Ordinances giving Islamic punishments to people involved in
drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. He also introduced the Council of Islamic
Ideology to suggest ways for bringing the legal system closer to Islamic ideology. Zakat
and Ushr Ordinance was introduced imposing 2.5% wealth tax and 5% tax on
agricultural income respectively. To give an Islamic color to Pakistan’s society, Islamiyat
and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory subjects in the schools and colleges.
Memorizers of the Holy Quran were given extra marks in the Civil Service examinations.
Arabic language was promoted through TV and Radio programs. No woman was
allowed to appear on the TV without scarf.

But there were a number of weak sides of Zia’s Islamisation program. Only a small part
of Islamic Legal System was enforced. There were misappropriations of Zakat fund, the
Federal Shariat Court could not replace the Pakistan Penal Code, Ushr was not taken
from landowners and Islamic punishments were rarely exercised.

When it comes to conclusion, it can be said that the governments have not been
successful in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988. Some laws seem to
be implemented under pressure from certain circles, and once announced, no serious
efforts have been made to implement them in true sense.

Why Zia introduced Islamisation:

>Bhutto had introduced some socialist measures e.g: nationalization of Industries etc.
Since there is no room for religion in socialism, Zia introduced these reforms to prove
that He was a better leader than Bhutto as he worked according to Pakistan’s Islamic
Ideology. >Zia was aware that many Islamic Political Parties e.g: Jamat e Islami were
influential in both Civil Service and the army. Therefore he introduced Islamic Measures
to strengthen his rule by gaining their support. >When the Russians invaded
Afghanistan in 1979, Zia decided to fight against the “Pagan” communists. However, he
needed support of Muslim countries for his “Jihad” in Afghanistan. Therefore he
introduced Islamic Reforms to prove that he was a pure Islam leader of a Muslim
Country.
Benazir’s successes and failures in both the terms
Successes:
 Freedom of speech – released political prisoners, ended ban on student unions
 Set up first woman bank – created job opportunities for women and worked at
protecting their rights
 Started research work on missile development – first military satellite BADR – 1
was made with the help of the Chinese. This provided missile system and
satellite surveillance to the Pakistan army.
 Hosted the 4th SAARC conference in 1988 – all members attended including
Rajev Ghandi. Thus improved relations with India
 Restored political system and democracy in Pakistan
Failures
 Problems of unemployment, inflation and poor health care increased. She had
made promised to stop the spread of these but was unable to do anything
 Conflict with president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issues. The president
had the power to appoint the armed forces chief and the judges of the supreme
court but she wanted to do that herself. This created tensions between them and
so weakened the government
 Confrontation with Nawaz Sharif – he was heading the opposition alliance (Islami
Jamuri Itehad – IJI) . He made the government in Punjab and became the chief
minister of Punjab. Political opposition increased so much that they both wanted
to remove each other from power. This confrontational against opposing parties
further weakened Benazir’s political system
 She faced corruption on nepotism charges, her husband was accused of
corruption, bribery, blackmailing. Her mother was appointed as a senior minister
with a port folio and her father in-law was appointed the chairman of the
parliamentary publics account committee. The opposition used these charges of
nepotism against her .

Benazir Bhutto Rule 1988–1990 and 1993–1996:

Successes:

>Restored Political System and democracy In Pakistan by ending ban on trade and
student unions during Zia’s time. Released Political Prisoners. Thus provided freedom
of speech and restored political and democracy system in Pakistan. >Set up first woman
bank for females. Created job opportunities for females and helped protect their rights in
a very male dominated society. >Started Integrated Research Programme on missile
development in Pakistan. First military satellite “Badr-1” with the help of the Chinese.
Thus provided missile system and satellite surveillance to Pakistan Army, thus
successful. >She hosted the 4th SAARC conference in 1988 in Islamabad. All member
countries attended, as well as Rajiv Gandhi (Indian Prime Minister). Thus improved
relations with India and created census on major issues like narcotics/drugs
Failures:

>Problems of unemployment, inflation, poorhealth and education increased. She had

originally made promises to stop the spread of these but ultimately failed in doing
anything. Thus the people were disillusioned the Pakistani People who stopped
supporting her. >Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment
issue. The president had discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and
judges of superior court, but Benazir wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by
president created tension between both and weakened political system in Pakistan.
>Confrontation with Nawaz Sharif, who was heading the opposition alliance (IJI Islami
Jamuri Itihad). They made the government in Punjab and he became Chief Minister.
Political opposition increased so much that they both wanted to remove each other from
power, this confrontational path against opposing parties further weakened Benazir’s
political system. >She faced Corruption on nepotism charges, her husband (Zardari)
was accused of corruption, bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was
appointed as the senior Minister with a portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of
the parliamentary public accounts committee. These charges badly effected her
reputation and opposition exploited these charges against her to eventually remove her
from.

Why did Benazir fall from office in 1990?

>She faced Corruption on nepotism charges, her husband (Zardari) was accused of
corruption, bribery, blackmailing and kickbacks. Her mother was appointed as the senior
Minister with a portfolio, and her father in law was chairman of the parliamentary public
accounts committee. These charges badly effected her reputation and opposition
exploited these charges against her and thus justified Ghulam Ishaq’s dismissal of her.
>Serious Conflict with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan on appointment issue. The
president had discretionary powers to appoint armed forces chiefs and judges of
superior court, but Benazir wanted to appoint these herself. This refusal by president
created tension between both he dismissed her to retain his own powers. >In 1988 PPP
was able to get a majority but could not form its own govt. It made the govt center In
Sindh Province with MQM but this coalation started to crumble on issues, such as the
promotion of Sindhi language and people. This led to serious violence where people
died (Pacca Qila). She also faced policy of confrontation from Nawaz Shrif, who was
chief minister of Punjab and opposed her rule fiercely. The spread of violence and killing
disabled Sindh (largest trade/industrial hub), and fierce non co operation from Punjab
justified president’s dismissal of her.

Why did Benazir fall from office for a second time in 1996?
>Benazir succeeded Zulfikar, but had a feud with Nusrat Bhutto who wanted Mir
Murtaza as head of PPP and successor as PM on his return from long exile in 1993. He
put up fierce opposition against her govt and against Asif Ali Zardari. He was killed in
1996 near his house by Sindh Police, this high profile murder/lawlessness justified
Farooq Ahmed Leghari’s actions of dismissing her govt. >Nawaz Sharif of PMLN gave
her fierce opposition. He along with mir Murtaza Bhutto organized opposition against
her, and the started the “Train march” from Karachi to Peshawar in 1994-1995. Nawaz
was able to gather much attention, and targeted the poor economic performance of
 Benazir’s govt and Zardari’s corruption. He also organized labour and industrial strikes
in 1994. This spread of violence and killing in major city under these strikes made her
arrest her opposition leaders, this made her politically weak and unpopular and led to
Legari dismissing her,.>She clashed with the Superior courts and their judges. In 1996,
the Supreme Court and 4 provincial high courts ordered the sacking of 24 judges
appointed by her govt. The Supreme Court further ordered the federal government to
appoint judges on permanent basis rather than on an acting basis and also to take
seniority of judges into account with their appointments. This dismissal created a
political crisis as two highest pillars of state were in a dispute thus making the whole
political system weaker and invited criticism, lending strength to her opposition.

Challenges faced by Nawaz Sharif during both the

terms
Term 1 from 1990 to 1993 Term 2 from 1997 to 1999
The PM failed to transport the Yellow cab scheme in The plane conspiracy became an immediate reason
which taxi drivers would get soft loans and for his dismissal. When Musharraf was returning
instalments. This was a major failure because people from an official tour to Sri Lanka his plane was not
didn’t pay the instalments (return the loan), causing a allowed to land. At this time Nawaz Sharif replaced
major economic crises to the government and inviting Musharif with the ISI Chief Ziauddin Butt. The core
a lot of criticism from the opposition. This became a commanders did not accept this and took over the
 Karachi airport, PTV and the Prime Minister. This
major reason for his dismissal. State owned
act angered the army, they retaliated and removed
cooperative societies accepted deposits from
him from office. Military started covert operation
members and gave them loans in time of need. But
with the help of local fighters and captured the
this was exploited by Nawaz and his family, they
heights of Kargil and Drass region in India. Nawaz
gained all this money of the people. This affected his
accused the military of hiding this operation from
reputation and people wanted to remove him
him. International pressure especially from US on
because of corruption. Conflict with President Ishap
him was the get the army to with draw. The
Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the
withdrawal created serious difference between the
8th amendment which would reduce the powers of the
military and the civil government, which led to a
President. He also wanted to appoint General Abdul
military coup. General Jahangir Karamt was
Waheed Kakar as the army chief and stop the
dismissed by Nawaz Sharif which was considered
President from appointing anyone else. This created
as a military intervention. The dismissal of this 4
tensions and clashes between them and it weakened
star general further deteriorated the military and
the government
civil relationship, paving the way to a military coup.

NAWAZ SHARIF
Successes:
>Started national reconstruction programme to develop industries, reversing the effects
of Z.A Bhutto’s nationalization policy. Pore than 50 industrial units and two banks and
PTCL were privatized. …The burden on the national treasury was removed and the
confidence of private sector was restored. >Initiated Ghazi Barotha Hydro Power Project
+ Gawadar Mini port on Makran coast.. This hydropower project could produce
1450MW. Stimulated the economy with the help of large scale projects. >Constructed
the motorway beween Islamabad and Lahore, first motorway in South Asia. This
facilitated Industries and reduced burden on existing road network and improved
transport sector. >Addressed important federal issues, the water apportionment accord
(solved 4 province water distribution problem) award of National finance commission.
(settled issue of revenue distribution). Thus stopped dispute at Federal level between
provinces and center that were long lasting. >Introduced 13th amendment. Repealed
8th amendment, which had given unfair powers to the president to dismiss Prime
Ministers, cabinet, assemblies. Had been used to dismiss 4 PMs. It brought back the
original shape of the 1973 constitution, and provided political stability to Pakistan.

Failures:
>Co operative societies were state owned and accepted by deposits from members and
provided them with loans for business. But this failed due to mismanagement and funds
went to Sharif’s family. Savings of the poor were wasted and Nawazu’s reputation was
damaged. >Shariat Bill was passed in 1991 to make Quran and Sunnah the law but
there was little done to enforce the law. The bill was criticized by political opponents
because of Islam’s increased role in the govt, and no concrete measures were taken to
enforce the laws so religious parties opposed it. The opposition was a major failure.
>Conflicted with President Ishaq Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8th
amendment which reduced president’s powers and wanted to appoint his own army
chief but Ishaq placed General Abdul Waheed Kakar before he could. Thus tension and
clashes between these and foundation weakened of govt. It became a major cause of
ending Nawaz’s rule and thus a failure. >General Jahangir Karamt was dismissed by
Challenges faced by Nawaz Sharif during both the terms

Term 1 from 1990 to 1993 Term 2 from 1997 to 1999

Nawaz due to his suggestions being considered military intervention. The dismissal of
this 4 star general damaged civil military relationship and paved the way for a military
coup.

Why Nawaz Sharif fell from office in 1993: >The Prime Minister failed to transport the
Yellow cab scheme in which taxi drivers would get soft loans and installments. This was
a failures because people didn’t return the installments, causing a major economic crisis
to the governments and invited much criticism from the opposition. Became a major
reason for his 1993 dismissal. >State owned co operative societies accepted deposits
from members and game them laons in time of need, but this was exploited by Nawazu
and his family gained the money of the people. His reputation began to fall and he was
dismissed because of this. >Conflicted with President Ishaq Khan in 1993, as he wanted
to appeal the 8th amendment which reduced president’s powers and wanted to appoint
his own army chief but Ishaq placed General Abdul Waheed Kakar before he could.
Thus tension and clashes between these and foundation weakened of govt. It became a
major cause of ending Nawaz’s rule and thus a failure.

Why did Musharraf come to power in 1999/Nawz fall from power in 1999?

>Plane conspiracy became an immediate reason for his dismissal as when the
Musharraf was returning from an official tour to Sri Lanka his plan was not allowed to
land. In this time, he replaced Musharraf with the then ISI chief Zaiuddin Butt. But corps
commanders didn’t accept it and took over Karachi airport and Prime Minister, and PTV.
This humiliating practice angered the top part of the army and they retaliated to dislodge
Nawazu. >Military started covert operation with the help of local fighters and captures
heights of Kargil and Drass region in india. Nawaz blamed Musharraf for this, and
accused military of hiding this from him. International pressure forced him to withdraw.
The withdrawel from US pressure and army blame created serious differences between
civil and govt. and the army leading to a military coup. >General Jahangir Karamt was
dismissed by Nawaz due to his suggestions being considered military intervention. The
dismissal of this 4 star general damaged civil military relationship and paved the way for
a military coup.
https://pakistanstudies.pk/2020/06/02/prezi-based-on-benazir-bhutto-1993-1996/
https://pakistanstudies.pk/2020/06/04/presentation-based-on-benazir-bhutto-1993-1996/

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https://pakistanstudies.pk/tag/presentation/

Question: What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the
1990s? [4]
The PM failed to transport the Yellow cab scheme in which taxi drivers would get soft
loans and instalments. This was a major failure because people didn’t pay the
instalments (return the loan), causing a major economic crises to the government and
inviting a lot of criticism from the opposition. This became a major reason for his
dismissal.
State owned cooperative societies accepted deposits from members and gave them
loans in time of need. But this was exploited by Nawaz and his family, they gained all
this money of the people. This affected his reputation and people wanted to remove him
because of corruption.
Conflict with President Ishap Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8 th amendment
which would reduce the powers of the President. He also wanted to appoint General
Abdul Waheed Kakar as the army chief and stop the President from appointing anyone
else. This created edrtensions and clashes between them and it weakened the
government
Lost USA aid
Question: Why did General Musharaff come to power in 1999? [7]
Sharif was giving support to the Taliban in Afghanistan and this damaged relations with
the US, as he refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, suspected of bombing the US
embassy in Kenya.
Pakistan also tested nuclear weapons, which angered a number of countries who halted
aid to Pakistan and brought Sharif much criticism. This impacted the economy of the
country
The plane conspiracy became an immediate reason for Musharraf coming into power.
Musharaf was returning from an official tour to Sri Lanka his plane was not allowed to
land. At this time Nawaz Sharif replaced Musharif with the ISI Chief Ziauddin Butt. The
corps commanders did not accept this and took over the Karachi airport, PTV and the
Prime Minister. This act angered the army, they retaliated and removed him from office.
Military started covert operation with the help of local fighters and captured the heights
of Kargil and Drass region in India. Nawaz accused the military of hiding this operation
from him. International pressure especially from US on him was the get the army to with
draw. The withdrawal created serious difference between the military and the civil
government, which led to a military coup
Question: What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as prime minister of Pakistan?
[4]
During both her terms between 1998-90 and 1993-96 Benazir faced opposition from
politicians who wanted her to fail. She was in conflict with Nawaz Sharif the opposition
leader, her alliance with MQM had ended also. Husband Zardari accused of corruption
badly affected her reputation. Divisions within her party (PPP), IJI criticized government
of being close to USA. Confrontations with provincial governments, violent protests, and
Coalition party MQM joined with IJI, Pucca Qila massacre.
Question: Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office for a second time in 1996? [7]
She was opposed by her own party the PPP and especially from her mother and brother
who wanted Murtaza Bhutto as head of PPP and successor to Bhutto. Therefore when
Mir Murtaza was killed by police in Karachi the opposition blamed her for being involved
in her brother’s killing.
Nawaz Sharif mounted a personal attack on Bhutto focusing on her business interests
and political methods and also held rallies and demonstrations in several cities with her
brother Mir Murtaza Bhutto. There was much violence, strike and killing which reflected
badly on her government. She started to arrest her opposition leaders, this made her
very unpopular and politically weak.
Pakistan’s economic problems led to a request for a loan from the IMF which led to
strict financial controls that were blamed on the government.
Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme Court’s decision to dismiss 20
judges appointed by the government which caused a political crisis. The dismissal of the
Chief Minister in the Punjab after he had upset the PPP also attracted much criticism of
Bhutto’s handling of the matter.
Question: Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993? [7]
He attempted to solve Pakistan’s unemployment problem by providing cheap loans to
people to buy taxis that he had imported. Few of the loans were paid back but most
were not repaid which put a strain on the economy. This was made worse when he tried
to finance major investment projects that depended upon foreign aid especially from the
USA. This aid was in decline and placed a severe strain on Pakistan’s finances..
The mismanagement of the Cooperative societies led to millions of Pakistanis losing
their money and again the government was blamed. In particular his family’s association
with loans that were made led to his image being harmed. Cooperative Societies
accepted money from members and could give loans for purposes which could benefit
of the society and its members. Mismanagement of these led to a major collapse in
which millions of Pakistanis lost money by 1992. In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab,
700,000 poor people lost all their savings when the societies went bankrupt. The
societies had loaned billions of rupees to Nawaz Sharif’s family business. He repaid the
loans but his reputation was damaged and was one of the reasons why he lost office
the following year (1993).
Violence in Pakistan that related to drugs and the use of guns led to a strong response
from Sharif but his actions were criticized by the opposition parties for being too
repressive.
Sharif came into conflict with the President over the appointment of an army chief of
staff and also with the 8th Amendment.
As a result of these policies Sharif and his government were blamed and he was
dismissed from office.
Question: Describe the problems caused by family feuds which the Benazir
Bhutto governments faced. [4]
Quarrelled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of the PPP, with Begum
favoring Benazir’s brother Mir Murtaza as leader. As a result Begum was removed from
a leading role in PPP. Murtaza went into exile and founded the Al-Zulfikar Organization.
He used this to criticise Benazir. He also opposed her husband’s involvement in the
PPP because of the allegations of corruption against him. Zardary was accused of
paybacks on property and government deals and being involved in political murders.
Known as Mr. 10%. Murtaza was arrested on his return to Pakistan on charges of
terrorism in 1993. In 1996 he was killed in a police ambush and a judicial review of the
incident found government involvement in it.
Why was Nawaz Sharif deposed in 1993? [7]
There are certain reasons as to why Nawaz Sharif had to be deposed in the year 1993.
Some of these reasons have been discussed below.
One of the reasons is the economic instability that followed his tenure. He tried his best
to develop Pakistan’s economy, but in the year 1991, an eminent Pakistani bank named
the BCCI, was proven as having engaged in widespread fraud and manipulation. As the
representative of the state, his image suffered along with Pakistan’s, and investors lost
huge sums upon its closing. Many foreign investors were discouraged to invest and[1]
had withdrawn from any economic activity with Pakistan, and so Pakistan had to suffer
economically.
Another reason is the violence and damage to culture of Pakistan. Due to the incoming
refugees from Afghanistan, Kalashnikovs and drugs like heroine flowed into Pakistan
unregulated. These drugs and weapons spread further and damaged Pakistani culture.
In 1991, the situation had escalated so far, that Nawaz had to cancel an imperative trip
to Japan. These were a result of the rehabilitation and accommodation that Pakistan
promised to give to Afghanistan in the situation of war against Russia.
Moreover, his poor relations with the President, Ishaq Khan, also was a step to his
deposition. Sharif conflicted openly with the President for a few reasons, mainly the
appointment of army officers and the Eighth Amendment to the 1973 constitution. Sharif
demanded that his loyal and trustworthy candidates should be placed in any vacant
position, and that the eighth amendment should be repealed due to its undemocratic
nature. Ishaq Khan refused to both these demands as he saw the amendment as a
method to keep check on the Cabinet. This was the most important reason for his
deposition, as indeed in 1993 president Ishaq Khan used the amendment to dismiss
Nawaz Sharif.
1948 - 1999

Q: Why did Pakistan face so many problems with the provision of education
between 1947 and 1999? [7]
Ans: Pakistan governments have been facing many problems with the provision of
education due to many reasons.
According to independent estimates in 1998, less than 30% of the Pakistan population
is literate, and female literacy is estimated at 14% nationally. This was due to lack of
financial investment in education by successive govt. who viewed defence as being
more important.
During the first three decades after independence, education in Pakistan was accorded
a very low official priority. In 1960, Pakistan was only spending 2% of budget on
education which, by 1990, had grown to 2.9%. However, even after the mass
nationalization of 1970s, state expenditure on education never rose above 3% of the
budget.
A major problem has faced primary education with serious under-funding compared to
secondary and higher education (in 5-Year-Plan 1956, 56% educational budget was
allocated to secondary compared to only 18% for primary!) Little money remains for
non-staff costs to spend on the primary sector.
A number of problems have, therefore, dogged all official attempts at improving the
literacy rate. Rates of absenteeism and drop-outs are very high. More than half the
students joining primary school leave within 5 years. One-third of girls drop out within a
year. Education is also very expensive in Pakistan. Children are expected to buy their
own books and uniform, and many children drop out of schools. In the secondary sector
many private schools have been formed which have been for the more wealthy parts of
the population which further emphasises the gap between the rich and the poor.
However, educational reforms were enforced from time to time. In 1972, all private
schools and colleges were nationalized. But the policy had a devastating effect on the
standard of teaching and standard of education in the country.
Provision of health and education in Pakistan 1947 to 1999

How successful have the successive governments been in the provision of health
and education in Pakistan since 1947 to 1999? [14]
Pakistan governments have been facing many problems with the provision of Health
and education since 1947 to 1999.
According to independent estimates in 1998, less than 30% of the Pakistan population
is literate, and female literacy is estimated at 14% nationally. This was due to lack of
financial investment in education by successive govt. who viewed defence as being
more important.
During the first three decades after independence, education in Pakistan was accorded
a very low official priority. In 1960, Pakistan was only spending 2% of budget on
education which, by 1990, had grown to 2.9%. However, even after the mass
nationalization of 1970s, state expenditure on education never rose above 3% of the
budget.
A major problem has faced primary education with serious under-funding compared to
secondary and higher education (in 5-Year-Plan 1956, 56% educational budget was
allocated to secondary compared to only 18% for primary!) Little money remains for
non-staff costs to spend on the primary sector.
A number of problems have, therefore, dogged all official attempts at improving the
literacy rate. Rates of absenteeism and drop-outs are very high. More than half the
students joining primary school leave within 5 years. One-third of girls drop out within a
year. Education is also very expensive in Pakistan. Children are expected to buy their
own books and uniform, and many children drop out of schools. In the secondary sector
many private schools have been formed which have been for the more wealthy parts of
the population which further emphasises the gap between the rich and the poor.
However, educational reforms were enforced from time to time. In 1972, all private
schools and colleges were nationalized. But the policy had a devastating effect on the
standard of teaching and standard of education in the country.
Another important problem was that policies introduced by one government were
abandoned by the next govt. For example, the scheme of ‘Nai Roshni Schools’ was
started in 1985 to educate a large number of children up to primary level. But the
scheme was discontinued by the next elected govt. of Benazir in 1988. There has also
been a lack of schools. A govt. report in 1989 admitted that over 60%of govt. school
building were unsafe.
On the other hand, provision of health has also remained an enormous problem for
Pakistan. One of the many problems inherited by the state of Pakistan was the very
poor health care available to public. Since 1947, there has been a rapid increase in
population. The annual growth rate in Pakistan in 1990 was estimated to be over 3%
per year. At the same time, life expectancy is only 55 years for both men and women
and maternal mortality is also one of the highest in the world. Furthermore, child
mortality rate is also rampant: at 90 per 1000 births. Children die of diseases like
diarrhea, measles and whooping cough etc. Government estimates in 1990 suggest that
200,000 children a year died because of diarrhoea. Malnutrition is also prevailing in
many parts of Pakistan, especially rural areas.
The belief in traditional medication is also one of the major causes for poor health in
Pakistan. People usually trust on ‘Hakeems’ and Homeopathic medicines in rural areas,
instead of going to professional qualified doctors. In addition, there has been a lack of
doctors, nurses and hospitals since 1947. Public health expenditure was around 0.75%
of budget in 1990. With such low investment it is indeed very difficult to improve health
facilities in Pakistan.
National health planning started in 1960s, but the first large national health plan was
introduced in 1972 with establishment of BHU (for every 20,000 people) and RHCs (for
every 60,000 people). However, the reform failed due to poor management and lack of
funding.
By the 1970s, nine Unani medical colleges were established. However, indigenous
midwives (dais) are still an overwhelming choice for rural and urban women during
childbirth and have escaped any formal regulation and training. There are over 8000
NGOs registered in health sector in Pakistan such as Edhi Foundation which is both
effective and well-run.
Thus, on the whole, Pakistan governments have remained unsuccessful in the provision
of health and education as the statistics show a very poor condition in both of the
sectors.
Q: Why did Pakistan join United Nations? [7]
Ans: United Nations was founded after World War II. Pakistan joined the UNO in
September 1947. There were several reasons for this:
Firstly, as a new-born independent country, Pakistan was anxious to be recognised as
an independent country in the world. Moreover, since India was already a member of
UNO even before 1947, Pakistan was also keen to get its membership. As a sovereign
state, it was important for Pakistan to join UNO to make its identity accepted by the
world.
Secondly, just after the partition Pakistan was faced with the problem of the accession
of the states of Junagarh, Hyderabad and Kashmir. It was vital for Pakistan to seek the
membership in order to present her case before the Security Council effectively.
Furthermore, on 1st April 1948, India had shut off the water supplies to Pakistan (Canal
Water Dispute). So to find a solutions to such problems, Pakistan joined UNO. UNO
supported Pakistan by helping it draw a treaty with India (Indus Water Treaty, 1960)
with the help of World Bank.
Thirdly, Pakistan was keen to play its role in supporting the independence struggle of
several Asian and African countries. So to play its role as a peaceful nation against
colonization, racial discrimination, territorial and regional aggression, Pakistan joined
the UNO in 1947.
Q: Why has Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause? [7]
Ans: Pakistan has been supporting Palestinian cause for three important reasons.
Firstly, even before the partition, Muslims of the subcontinent had supported the cause
of Palestinians and had rendered political, moral and material support to them. The
spirit of Islamic brotherhood continued even after the partition. The torching of Al-Aqsa
Mosque in 1969 by Jews added fuel to the fire.
Secondly, one of the cornerstones of Pakistan’s foreign policy was the support of
suppressed nations. Pakistan has always been against oppression, colonialism,
discrimination and had supported the right of self-determination of every nation.
Pakistan has always condemned Israel and supported the Palestinians on all
international forums.
Thirdly, Pakistan has not recognised Israel. Ever since the emergence of Israel state in
1948, Pakistan has opposed the unjust and unfair policy of western powers who
arranged and supported the settlement of Jews from all parts of the world or unlawfully
occupied Arab lands.
Pakistan has raised on the forum of OIC for the rights of Palestinian people and
withdrawal of Israeli forces from the occupied territories.
Q: Why did Pakistan leave SEATO in 1972? [7]
Ans: Pakistan had joined SEATO in 1954. But due to certain reasons Pakistan was
forced to withdraw itself from SEATO.
Pakistan signed the treaty, but the United States warned that the Pact applied only to
communist aggression so Pakistan could not hope to use treaty if attacked by India. The
decision of the Foreign Minister, Zafarullah Khan, to sign the treaty was contested by
the Pakistan government, and it was not until January 1955 that government of Pakistan
agreed to ratify the treaty. Therefore weaknesses were apparent.
Moreover, Pakistan had tried to secure further aid as a result of its membership of
SEATO and pushed for a permanent military force to be established to protect all
member states. Neither of these moves was successful, as the other members refused
to agree.
Pakistan’s disenchantment with the treaty increased when SEATO did not support
Pakistan in either of its wars with India (1965 and 1971 wars). It was the Bangladesh
crisis in 1971 which finally led Bhutto to declare the withdrawal of Pakistan from SEATO
in 1972.
Therefore, due to these reasons, Pakistan left SEATO in 1972.
Q: How successful had Pakistan been as a member of world organisations
between 1947 and 1999? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: Pakistan has been taking keen and active interest in international organisations.
Pakistan joined UNO in September 1947. In the beginning Pakistan remained involved
in arguments about rights of Kashmiris and the solution for the Kashmir problem in
which Pakistan was not successful.
But later, Pakistan has been very active in the proceedings of the United Nations and
the Pakistani delegations made effective contribution for the independence of many
states, which were under colonial rule in 1950s particularly in case of Muslim states
such as Palestine. Pakistan has contributed effectively and regularly to the United
Nations peace-keeping missions in African and Asian countries. Pakistan was elected
thrice as member of the Security Council. Pakistan was effective in getting resolutions
passed in General Assembly asking for withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan
and always supported the Palestinian and Arab cause. Chaudhry Zafarullah Khan of
Pakistan worked as a judge of international Court of Justice for a number of years.
Thus, on the whole Pakistan has been a successful member of UNO.
Pakistan was far more enthusiastic about CENTO because other member states were
mostly Muslim. Pakistan regularly tried to persuade the other members to establish a
unified command for CENTO. However, despite regular meetings, the group never
developed a permanent structure or a system for raising troops for mutual defence. The
USA supported CENTO, but never actually joined. Thus by 1979 the organisation had
quietly dissolved. In September 1954, Pakistan joined SEATO, but the decision faced
opposition from within the Pakistan government and so the treaty was not ratified until
1955. The treaty also applied to only against the communist aggression, thus Pakistan
was to receive no help for its wars with India. Pakistan had also hoped for a permanent
military force to protect all member countries against any attack – it was, however, not
accepted. It did not support Pakistan during 1965 and 1971 wars. Finally Bhutto
withdrew from the organisation in 1972 after the Bangladesh Crisis. Therefore, the
membership of SEATO and CENTO has not been successful on part of Pakistan.
Since the foundation of OIC, Pakistan had been an active member of it and had been
actively participating in the activities of OIC aimed at Islamic unity, solidarity and
stability. Pakistan has also taken part in all summits and conferences held under the
banner of OIC. Pakistan also contributed her due share in all respects for the
achievement of its objectives. It had raised voice for the Palestinian Cause. Sharif-udin-
Pirzada, the former minister of Pakistan, have been the Secretary-General of OIC. The
summit showed that Pakistan had many friends all over the Muslim world. One result
was that Pak was receiving aid from fellow Islamic countries, like Iran (giving loans
totalling $730 million). Thus Pakistan also remained a prominent member of OIC.
On 21st July 1964, largely as a result of the work of Ayub Khan, Turkey, Iran and
Pakistan set up the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD). This encouraged the
three countries to develop closer trade links and help each other with industrial projects,
such as setting up mills, and factories.
In case of Canal Water Dispute, the UN played a significant role when the President of
the World Bank made a recommendation that it should provide financial and technical
support to resolve the disagreement. This proposal formed the basis of the Indus Water
Treaty signed in September 1959. The World Bank also provided finance to help
establish hydro-electricity and soil reclamation programmes which have been vital for
the stimulation of Pakistan’s economy and industries.
Pakistan has been an active member of NAM organisation and took active part in its
deliberations. Pakistan has been an effective member of Common wealth except during
the 1972-1989. Pakistan has always stood for justice, equality, peace, security and
rights of the people.
On the whole Pakistan has been quite successful as a member of world organisations.

WHY did Pakistan lose 1965 and 1971 wars? [7]

Ans: In 1965, Pakistan had never expected a full scale war with India over Kashmir, and
therefore the Lahore was caught unprepared. One reason for this failure was that India
was stronger and more determined than Pakistan had realised. Another major reason
was that during the war, the USA and Britain had both placed an embargo on selling
weapons to the two combatants. As Pakistan was dependent on the West for parts to
service its military equipment, it was hit harder than India.
By 1971 the balance of military power had definitely tilted in favour of India. It had a
stronger economy and larger population and was able to develop an army considerably
larger than Pakistan could put in the field. India could also rely on support from Soviet
Union after signing the treaty of Peace, Friendship and Commerce in August 1971.
Whereas Pakistan was not having any such support from any of its Allies.
Moreover, Pakistan lost the war in 1979, as India took advantage of civil war in East
Pakistan. The Indian army attacked East Pakistan. The ensuing was led to the downfall
of Decca and the subsequent surrender of Pakistani forces with a larger number of
Pakistani soldiers being taken as prisoners by India.
Thus, because of these reasons Pakistan lost 1965 and 1971 wars.
Q: What was the Kargil Conflict? [4]
Ans: In April 1999, Muslim Kashmiri guerrillas crossed the Line of Control and captured
the Indian occupied towns of Kargil and Drass. The Pakistan govt. denied any
involvement. In May, India launched a counter-attack during which it fired over 250,000
shells and rockets. Two of its aircrafts crossed into Pakistani air space and one was
shot down. During May and June 1999, Pakistani forces were pushed back and
eventually Sharif was persuaded by US President Clinton to withdraw all Pakistan
forces from Indian held territory behind the Line of Control. The Kargil conflict proved to
be a major blow to Pakistan-India relations.

Why Pakistan Joined SEATO in 1972:

>SEATO made in 1954 with the purpose of preventing communism gaining ground in
South East Asia, Pakistan joined to receive support (Military and Political) against India.
But in 1971 war, they did not provide help thus it lost its appeal. >Pakistan joined it in
1955, an year after it was formed because govt of Pakistan faced opposition within
Pakistan despite its foreign minister having signed it. The uncertenties arose at the very
outset, which brought doubts between America and Pakistan thus weakened >US
intervened in Veitnam, early 1970’s member countries had begun to withdraw. Neither
Pakistan nor France supported the US intervention and both nations were pulling away
in the early 1970’s but Pakistan formally left in 1973. So with the end of the Vietnam
war, the reason for its very existence disappeared. Thus disbanded.

Why did many Pakistanis migrate between 1947 and 1999?

>Job oppurtinities in England for workers both skilled and unskilled especially after
WW2. Many Muslim immigrants unhappy with their state migrated seeking better jobs
and lives. >Construction of Mangla Dam in the 1960’s. It had large area and several
valleys were submerged. Inhabitants were given money, they had money and thus
decided to settle there for better life. >The British nationality Act of 1948 used the terms
“commonwealth citizen” and “British Subject” interchangabely. They saw immigration
controls as unnecessary and divisive. >The commonwealth Immigration act of 1962
introduced a voucher scheme which gave Pakistanis in Britain the opportunity to
arrange jobs and vouchers for friends and family to move here. Thus immigration was
extremely easy and the people were welcomed

Q1 Pakistan progressed more in Martial Law Periods than Democratic Periods ‘

Do you agree or disagree? Explain

Q: How successful the governments have been in the Islamisation of Pakistan

between 1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14]
Ans: The Constituent Assembly passed the Objectives Resolution in March 1949 which
was the first step towards constitution of Pakistan. This resolution made several
references to Islamic laws like social justice, equality and religious freedom, and
Muslims were also enabled to lead their lives according to Islamic teachings. But the
religious wings were not satisfied with these provisions. They wanted complete
implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with other reasons, the resolution was
withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.
Khawaja Nazimuddin revised the proposals of the same resolution in 1952. Now the
Head of the state would be Muslim over 40. He would appoint a board of religious
scholars who would advise on central and provincial legislation. In case of objections on
religious grounds, the bill had to be sent back to the assembly for amendment. Now
fears arose in many circles that the Religious Advisory Board would have power of veto
over new laws. The Prime Minister withdrew the proposals in 1953.
When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of
Pakistan to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was still
retained for monitoring the legislation with right of veto. The constitution also declared
that the President was to be a Muslim.
Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to
which marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were
defined for marriage. Women were empowered. In spite of opposition from religious
wings, these laws were imposed. He established Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to
advise him the religious aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute.
These institutes were just symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.
In the 1973 constitution, Bhutto gave no consideration to the implementation of Shariah
Laws. It was almost based on the 1956 constitution. Islamic committee was still set up,
but it could only advice on legislation. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National
Alliance was protesting on the roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious
factions by banning gambling, restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the
weekly holiday. These were just desperate actions. However, there was also a little
success on road of Islamization. Both President and Prime Minister were to be Muslims
and had to believe in the finality in of Holy Prophet (PBUH). The Legislation also gave a
definition of a ‘Muslim’.
General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established Federal Shariat
Court in 1979 to consider existing laws and judgments in the light of Islamic principles.
He set up a Federal Shariat Court to consider existing laws and legal judgements and
decide if they were in keeping with Islam. He introduced Hudood Ordinances which
gave Islamic punishments to people involved in drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. A
new offense of disrespect of Holy Prophet was introduced, with imprisonment or a fine
as a punishment for offenders. He also introduced the Council of Islamic Ideology to
suggest ways for bringing the legal system closer to Islamic ideology. He also
introduced Zakat and Ushr Ordinances imposing 2.5% wealth tax and 5% tax on
agricultural income respectively. Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory
subjects in the schools and colleges. Memorizers of the Holy Quran were given extra
marks in the Civil Service examinations. Arabic language was promoted through TV and
Radio programs. No woman was allowed to appear on the TV without scarf. Many
people from the civil society raised a voice against some of his actions, but in many
areas he has support from Ulamas. Of course the reign of Zia ul Haq saw maximum
implementation of Shariah Laws. He won the support of many religious political parties,
ulamas and religious factions.
In conclusion it can be said that although several and serious efforts for Islamisation
were made, but implementation of clauses of Islamisation remained in question. Desired
results were not achieved because of lack of will and proper implementation. The fact
remains that governments have not been successful in their efforts for Islamisation in
Pakistan
Benazir Bhutto
17. What was the Pacca Qila Massacre? Happened in Hydrabad. 40 Supporters of
MQM including women and children were killed by Police. Happened during the time of
Benazir Government and she was blamed for it. Led to Ghulam Ishaq dismissing
Benazir’s government in August 1990.

18. What caused Benazir’s fall from the office in 1990? She was sacked and
charged with corruption. She was blamed for the violence in country specially the Pacca
Qila Massacre. She had to coallinate with different parties to work in the country
specially MQM which angered PPP members in Sindh. Her husband Asif Ali Zardari
was causing problems of corruption for her.

Question: What was the Pucca Quilla massacre? [4]

On 27th May the Sindh government launched a crackdown in Hyderabad the center of
MQM power. A shoot on sight curfew was imposed and a police house to house search
for the MQM agitators’ started. The Muhajirs projected against this treatment and
fighting broke out. Thirty one women and children were killed leading to retaliations in
Karachi and elsewhere and over 300 more people died

Question: Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office in 1990? [7]
She was criticized by many for the alleged corruption of her husband Asif Ali Zardari
and PPP leaders were suspected of being involved; this tainted her own reputation.
She also faced nepotism charges, these charges badly affected her reputation and the
opposition exploited them by asking the president to remove her from office.
Serious conflicts with President Ghulam Ishaq Khan over appointment issues of armed
forces chief and judges if supreme court. This created tensions between them and
weakened her power.
She came into confrontation with provincial governments especially as she had to work
in a coalition with the MQM which was a party that represented Muslims who had
migrated from India to Pakistan and settled in Sindh. This angered many PPP members
in Sindh. Violent Protests throughout Pakistan led to the MQM leaving the coalition and
joining with the opposition which meant that her majority was gone. Further violence
and deaths led to her dismissal because she and her government were blamed for the
breakdown of law and order.
Question: What problems did Benazir Bhutto face as prime minister of Pakistan?
[4]
During both her terms between 1988-90 and 1993-96 Benazir faced opposition from
politicians who wanted her to fail. She was in conflict with Nawaz Sharif the opposition
leader, her alliance with MQM had ended also. Husband Zardari accused of corruption
badly affected her reputation. Divisions within her party (PPP), IJI criticized government
of being close to USA. Confrontations with provincial governments, violent protests, and
Coalition party MQM joined with IJI, Pucca Qila massacre.
Question: Why did Benazir Bhutto fall from office for a second time in 1996? [7]
She was opposed by her own party the PPP and especially from her mother and brother
who wanted Murtaza Bhutto as head of PPP and successor to Bhutto. Therefore when
Mir Murtaza was killed by police in Karachi the opposition blamed her for being involved
in her brother’s killing.
Nawaz Sharif mounted a personal attack on Bhutto focusing on her business interests
and political methods and also held rallies and demonstrations in several cities with her
brother Mir Murtaza Bhutto. There was much violence, strike and killing which reflected
badly on her government. She started to arrest her opposition leaders, this made her
very unpopular and politically weak.
Pakistan’s economic problems led to a request for a loan from the IMF which led to
strict financial controls that were blamed on the government.
Finally the government refused to carry out the Supreme Court’s decision to dismiss 20
judges appointed by the government which caused a political crisis. The dismissal of the
Chief Minister in the Punjab after he had upset the PPP also attracted much criticism of
Bhutto’s handling of the matter.

Question: Describe the problems caused by family feuds which the Benazir
Bhutto governments faced. [4]
Quarrelled with her mother Begum Nusrat Bhutto over control of the PPP, with Begum
favoring Benazir’s brother Mir Murtaza as leader. As a result Begum was removed from
a leading role in PPP. Murtaza went into exile and founded the Al-Zulfikar Organization.
He used this to criticise Benazir. He also opposed her husband’s involvement in the
PPP because of the allegations of corruption against him. Zardary was accused of
paybacks on property and government deals and being involved in political murders.
Known as Mr. 10%. Murtaza was arrested on his return to Pakistan on charges of
terrorism in 1993. In 1996 he was killed in a police ambush and a judicial review of the
incident found government involvement in it.

5(c) Were the challenges facing Benazir Bhutto in Sindh the main reason
why she left office in 1990? Explain your answer.
14
Level 5: Explains with evaluation 14
As top of Level 4 plus judgement or evaluation
Level 4: Explains challenges in Sindh AND other reasons 9–13
(Two explanations, one on the challenges in Sindh and one on another
reason are worth 9 marks. Additional explanations awarded up to 13 marks)
e.g.
Sindh
Well educated muhajirs opposed the special rights for Sindhis introduced
by Benazir Bhutto and increasingly supported the Muhajir Quami
Movement (MQM).
Sindh was an area of growing opposition to the Pakistan People’s Party
(PPP) and growing support for the MQM.
Benazir Bhutto tried in vain to gain the support of the MQM to form a
coalition government by promising to protect the interests of all the
people of Sindh.
Other challenges
Her government was damaged by an unsuccessful no-confidence motion
tabled by opposition parties including Islami Jamhuri Ittehad (IJI) led by
Nawaz Sharif.
President Ghulam Ishaq Khan refused to appoint the judges and military
personnel she wished, making it difficult for her to govern Pakistan
effectively.
Promised economic development programmes and social and health
reforms did not produce the effects hoped for. The government lost
support as unemployment, inflation and population grew rapidly making
progress difficult.
Accusations from political opponents regarding mismanagement leading
to the arrest and jailing of her husband Asif Ali Zardari. Further rumours
weakened the government enabling President Ghulam Ishaq Khan to use
the Eighth Amendment to dismiss the government in 1990.
Level 3: Explains challenges in Sindh OR other challenges 7–10
(One explanation is worth 7 marks. Additional explanations awarded up to 10
marks)
See exemplars in L4
Level 2: Identifies / describes challenge(s) 3–6
(One identification / description is worth 3 marks. Extra marks are awarded for
additional identification / descriptions up to 6 marks)
e.g.
Support for the MQM was growing in Sindh
growing opposition to the PPP in Sindh
Benazir Bhutto did not win MQM support for a coalition government
It was difficult for Benazir Bhutto to deliver economic reforms
Question Answer Marks
5(c) Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1–2
(One simple statement is worth 1 mark. An answer with additional simple
statements is worth 2 marks)
e.g.
There were many difficult challenges for Benazir Bhutto
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question1(a) According
to

Question: What problems did Nawaz Sharif face as Prime Minister during the
1990s? [4]
The PM failed to transport the Yellow cab scheme in which taxi drivers would get soft
loans and instalments. This was a major failure because people didn’t pay the
instalments (return the loan), causing a major economic crises to the government and
inviting a lot of criticism from the opposition. This became a major reason for his
dismissal.
State owned cooperative societies accepted deposits from members and gave them
loans in time of need. But this was exploited by Nawaz and his family, they gained all
this money of the people. This affected his reputation and people wanted to remove him
because of corruption.
Conflict with President Ishap Khan in 1993, as he wanted to appeal the 8 th amendment
which would reduce the powers of the President. He also wanted to appoint General
Abdul Waheed Kakar as the army chief and stop the President from appointing anyone
else. This created tensions and clashes between them and it weakened the government
Lost USA aid
Question: Why did General Musharaff come to power in 1999? [7]
Sharif was giving support to the Taliban in Afghanistan and this damaged relations with
the US, as he refused to hand over Osama bin Laden, suspected of bombing the US
embassy in Kenya.
Pakistan also tested nuclear weapons, which angered a number of countries who halted
aid to Pakistan and brought Sharif much criticism. This impacted the economy of the
country
The plane conspiracy became an immediate reason for Musharraf coming into power.
Musharaf was returning from an official tour to Sri Lanka his plane was not allowed to
land. At this time Nawaz Sharif replaced Musharif with the ISI Chief Ziauddin Butt. The
corps commanders did not accept this and took over the Karachi airport, PTV and the
Prime Minister. This act angered the army, they retaliated and removed him from office.
Military started covert operation with the help of local fighters and captured the heights
of Kargil and Drass region in India. Nawaz accused the military of hiding this operation
from him. International pressure especially from US on him was the get the army to with
draw. The withdrawal created serious difference between the military and the civil
government, which led to a military coup
Question: Why did Nawaz Sharif fall from office in 1993? [7]
He attempted to solve Pakistan’s unemployment problem by providing cheap loans to
people to buy taxis that he had imported. Few of the loans were paid back but most
were not repaid which put a strain on the economy. This was made worse when he tried
to finance major investment projects that depended upon foreign aid especially from the
USA. This aid was in decline and placed a severe strain on Pakistan’s finances..
The mismanagement of the Cooperative societies led to millions of Pakistanis losing
their money and again the government was blamed. In particular his family’s association
with loans that were made led to his image being harmed. Cooperative Societies
accepted money from members and could give loans for purposes which could benefit
of the society and its members. Mismanagement of these led to a major collapse in
which millions of Pakistanis lost money by 1992. In Nawaz Sharif’s state of Punjab,
700,000 poor people lost all their savings when the societies went bankrupt. The
societies had loaned billions of rupees to Nawaz Sharif’s family business. He repaid the
loans but his reputation was damaged and was one of the reasons why he lost office
the following year (1993).
Violence in Pakistan that related to drugs and the use of guns led to a strong response
from Sharif but his actions were criticized by the opposition parties for being too
repressive.
Sharif came into conflict with the President over the appointment of an army chief of
staff and also with the 8th Amendment.
As a result of these policies Sharif and his government were blamed and he was
dismissed from office.

Why was Nawaz Sharif deposed in 1993? [7]

There are certain reasons as to why Nawaz Sharif had to be deposed in the year 1993.
Some of these reasons have been discussed below.
One of the reasons is the economic instability that followed his tenure. He tried his best
to develop Pakistan’s economy, but in the year 1991, an eminent Pakistani bank named
the BCCI, was proven as having engaged in widespread fraud and manipulation. As the
representative of the state, his image suffered along with Pakistan’s, and investors lost
huge sums upon its closing. Many foreign investors were discouraged to invest and[1]
had withdrawn from any economic activity with Pakistan, and so Pakistan had to suffer
economically.
Another reason is the violence and damage to culture of Pakistan. Due to the incoming
refugees from Afghanistan, Kalashnikovs and drugs like heroine flowed into Pakistan
unregulated. These drugs and weapons spread further and damaged Pakistani culture.
In 1991, the situation had escalated so far, that Nawaz had to cancel an imperative trip
to Japan. These were a result of the rehabilitation and accommodation that Pakistan
promised to give to Afghanistan in the situation of war against Russia.
Moreover, his poor relations with the President, Ishaq Khan, also was a step to his
deposition. Sharif conflicted openly with the President for a few reasons, mainly the
appointment of army officers and the Eighth Amendment to the 1973 constitution. Sharif
demanded that his loyal and trustworthy candidates should be placed in any vacant
position, and that the eighth amendment should be repealed due to its undemocratic
nature. Ishaq Khan refused to both these demands as he saw the amendment as a
method to keep check on the Cabinet. This was the most important reason for his
deposition, as indeed in 1993 president Ishaq Khan used the amendment to dismiss
Nawaz Sharif.
1947-1999

4(b) Why did educational reform become such an important issue between 1947
and 1999? 7
Level 3: Explains reasons 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven
marks for three explanations)
e.g.
A large proportion of the population was illiterate and many children did
not go to school at all. Improving literacy through education will
ultimately be of benefit to the economy / nation, e.g. higher GDP, higher
growth, less unemployment, reduced poverty
One challenge was the amount of government investment. Successive
governments prioritised defence over education. Therefore there was
less money available for spending on education.
Spending on education takes years to prove effective. Many saw
Pakistan’s problems as being immediate and in need of solution then
rather than in years’ time.
Level 2: Identifies reasons 2–4
(One mark for each identification)
e.g.
Many children did not go to school
There were high levels of illiteracy
Some people argued more money should be spent on schools
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1
(One mark for any simple statement)
e.g.
Education is beneficial for people
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
How successful have governments been in the Islamisation of Pakistan between
1947 and 1988? Explain your answer. [14] (Past Paper, November 2009: Q5/c)

The Objectives Resolution, passed in March 1949, made it clear that the constitution of
Pakistan would be based on Islamic laws of social justice, equality and religious
freedom. These provisions were not enough to satisfy the religious wings of the country.
They wanted complete implementation of the Shariah Laws. Together with other
reasons, the resolution was withdrawn in November 1950 for further considerations.

When the first constitution of Pakistan was prepared in 1956, it changed the name of
Pakistan to Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The Religious Advisory Board was retained for
monitoring the legislation. The religious scholars would ensure conformity of new laws
with the Quran and Sunnah.

Ayub Khan was a bit liberal. He introduced Muslim Family Laws Ordinance according to
which marriages and divorces were to be registered and minimum age limits were
defined for marriage. In spite of opposition from religious wings, these laws were
imposed. He established Advisory Council of Islamic Ideology to advise him the
religious aspects of policies. He also founded Islamic Research Institute. But these
institutes were just symbolic; he never welcomed their proposals.

In the 1973 constitution, Islam was declared to be state religion. The president and the
prime minister were to be Muslims and they must believe in the finality of Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH). But no consideration was given to full implementation of Shariah
Laws. After the 1977 elections when Pakistan National Alliance was protesting on the
roads against rigging, he tried to appease the religious factions by banning gambling,
restricting sale of alcohol and declaring Friday to be the weekly holiday. These were just
desperate actions.

General Zia ul Haq tried to be a pro-Islamic leader. He established Federal Shariat

Court in 1979 to consider conformity of existing laws and judgments with Islamic laws.
He introduced Hudood Ordinances giving Islamic punishments to people involved in
drinking, gambling, theft and adultery. He also introduced the Council of Islamic
Ideology to suggest ways for bringing the legal system closer to Islamic ideology. Zakat
and Ushr Ordinance was introduced imposing 2.5% wealth tax and 5% tax on
agricultural income respectively. To give an Islamic color to Pakistan’s society, Islamiyat
and Pakistan Studies were made compulsory subjects in the schools and colleges.
Memorizers of the Holy Quran were given extra marks in the Civil Service examinations.
Arabic language was promoted through TV and Radio programs. No woman was
allowed to appear on the TV without scarf.

But there were a number of weak sides of Zia’s Islamisation program. Only a small part
of Islamic Legal System was enforced. There were misappropriations of Zakat fund, the
Federal Shariat Court could not replace the Pakistan Penal Code, Ushr was not taken
from landowners and Islamic punishments were rarely exercised.
When it comes to conclusion, it can be said that the governments have not been
successful in the Islamisation of Pakistan between 1947 and 1988. Some laws seem to
be implemented under pressure from certain circles, and once announced, no serious
efforts have been made to implement them in true sense.

Chapter 7 :Relations

Foreign Affairs

. 14. What was the u2 crises? U2 was the American Spy plane launched from Pakistan
air base of Peshawar. It was spying on Russia and shot down. Gary Powers the pilot
was arrested and found guilty of spying after photos were discovered. Russia
threatened Pakistan that they will attack on the country. Pakistan refused to have any
knowledge of the spy plane’s mission. Relations with America also deteriorated.

17 What is OIC? OIC stands for Organisation of Islamic Conference. World’s 2nd
Largest inter government organization after UN. Works closely with UN and other
international organization. Aim to promote solidarity and co-operation. Summit
Conferences are held every 3 year. Estra ordinary conference can be beheld any time.

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
1988? [14] (Past Paper, June 2001: Q5/c)

Relations between India and Pakistan have been hostile from the date the two countries
came into existence in August 1947. The first confrontation came along over the
accession of Kashmir. United Nations promised a plebiscite which India never agreed to
conduct. Kashmir conflict is the root cause of poor relations between the two countries.

At the time of partition, India created serious problems for Pakistan on the division of
financial assets and military equipment. Payment of rupees was delayed and only
broken equipment was handed over to Pakistan. Canal Water Dispute, triggered by
India was another important event that provoked Pakistan’s anger. Such issues strained
the bilateral relations.

A good move was made in April 1950 when both countries signed the Minority Pact to
control the migration of refugees across the border. Each country promised that she
would safeguard the minorities within her territories.
Tension was escalated when Indian-occupied Kashmir was tried in 1954 to integrate
with India. Pakistan reacted with protests and called on the UN to resolve the issue.

Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, signed with the help of World Bank in
September 1960, was a breakthrough that came up with a water-sharing formula and
thus settled the water dispute.

Bilateral talks in 1963 at foreign ministers level failed on the issue of Kashmir. Both
countries went into full-scale war in September 1965. Ceasefire was made after 17
days. The war created immense bitterness in mutual relations.

Tashkent Agreement, made in January 1966, was another significant milestone in

normalizing relations. Both sides agreed to resolve their issues peacefully through
dialogue and that economic and diplomatic relations would be restored.

India played major role in the separation of Bengal from Pakistan. She patronized Mukti
Bahini, the independence movement of Bengalis. India gave them weapons, military
training and base camps. Finally India’s army directly attacked East Pakistan resulting
in the creation of independent Bangladesh. After this incident relations went extremely
hostile with India.

Simla Agreement between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan in 1972 was
another positive move towards diffusing the tension and establishing good trade
relations.

India’s nuclear test in 1974 once again put Pakistan under great strain. India became a
serious threat to Pakistan’s security. Nuclear arms race started between the two
countries.

In early 1980s, the Sikh community in Punjab launched the Khalistan Movement
demanding a separate homeland. India blamed Pakistan for secretly plotting the
movement and providing arms to Sikh freedom fighter though they could produce no
evidence. In October 1984, Indra Gandhi was assassinated by Sikhs. When her son
Rajiv Gandhi became the Indian prime minister, he believed that Pakistan was behind
such moves. By 1987 relations had deteriorated to the extent that war-like situation was
created. But all of a sudden, General Zia-ul-Haq flew to India to watch a cricket match
between Pakistan and India. There he met with Indian leaders including Rajiv Gandhi
and the tension was released.

[Conclusion] Relations between India and Pakistan have been a series of failures. The
1965 and 1971 wars have taken the two countries too apart from each other. Kashmir is
the topmost hurdle in mutual relations.

5(c) How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with China between
1947 and 1999? Give reasons for your answer.
14
Level 5: Explains with evaluation 14
As top of Level 4 plus judgement or evaluation
Level 4: Explains impact of success AND lack of success in
relationship 9–13
(Two explanations are worth 9 marks. Additional explanations awarded up
to 13 marks)
e.g.
Success
Support for China joining the UN in 1952 following China’s support of
Pakistan’s Kashmir policy showed the two countries were willing to work
together
Boundary issues settled in the 1963 agreement showed the two
countries were looking to the future rather than the past
Trade developed in 1960s – a $60 million long term interest free loan
regarding import of machinery
China permitted Pakistan International Airlines to use any Chinese
airport in 1963 increasing movement and trade between the countries
Increased numbers of visitors from China – journalists, engineers,
scientists etc.
China gave Pakistan full support during the 1965 war with India,
including military aid which indicated strong relationships (money,
weapons)
In 1978, Karakoram Highway provided the first road link and opened 2
countries up to trade and tourism
In 1986, a nuclear power treaty was signed, indicating the wish of the
two countries to be allies and work together.
Less Success
In 1958/9 Pakistan was developing closer relations with USA and voted
against China’s admission to UN and condemned China’s military
involvement in Tibet
During the 1971 war, China could offer less support to Pakistan due to
pressure from the USSR on China
There were differences of opinion over Kashmir
China cooled relations due to concerns that dissent/instability might be
caused amongst Muslims living in China.
Level 3: Explains success OR lack of success in relationship 7–10
(One explanation is worth 7 marks. Additional explanations awarded up to
10 marks)
See exemplars on L4

5(c) Level 2: Identifies / describes the relationship 3–6

(One identification / description is worth 3 marks. Extra marks are awarded
for additional identification / descriptions up to 6 marks)
e.g.
A narrative account relating to trade
Wars with India
Attitudes of USA
Attitude of USSR
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1–2
(One simple statement is worth 1 mark. An answer with additional simple
statements is worth 2 marks)
e.g.
Good / bad most of the time
Uneven / up and down
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
4(b) Explain why Pakistan has given continued support to the Palestinian
cause.
7
Level 3: Explains reasons 5–7
(Five marks for one explanation, six marks for two explanations, seven marks
for three explanations)
e.g.
Pakistan is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
which aims to promote harmony and co-operation between Muslim
nations and supports the agreement that the Palestinian issue is a matter
for all Islamic countries. Thus Pakistan supported the Palestinian cause.
The incident of the Al-Aqsa Mosque was discussed at the first meeting of
the OIC and support was immediately offered to the Palestinians. At the
summit in Lahore in 1974, more specific support was given.
Level 2: Identifies reasons 2–4
(One mark for each identification)
e.g.
Pakistan is a member of the OIC
The people of Pakistan identify themselves with the Palestinians
Level 1: Simple statement(s) 1
(One mark for any simple statement)
e.g.
It was important to Pakistan
No evidence submitted or response does not address the question 0
5(a) What was CENTO? 4
Level 1: One mark for each relevant point, two marks for a developed
statement 1–4
e.g.
Originally the Baghdad Pact formed in 1955 with Turkey and Iraq. Later
that year Pakistan, Iran and Britain joined to establish an anti-Communist
alliance against the Soviet Union
All except Britain were Muslim countries
Pact renamed CENTO (Central Treaty Organisation) after Iraq left in
1959
Never developed a permanent structure or system for raising troops for
mutual defence and was dissolved in 1979
USA supported the organisation but did not become a member

How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with India between 1947 and
1988? [14] (Past Paper, June 2001: Q5/c)

Relations between India and Pakistan have been hostile from the date the two countries
came into existence in August 1947. The first confrontation came along over the
accession of Kashmir. United Nations promised a plebiscite which India never agreed to
conduct. Kashmir conflict is the root cause of poor relations between the two countries.

At the time of partition, India created serious problems for Pakistan on the division of
financial assets and military equipment. Payment of rupees was delayed and only
broken equipment was handed over to Pakistan. Canal Water Dispute, triggered by
India was another important event that provoked Pakistan’s anger. Such issues strained
the bilateral relations.

A good move was made in April 1950 when both countries signed the Minority Pact to
control the migration of refugees across the border. Each country promised that she
would safeguard the minorities within her territories.

Tension was escalated when Indian-occupied Kashmir was tried in 1954 to integrate
with India. Pakistan reacted with protests and called on the UN to resolve the issue.

Indus Water Treaty between India and Pakistan, signed with the help of World Bank in
September 1960, was a breakthrough that came up with a water-sharing formula and
thus settled the water dispute.

Bilateral talks in 1963 at foreign ministers level failed on the issue of Kashmir. Both
countries went into full-scale war in September 1965. Ceasefire was made after 17
days. The war created immense bitterness in mutual relations.

Tashkent Agreement, made in January 1966, was another significant milestone in

normalizing relations. Both sides agreed to resolve their issues peacefully through
dialogue and that economic and diplomatic relations would be restored.

India played major role in the separation of Bengal from Pakistan. She patronized Mukti
Bahini, the independence movement of Bengalis. India gave them weapons, military
training and base camps. Finally India’s army directly attacked East Pakistan resulting
in the creation of independent Bangladesh. After this incident relations went extremely
hostile with India.

Simla Agreement between the prime ministers of India and Pakistan in 1972 was
another positive move towards diffusing the tension and establishing good trade
relations.

India’s nuclear test in 1974 once again put Pakistan under great strain. India became a
serious threat to Pakistan’s security. Nuclear arms race started between the two
countries.

In early 1980s, the Sikh community in Punjab launched the Khalistan Movement
demanding a separate homeland. India blamed Pakistan for secretly plotting the
movement and providing arms to Sikh freedom fighter though they could produce no
evidence. In October 1984, Indra Gandhi was assassinated by Sikhs. When her son
Rajiv Gandhi became the Indian prime minister, he believed that Pakistan was behind
such moves. By 1987 relations had deteriorated to the extent that war-like situation was
created. But all of a sudden, General Zia-ul-Haq flew to India to watch a cricket match
between Pakistan and India. There he met with Indian leaders including Rajiv Gandhi
and the tension was released.
[Conclusion] Relations between India and Pakistan have been a series of failures. The
1965 and 1971 wars have taken the two countries too apart from each other. Kashmir is
the topmost hurdle in mutual relations.

Who was Mujeeb ur Rehman?

• Became first PM of independent state of Bangladesh in 1971.

• Arrested during operation searchlight • Started the Bengali Nationalist Movement.

• Helped Awami League win majority of 160 given for East Pakistan in 1970 elections

• Presented Six Point programme in 1966 for demands of self-government due to

deprivation of rights in politics. • Found Awami League in 1949

• An East Pakistani supporter of self-government

• Seats distributed according to Pakistan

3 The New Nation 1947 Pakistan Achieves Independence; Kashmir Issue begins;
Liaquat Ali Khan as Prime Minister. 1948 Death of Quid-e-Azam; Water Dispute with
India; 1949 Ceasefire on Kashmir Issue. 1951 Liaquat Ali Khan Assassinated. Khwaja
Nazimuddin 1955 One Unit Policy by Iskandar Mirza.; Parliamentary Government
Restored 1956 First Constitution of Pakistan; Pakistan becomes an Islamic Republic.
1958 Ayub Khan takes power; martial law regimes. 1959 Basic Democracies takes hold.
1960 Ayub Khan becomes President; Government moves to Islamabad 1962 The new
constitution. 1965 Ayub Khan wins presidential election against Fatima Jinnah. 1966
Bhutto resigns from Ayub Khan’s Government 1967 New Capital Officially Completed
and Declared; PPP formed. 1969 Ayub Khan again declares Martial Law. 1970
Elections; Awami League wins in East Pakistan; PPP wins in West Pak. 1966 6 point
Programme 1971 War begins against Bangladesh. Bangladesh separates. 1972 Simla
Accord signed. 1973 Bhutto’s Constitution. 1974 Islamic Summit. 1977 Bhutto calls the
elections; Bhutto charged with conspiracy to murder. General Zia seizes power. Hudood
Ordinance introduced. 1979 Bhutto Hanged in Rawalpindi. 1979 USSR invades over
Afghanistan. Zia agrees with US to help Afghanistan 1988 USSR troops withdraw.
General Zia die’s in a plane crash.

4 Pakistan’s international relations India

1948-49 Kahmir Issue and ceasefire. India stops Pakistan’s Water supply.
Agreement over Bengal and Assam border. 1950 Liaquat Nehru Pact for the minorities
in both countries. 1965 Indian Pakistan War 1971 Another War. Bangladesh separated
1972 Simla Accord 1987 Threat of War from India. 1988-89 Good relations with the
democratic set up. 1989 Kargal Issue; Relations deteriorate. 1999-2007 Good relations
in Musharaf Government. 2007-11 Very Good relations with the Zardari Government.
Relations with AFGHANISTAN 1947 Unfriendly relations due to border dispute of
Wakhan Strip. Afghanistan opposes Pakistan’s membership in UNO. 1955 Relations
further deteriorate due to Afghanis attacking on Kabul Embassy 1966 Iskandar Mirza
visits Afghanistan to normalize the relations 1965-71 Afghanistan did not support
Pakistan in Wars against India but was neutral. 1974 ZAQ visits

Afghanistan.. 1979-88 Good relations because of Pakistan aid against Russian invasion
and Ceasefire. 1988-92 Civil War Breaks in Afghanistan and Pakistan helps in formation
of Mujahiddin Government. 1992 Vry good relations with Mullah Omar Government.
1993-99 Good relations with Mujahidin Government. 2000-01 Relations deteriorated
due to Musharaf’s American Support on 9/11 incident. 2008-11 Better relations than
Musharaf’s government and many pacts have been signed.

5 Pakistan Relation with Iran Very good relation since ancient times due to
Ottoman Empire and Islamic Bond. 1947 Iran is the first to Acknowledge Pakistan’s
existence. 1949 Pakistans PM visits Iran. 1955 Iran and Iraq join Pakistan in Baghdad
Pact. 1964 Both countries join In RCD (Regional COOPERATION Development.) 1965-
71 Iran supports Pakistan in the Wars. 1972-73 ZAQ’s Government and relations
remained good. 1979 Iranian Revolution and Pakistan supported it, trying to establish
good with the new government. 1985 RCD restructured and was made more effective.
1985-88 Good relations under G. Zia. 1988 Benazir Government. Very Good Relations.
1998-99 Good relations 1999-07 Not veryu good relations due to nucleur Issue and
American pressure on Pakistan to turn against Iran. Pakistan Relations with China.
1949 China becomes Independent. 1952 Diplomatic relations between the countries
begin. Pakistan supports China to get UNO membership. 1959 China voted against
China Admission to UN and condemned the military action in Tibet. 1960’s A $60 Million
long Term interest free loan regarding import of machinery. 1961-62 China applied for
permanent membership of Security Council. Pakistan supported this act. 1962 Pakistan
support to China in China-India War. 1963 Boudary Agreement in 1963. China allows
PIA to use Chinese air ports and provided loans. 1965-71 China supports Pakistan in
the wars against India. 1964 Good relations. Prime ministers meet. 1978 Karrakoram
Highway for better trade established. 1986 Civil treaty nuclear cooperation. 1993-2000
Pakistan fully supports religious movement in China. 2000-07 Good Relations with
Musharaf Government, many trieties signed.

6 Pakistan and USA. 1947 Pakistan joins UNO and becomes Pro American Country.
1950 PM Liaquat Ali visits United States. 1955 SEATO and CENTO signed for military
and economic aid given. For Defence. 1956 Pakistan supports USA spy Mission. U2
issue weakened relations. 1962 Relations Strained because US was aiding India in war
against China. 1965 and 71 Pakistan was not provided with military aid. It left CETO
and CENTO 1972-74 Not good relations with Bhutto government and Nuclear Issue.
1977-79 Zia was not supported and relations remained bad. Aid was suspended. 1979-
89 Very good relations because Zia’s favour and help against USSR invasion in
Afghanistan. 1989-99 Not very good relations with the democratic government. 1998-99
Bad relations because of Nuclear bomb testing by Pakistan. 2000-08 Very good
relations with Musharaf government. 2008-11 Very Good relations. Pakistan and the
United Nations 1947 Pakistan get UN membership. UNHCR aids in solving refugee
problem. 1948 UN passes resolution on Kashmir Issue. UN plays its role in ceasefire
over Kashmir. Canal Water Dispute, UN helps to solve it. 1965 UN again plays its role
over ceaze fire over Kashmir War and arranged the Tashkan Agreement. 1971 Indian
invasion and separation of Bengal; UNO failed and relations with Pakistan disrupted.
1978 Russian invasion- UNO aided Pakistan to stop Russian invasion in Afghanistan.
1988 Russian War ends and Pakistan is appointed to arrange Juneva Agreement. 2001
9/11 Incident; American invasion over Afghanistan, UNO supported Pakistan in support
for USA

7 Pakistan Relation with Common Wealth countries Pakistan s initial relations

were difficult due to the reluctance of British to accept Pakistan and the injustice of
Boundary Comission. On the other hand Pakistan needed Britain and its senior officials
for training of Army and official workers. Throughout the first 40 years of its emergence
Pakistan has stayed on good terms with Brirtain. 1956 Pakistan declares itself republic
by making its own constitution. Until now it had been under the British Crown. Relations
deteriorated because Pakistan criticized Britain over the invasion of Suez Canal 1960
Relations improved as many Pakistani’s went to Britain due to the construction of
Tarbela and Mangla Dam. 1965 Britain played a major role in ending the war between
India and Pakistan. 1971 Britain recognized Bangladesh as separate country against
the will of Pakistan and so Pakistan left Common Wealth in protest. 1980’s Britain
remained a strong ally and trading Partner. 1989 Relations improved because Pak.
Returned to Common Wealth. 1979-88 British supported Pakistan and aided in Afghan
Crisis. Relations with Bangladesh 1971 Very bitter relation. Pakistan stated to break
bonds with any country ready to recognize Bangla as a separate country. 1974 Pakistan
invited Shiekh Mujib on the Islamic Summit Conference. Both countries agreed to try
having friendly relations. 1974 Bhutto visits Bangladesh and division of Assets was
discussed. 1975 Shiekh Mujib died and the new leader tried to improve the relations
further but refused to withdraw claim over assets. 1985 and 88 Bangladesh hit by
severe storm, Pakistan was the first country to contribute for them.

8 Pakistan and USSR 1947 Pakistan joined UNO, Russia was not happy. 1949 Visit
of Liaquat Ali to USA rather than USA harms initial relations. 1950- Russia began to
support India over Kashmir Issue. 1954 Joining SEATO with USA widened the gulf.
1954 Pakistan joined Anti-Communist Pact which angered Russia. 1956 Rejecting Aid
from USSR harmed relations. 1960 Pakistan Accepted Soviet assistance in search of
Water and mineral. U2 Crises harmed the relations. 1961 Soviet Oil Exploration in
Pakistan. 1963 Pakistan receives Pound 11 Million loan. 1965 Improvement in relation
because Pakistan left SEATO and CENTO. Visit of Ayub Khan. 1968 Soviet Arms
supplied to Pakistan. 1972 ZAB’s gov. tried to improve relations by signing agreement
to built Steel Mill in Pakistan and visiting USSR. 1978-88 Bad relations because of
Russian Invasion over Afghanistan. 1989-1999 Better relations with the 4 democratic
gov. 200-2007 Bad relations because of Pakistan’s support for America over the War of
Terrorism.