For the complete course

Follow BVREDDY
https://unacademy.com/@bvreddy
S. No Topics Problems Nos link
1 EMF Static Fields 1-7 EMF DPP-1
2 EMF Static Fields 8-57 EMF DPP-2
3 EMF Static Fields 58- 73 EMF DPP-3
4 EMF Static Fields 74- 75 EMF DPP-4
5 EMF Static Fields 76- 90 EMF DPP-5
6 EMF Static Fields 91-100 EMF DPP-6
7 EMF Static Fields 101- 130 EMF DPP-7
8 EMF Static Fields 131-171 EMF DPP-8
9 EMF Static Fields 172-205 EMF DPP-9
10 EMF Static Fields 206-240 EMF DPP- 10
11 Comprehensive course on EMF PLUS Comprehensive course
(EC/EE)
on EMF (EE/EC)-1
12 Comprehensive course on PLUS Comprehensive course on EMT (EM waves,
EMT (EC)
transmission lines , waveguides, antennas )
S.No Course Link
1 Network Analysis/ Electric Circuits Full Click here
course
2 Digital Logic Circuits Full course Click here
3 EMF Full course (EEE) Click here
4 EMF Full Course (ECE) Click here
5 Digital Practice Course Part – 1 Click here
6 Digital Practice Course Part – 2 Click here
7 Networks Practice Course Part -1 Click here
8 Networks Practice Course Part – 2 Click here
9 Engg. Mathematics Practice Course Click here
(Probability )
10 Practice course on EMT Click here
Cartesian Co-ordinate system Cylindrical Co-ordinate system Spherical Co-ordinate system
(ρ, φ, z) 𝟎≤𝝆≤∞
(x, y, z) 𝟎 ≤ 𝝋 < 𝟐𝝅
Use the Code : (r, θ, φ) 𝟎≤𝒓<∞
BVREDDY 𝟎≤𝜽≤𝝅
dρ ρdφ dz −∞ < 𝒛 < ∞
dx dy dz dr rdθ rsinθdφ 𝟎 ≤ 𝝋 < 𝟐𝝅
−∞ < 𝒙 < ∞ (𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛) (𝝆, 𝝋 , 𝒛) 𝒙, 𝒚, 𝒛 𝒓, 𝜽, 𝝋
−∞ < 𝒚 < ∞ 𝒓= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒛𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
𝝆= 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 𝒙 = 𝝆𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋
−∞ < 𝒛 < ∞ 𝒚 𝒙𝟐 +𝒚𝟐
−𝟏
𝝋= 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒚 = 𝝆𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋
𝒙 𝒛
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽𝒚 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽𝒛 = 𝟏

⋅
z=z z=z 𝒚
𝝋 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒛 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

⋅
ax ay az 𝒛
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝞩𝑉 = ෝ𝑥 +
𝒂 ෝ𝑦 +
𝒂 ෝ
𝒂 𝒂𝝆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 𝟎 ax ay az
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝑧
𝒂𝝋 = − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 𝟎 𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝋 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽
𝛛𝐀 𝐱 𝛛𝐀 𝐲 𝛛𝐀 𝒂𝒛 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝒂𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
ഥ
𝝯. 𝐀 = + + 𝐳
𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐳 𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏𝑽 𝝏𝑽 𝒂𝝋 −𝒔𝒊𝒏𝝋 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝝋 𝟎
𝞩𝑽 = ෝ𝝆 +
𝒂 ෝ𝝓 +
𝒂 ෝ
𝒂
𝝏𝝆 𝝆 𝝏𝝓 𝝏𝒛 𝒛 𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏𝑽 𝟏 𝝏𝑽
ෝ𝒙
𝒂 ෝ𝒚
𝒂 ෝ𝒛
𝒂 𝞩𝑽= ෝ𝒓 +
𝒂 ෝ𝜽 +
𝒂 ෝ
𝒂
𝟏 𝛛 𝟏 𝛛𝐀𝛟 𝛛𝐀 𝐳 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝏𝝓 𝝓
ഥ=
𝝯. 𝐀 𝛒𝐀𝛒 + 𝛒 +
ഥ= 𝝏
𝞩×𝑨
𝝏 𝝏 𝛒 𝛛𝛒 𝛛𝛟 𝛛𝐳
𝟏 𝝏 𝟐 𝟏 𝝏 𝟏 𝝏𝑨𝝓
𝝏𝒙 𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒛 ഥ=
𝞩. 𝑨 𝒓 𝑨𝒓 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽𝑨𝜽 +
ෝ𝜌
𝒂 𝜌ෝ
𝒂𝜑 ෝ𝑧
𝒂 𝒓𝟐 𝝏𝒓 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝏𝜽 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝝏𝝓
𝑨𝒙 𝑨𝒀 𝑨𝒁
1 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
ҧ
𝞩×𝐴 = ෝ𝒓
𝒂 ෝ𝜽
𝒓𝒂 ෝ𝝓
𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒂
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧
Use the Code : ഥ= 𝟐𝟏 𝝏 𝝏 𝝏
𝐴𝜌 𝜌𝐴𝜑 𝐴𝑍 𝞩×𝑨 𝝏𝒓 𝝏𝜽 𝝏𝝓
BVREDDY 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝑨𝒓 𝒓𝑨𝜽 𝒓 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒂𝝓
Stoke’s theorem ➢ The closed line defines a open surface
ഥ = ∫ 𝞩 × 𝐴ҧ . 𝑑𝑠 ➢ The closed surface defines a volume Use the Code :
∮𝐿 𝐴.ҧ 𝑑𝑙 𝑆 ➢ Line------>1 Dimensional figure BVREDDY
Divergence theorem
➢ Closed line-----> 2 -Dimensional figure -----> open surface
∮𝑆 𝐴.ҧ 𝑑𝑠 = ∫𝑉 𝞩. 𝐴ҧ . 𝑑𝑣 ➢ Closed surface ------> 3- Dimensional figure --> volume
1. if 𝞩. 𝐵ത = 0 The force b/w two charges
Gauss’s law
Solenoidal vector ഥ = 𝟏 𝑸𝟏 𝑸
𝑭 𝟐
ෝ𝒓
𝒂 𝜓 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐
Divergence free vector 𝟒𝝅𝜺 𝒓𝟐
The Electric field at a point ഥ . 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑄𝑒𝑛𝑐 = ∫ 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝑣
𝜓 = ∮𝑆 𝐷
Continuous vector 𝑉
2. if 𝞩 × 𝐴ҧ = 0ത ഥ
𝑭
ഥ
𝑬 = 𝐥𝒕 Work done by the electric field
Irrotational vector 𝑸𝒕 →𝟎 𝑸𝒕
𝐵
Conservative vector 𝑑𝑄 𝑐 w= 𝑄 ∫𝐴 𝐸. ഥ
ത 𝑑𝑙
𝜌𝐿 = Τ𝑚--->line charge density
Curl free vector 𝑑𝑙 Work done by the external agent
𝑑𝑄 𝑐
3. 𝞩. 𝞩 × 𝐴ҧ = 0 𝜌𝑆 = Τ 2 -->surface charge density w= − 𝑄 ∫
𝐵
ഥ
ത 𝑑𝑙
𝐸.
𝑑𝑆 𝑚
4. 𝞩 × 𝞩 𝑉 = 0ത 𝑑𝑄 𝑐
𝐴
𝜌𝑣 = Τ 3 --->volume charge density
Potential difference
5. Any solenoidal vector can be expressed 𝑑𝑣 𝑚 𝐵
ത V = − ∫ 𝐸. ഥ
ത 𝑑𝑙
as the curl of some other vector 𝑘--------- surface current density (A/m) 𝐴
6. Any Irrotational vector can be ҧ
𝐽------- volume current density (𝐴Τ ) Potential
𝑚2 𝑟
expressed as the gradient of some ഥ
ത 𝑑𝑙
𝑉 = − න 𝐸.
other scalar
ഥ×𝑩
7. 𝑨 ഥ ×𝑪 ഥ=𝑩 ഥ 𝑨 ഥ −𝑪
ഥ. 𝑪 ഥ 𝑨
8. 𝞩 × 𝞩 × 𝐴ҧ = 𝞩 𝞩. 𝐴ҧ − 𝞩2 𝐴ҧ
ഥ. 𝑩
ഥ Use the Code : BVREDDY ∞

𝞩 × 𝐸ത = 0ത
ഥ×𝑩
9. 𝞩. 𝑨 ഥ =𝑩 ഥ. 𝞩 × 𝑨 ഥ −𝑨 ഥ. 𝞩 × 𝑩
ഥ
10. 𝞩. 𝑽𝑨 ഥ = 𝑽 𝞩. 𝑨 ഥ +𝑨 ഥ. 𝞩 𝑽 ഥ = −𝞩 V
𝑬
 Electric fields Magnetic fields Electric fields Magnetic fields
1. Electric field intensity 1. Magnetic field intensity 5. Dipole moment 5. Magnetic dipole moment
measure of strength of Electric field measure of strength of Magnetic field 𝑃ത = 𝑞𝑙 ҧ 𝑀ഥ = 𝑖𝐴ҧ
E→V/m H→A/m (⊝ ve to ⊕ ve) ( S to N)
2. Electric flux density 2. Magnetic flux density
𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 𝒎𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝒇𝒍𝒖𝒙 6. Polarization, 6. Magnetization
𝑫ഥ= 𝑩ഥ=
𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝐷𝑖𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑃ത = 𝑀ഥ=
ഥ = 𝒅𝝍 𝒂
𝑫 ෞ𝒏 (𝑪/𝒎𝟐) ഥ = 𝒅𝝓 𝒂
𝑩 ෞ𝒏 (Wb/𝒎𝟐) or ( T ) 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒔
7. 𝑃ത ∝ 𝐷
ഥ 7. ഥ∝𝐻
𝑀 ഥ
ഥ = 𝝐𝑬
3.𝑫 ഥ ഥ = 𝝁𝑯
3. 𝑩 ഥ
𝝐 = 𝝐𝒓𝝐𝟎 𝑃ത = 𝜒𝑒 𝐷
ഥ ഥ = 𝜒𝑚 𝐻
𝑀 ഥ
𝟏 −𝟗
𝑭 𝝁 = 𝝁𝒓𝝁𝟎
𝝐𝟎 = × 𝟏𝟎
𝟑𝟔𝝅 𝒎 ഥ = 𝜀0 𝐸ത + 𝑃ത
8. 𝐷 8. 𝐵ത = 𝜇0 𝐻
ഥ+𝑀
ഥ
𝝁𝟎 = 𝟒𝝅 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 (𝑯/𝒎)
𝝐𝟎 = 𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 (𝑭/𝒎) ഥ = 𝜀0 1 + 𝜒𝑟 𝐸ത
𝐷 𝐵ത = 𝜇0 1 + 𝜒𝑟 𝐻
ഥ
4. 𝝐𝒓 ≥ 𝟏 4. 𝝁𝒓 ≥ 𝟏 ഥ = 𝜀0 𝜀𝑟 𝐸ത
𝐷 𝐵ത = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝐻
ഥ
𝝐𝒓 = 𝟏 → (𝒂𝒊𝒓/𝒗𝒂𝒄𝒖𝒖𝒎) 𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏 → (air/vacuum/
𝝐𝒓 = 𝟖𝟎 → (𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓) non-magnetic medium 9. 𝝐𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝝌𝒆 9.𝝁𝒓 = 𝟏 + 𝝌𝒎
Electric susceptibility Magnetic susceptibility

Use the Code : BVREDDY

 Point charge Line charge Circular ring BVREDDY
ഥ = KQ ρL ρL ah
E 2 a
ොr ഥ=
E aො ρ ഥ=
E aො z V= ρL a
r 3
2πε ρ 2 2 1
KQ 2ε(a +h )2 2 2
V= ρL 1 2ε(a +h )2
r V= ln ρL → Line charge density
2πε 𝜌 Q
ρL = c/m
Arc 2πR Use the Code :
a → Radius of ring
BVREDDY
h → Distance from the center to the point
θ R a Conducting plate
Electric field is maximum at h = ±
2
θ Surface charge + +
1 Q sin 2
E= ഥ = ρs aො n
E ρs
4πε R2 𝜃ൗ
2 2ε ഥ
E = aො n + +
ρs → surface charge density (c/m2) ε
1 Q aො n → unit normal vector + +
V= aො n = +ve, if the point lies above the surface charge
4πε R
= -ve, if the point lies below the surface charge
+ +
BVREDDY 1 Q
V=
4πε r BVREDDY
Hollow conducting sphere / Solid non-conducting sphere Use the Code :
(Hollow non conducting sphere/ BVREDDY
Q
solid conducting sphere) + + ++ ρv =
4 3
c/m3

E = 0, 0≤r<R + + +R 3 πR
+ + + + +
1 Q + + + +
+
R
+ = , r>R + + +
E 4πε r2
+ + ++ +
+ + ഥ rρv 1 𝑄𝑟
+ + E= aො r = aො 0≤r≤R
+ 3ε 4πε R3 r E
1 Q
KQ r=R r
R3 ρv 4πε R2
V = ,0 <r<R 1 Q
R = aො = aො , r>R
KQ 3εr2 r 4πε r2 r
= , r>R r=R r
r 3R 𝜌𝑣 2 𝑟2
V V= − , 0≤r≤R
3ε 2 2

R3 ρv
= , r>R
3ε 𝑟

3
Vcentre = V
r=R r Use the Code : 2 surface
BVREDDY BVREDDY
Electric Dipole Parallel plate capacitor
Capacitance ϵA In parallel Charge divides
ഥ . 𝒅𝒔
𝝐∮𝒔 𝑬 C=
ഥ. 𝒂 𝑪= d
𝑷 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝑷 ෝ𝒓 ഥ . 𝒅𝒍
∫𝑳 𝑬 Capacitance of Co- axial cable
𝑽= =
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒓𝟐 𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒓𝟐 Resistance (Cylindrical capacitor)
𝑷 ഥ 2𝜋𝜖𝑙 Voltage same Current divides
ഥ= ത 𝐝𝐥
∫𝐋 𝐄.
𝑬 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽ෝ
𝒂𝒓 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽ෝ
𝒂𝜽 𝐑= 𝐶=
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝒓𝟑 𝛔∮ 𝐄.ത 𝐝𝐬 𝑙𝑛
𝑏
𝐬 𝑎
Poisson’s equation Spherical capacitor Electric field same
2
𝜌𝑣 𝛜
4πϵ
𝞩 𝑉=− 𝐑𝐂 =
𝜖 𝛔 C= Electric field divides
1 1 In series
𝝏 𝒗 𝝏 𝒗 𝝏𝟐 𝒗
𝟐 𝟐
𝝆𝒗 −
a b
+ + =− Capacitance of isolated
𝝏𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒚𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐 𝝐
capacitor
Current same Voltage divides
C = 4πϵ
𝟏 𝝏 𝝏𝒗 𝟏 𝝏𝟐 𝒗 𝝏𝟐 𝒗
𝝆𝒗
𝝆 + 𝟐 + = −
𝝆 𝝏𝝆 𝝏𝝆 𝝆 𝝏𝝋𝟐 𝝏𝒛𝟐 𝝐 Charge same

1 𝜕 2
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕2𝑣 𝜌𝑣 𝑉𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑟 + sin 𝜃 + 2 2 =− Dielectric strength E =
𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝜕𝜑2 𝜖 𝑑
𝑣
Dielectric strength of air E = 3 × 106 𝑚
Laplace’s equation
𝞩 𝟐𝑽 = 𝟎

Use the Code : BVREDDY

 Electric Charge Circular Conductor ഥ = 𝟎 Maxwell’s
𝛁∙𝐁 ഥ =𝛁×𝐀
𝐁 ഥ
𝐝𝐐 Basic Charge Element NIa2 H 4th Equation ഥ ∙ 𝐝𝒍ҧ
𝛗 = ∮𝑳 𝐀
ഥ=
H 3 aො HSolid Conductor
Source for Electric Fields 2 a2 +h2 ൗ2
Magnetic charge (A.m) H𝛂𝐫 Fത = Fe + Fത m Lorentz’s force
ഥ
𝐈𝐝𝐥 At the centre ഥ = I𝑟 2 aො φ , 0 < r < R
H 𝟏
Basic current element 2πR H𝛂 Fത = Q E
ഥ + vത × B
ഥ equation
Source for magnetic field ഥ = NI aො H
H 𝒓
Vector quantity 2a I
= 2πr aො φ, r > R Torque on a current carrying conductor
If h >> a ഥ×B
ഥ
μ 2M r=R r τ = NI A
Biot -Savart’s Law B = 4π0 h3
Solenoid Path of the charged particle
ഥ 𝐫)ҧ
𝐈(𝐝𝐥× Magnetic Moment (M) = NIA
ഥ=
𝐇 ∫ 𝟒𝛑𝐫𝟑 A/m μ0 Ni
𝐋 B= sinα + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽 Angle b/w Angle b/w
The magnetic field at the Centre of 2l E and V B and V
Ampere’s ഥ = 𝑱ҧ I θ Toroid
𝛁×𝐇 the arc is H = 2a 2π 𝜃=0 𝜃=0
Circuit Law Maxwell’s μ0 ni
B= Straight line Straight line
3rd equation 2πR
∮𝐿 H ഥ = Ienclosed
ഥ . dl if a particle of charge q moves 𝜃 = 90 𝜃 = 90
in a circular path of radius r 1. E2t = E1t Parabolic path Circular path
ഥ = I sinα + sinβ aො HB with a velocity V , then the 2. D2n − D1n = ρs 0 < 𝜃 < 90 0 < 𝜃 < 90
H ഥ × aො n
4πρ 3. H2t − H1t = K Parabolic path Helical path
For infinite conductor ഥ a P magnetic field at the
𝝆 4. B2n = B1n
b centre of If two conductors
I
ഥ=
H aො circular loop tan θ1 μ1 tan θ1 𝜀1 tan θ1 σ1 are carrying the
2π𝜌 H
A μ0 I μ0 qv = = = currents in the same
In general for n- equal sided polygon B= = tan θ2 μ2 tan θ2 ε2 tan θ2 σ2
direction , then the
2r 4π r 2 force
the H at Centre is μ0 qω μ0 Surface current
Force b/w two current carrying
B= = qf 1
conductors
I I
between
nI 4π r 2r H = 2 𝐾 × aො n μ0 I1 I2 𝑙 1 F F2 2 them is
H= tan πΤn sin πΤn F= B2 1 B1 attraction
πd Use the Code : BVREDDY 2πd d
Continuity equation
Electric and Magnetic fields at the Centre
Law of conservation of Figure Electric Magnetic
charge 1. The net Electric field inside the field field
𝐝𝐐 conductor is zero
𝐈+ =𝟎 Use the Code : 2. The net charge inside the conductor 1.Equilateral 𝟗𝑰
𝐝𝐭 𝑯=
𝛛𝛒𝐯 BVREDDY is zero. triangle 𝐄=𝟎 𝟐𝝅𝒅
𝝯. 𝐉ҧ = − 3. Conductor does not allow any
𝛛𝐭
𝟏 charge to enter into it .
Electric energy density, 𝝎𝑬 = 𝑫ഥ. 𝑬
ഥ 𝑱/𝒎𝟑 2. Square
𝟐 4. The electric field at any point on the
𝟐 𝟐𝑰
Electric energy, 𝝎 = ∫𝑽 𝝐𝑬 𝒅𝒗𝟐
𝑱 𝐄=𝟎 𝑯=
surface of the conductor is normal 𝝅𝒅
𝟏
Magnetic energy density, 𝝎𝑬 = 𝑩ഥ. 𝑯
ഥ 𝑱/𝒎𝟑 to the conductor surface .
𝟐
Magnetic energy, 𝝎 = ∫𝑽 𝝁𝑯𝟐 𝒅𝒗 𝑱 5. The conductor is a equipotential 3.Hexagon
𝟑𝑰
surface . 𝐄=𝟎 𝑯=
𝝅𝒅
The locus of points in space that have same
potential is called as equipotential surface. If any charge configuration 𝑰
4. Circle 𝐄=𝟎 𝑯 =
1. Work done in moving a charge from one point to placed above at a distance ‘d’ from 𝟐𝒂
another point in the same equipotential surface is the surface of a grounded conductor,
zero. then the conductor will induce an
2. Two equipotential surfaces never cross each image charge , the polarity of the
other . 360
image charge is opposite to the No. of Image Charges = 𝜃 − 1
3. Equipotential surface is perpendicular to electric
field lines .
original charge and the image
4. The equipotential surfaces are a family of charge must be located inside the
conducting region such that on the
concentric spheres for a point charge and are a
family of concentric cylinders for a line charges surface of the conductor the
Use the Code :
potential is zero or constant . BVREDDY
 BVREDDY
General Maxwell’s Equations

Point Form
( Differential Time Harmonic Form Integral form Remarks
Form )
ഥ = 𝝆𝒗
1.𝞩. 𝑫 ഥ = 𝜌𝑣
1. 𝞩. 𝐷 ഥ . 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑸𝒆𝒏𝒄 = ∫ 𝝆𝑽 𝒅𝒗 Gauss’s Law
1. 𝝍 = ∮𝑺 𝑫 𝑽

ഥ=
ഥ
𝝏𝑩 ഥ = −𝒋𝝎𝝁𝑯
2. 𝞩 × 𝑬 ഥ ഥ . 𝒅𝒍 = ∫ −
2. 𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∮𝑳 𝑬
ഥ
𝝏𝑩
. 𝒅𝒔 Faraday’s Law
2. 𝞩 × 𝑬 − 𝑺 𝝏𝒕
𝝏𝒕

ഥ ҧ ഥ = 𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝐸
ഥ 3. 𝞩 × 𝐻
𝝏𝑫 3. 𝑰𝒕 = ∮𝑳 𝑯. 𝒅𝒍 = 𝑱ҧ +
ഥ
𝝏𝑫
. 𝒅𝒔 Modified form of
3.𝞩 × 𝑯 = 𝑱 + 𝝏𝒕 Ampere’s law
𝝏𝒕

ഥ=𝟎
4. 𝞩. 𝑩 4. 𝞩. 𝐵ത = 0 ഥ . 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎
4. ∮𝑺 𝑩 Gauss’s Law for
magnetic field

BVREDDY
Use the Code :BVREDDY
 BVREDDY
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇
ഥ function of time
𝑩 Effective Area - function of time

Statically induced emf Dynamically induced emf

ഥ
𝝏𝑩
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∫𝑺 − . 𝒅𝒔
𝝏𝒕
Conductor cuts the flux lines θ - function of time

Motional emf Rotational emf

ഥ×𝑩
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = ∫𝑳 𝒗 ഥ . 𝒅𝒍
𝑽𝒆𝒎𝒇 = 𝑵𝑩𝑨𝝎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽

BVREDDY
Use the Code :BVREDDY
 ഥ = 𝑬𝟎 𝒆−𝜶𝒛 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝎𝒕 − 𝜷𝒛 𝒂 𝜎
EM Waves 𝑬 ෞ𝒙 Direction of = 0 → 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
Electric field 𝜔𝜀
General wave equations 𝜎
𝜕 𝐸ത 𝜕 2 𝐸ത Maximum Attenuation Operating ≫ 1 → 𝐻𝑖𝑔ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝜔𝜀
𝞩2 𝐸ത = 𝜇𝜎 + 𝜇𝜀 2 amplitude constant Frequency Phase Direction of (𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 of the constant Propagation 𝜎
ഥ 2𝐻ഥ electric field (rad/sec)
𝜕 𝐻 𝜕
𝞩2 𝐻ഥ = 𝜇𝜎 + 𝜇𝜀 2 Harmonic of the wave 𝜔𝜀 ≪ 1 → 𝐿𝑜𝑤 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 function (𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐)
𝒅𝑽𝒑 Normal dispersion
𝞩2 𝐸ത = 𝛾 2 𝐸ത 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑽𝒈 = 𝑽𝒑 + 𝜷 The frequency at which
2ഥ 2ഥ 𝜔 𝒅𝜷 𝑉𝑔 < 𝑉𝑝
𝞩 𝐻=𝛾 𝐻 Helm holtz’s 𝑉𝑝 = conduction current is equal to
equations 𝛽 𝒅𝑽𝒑 Anomalous dispersion displacement current is called
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑝 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑽𝒈 = 𝑽𝒑 − 𝝀 as transition frequency.
Uniform plane wave (upw) 𝑑𝜔 𝒅𝝀 𝑉𝑔 > 𝑉𝑝
𝑉𝑔 =
Non- dispersive medium 𝑓𝑇 = 𝜎
ഥ =𝒂
𝑲 ෝ𝒛 𝑑𝛽 𝑽𝒑 𝐻𝑧
𝑽 = 2𝜋𝜀
𝜕 𝜕 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝒈 𝒅𝑽𝒑 𝑉𝑔 = 𝑉𝑝
1. = =0 2𝜋 𝟏−𝜷 The intrinsic
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝒅𝝎 𝜎
𝜆= tan 𝜃 = impedance of
2. 𝐸𝑧 = 𝐻𝑧 = 0 𝛽 𝜔𝜀 Dissipation high loss medium
𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝛽 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 factor
Loss 𝝎𝝁 𝝎𝝁
3. 𝐸ത → 𝐻
ഥ→𝐾
ഥ
Refractive Index tangent 𝜼=
𝟐𝝈
+𝒋
𝟐𝝈
⊕ve Quality factor
𝑛 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜀𝑟 𝜼 = 𝑹𝑺 + 𝒋𝑿𝑺
Skin depth 𝜃 = 2𝜃𝜂
The distance EM Wave Surface
travels inside the medium 𝟏 Angle of intrinsic Surface (sheet)
𝜹= impedance (phase Resistance
(sheet)
to reduce its amplitude to 𝜶
diff. b/w E and H ) Reactance
1/e times its initial value
Poynting theorem 𝛈𝟐 −𝛈𝟏 6. 0 < Γ <1
1. 𝚪𝐄 =
𝛈𝟐 +𝛈𝟏
∮𝑺 𝑬 ഥ . 𝒅𝒔 = − 𝒅 ∫
ഥ×𝑯 𝟏
𝜺𝑬𝟐 𝟏
ഥ . 𝑱ҧ 𝒅𝒗
+ 𝟐 𝝁𝑯𝟐 𝒅𝒗 - ∫𝑽 𝑬 1< S < ∞
𝒅𝒕 𝑽 𝟐
ഥ=𝑬
ഥ×𝑯 ഥ 𝛕𝐄 = 1 + 𝚪𝐄
𝑷 7. % of reflected power
Poynting vector 2. 𝚪𝐇 = −𝚪𝐄 = Γ 2 × 100
Power density vector 𝛕𝐇 = 1 + 𝚪𝐇 % of transmitted power
𝟏 = (1 − Γ 2 ) × 100
ഥ×𝑯
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝑹𝒆 𝑬 ഥ∗ 𝝎/𝒎𝟐 3. if medium 2 is a good conductor
𝟐
𝐄𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐨𝐭
𝟏 𝑬𝟎 𝟐 −𝟐𝜶𝒛 𝛕 = =𝟎 8. The conductor
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽𝜼 𝒂 ෝ𝒌 𝝎/𝒎𝟐 𝚪𝐄 =
𝐄𝐨𝐢
= −𝟏 𝐄 𝐄𝐨𝐢 surface will acts as
𝟐 𝜼
Power 𝐇𝐨𝐫 𝐇 short circuit for EM
Intrinsic Attenuation 𝛕𝐇 = 𝐇𝐨𝐭 = 𝟐
impedance const
factor 𝚪𝐇 = = +𝟏 𝐨𝐢 Waves
Distance Direction of propagation 𝐇𝐨𝐢
(direction of poynting vector )
For free space 4. 𝑬𝒎𝒂𝒙 ↔ 𝑯𝒎𝒊𝒏
𝟏 𝑬𝟎 𝟐 𝟐 EM Wave
𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = ෝ𝒌 𝝎/𝒎
𝒂 𝑬𝒎𝒊𝒏 ↔ 𝑯𝒎𝒂𝒙
𝟐 𝜼

𝟏 𝐄𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝐇𝐦𝐚𝐱 conductor

𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 = 𝜼𝑯𝟎 𝟐 𝒂
ෝ𝒌 𝝎/𝒎𝟐 5. 𝐒 = =
𝟐 𝐄𝐦𝐢𝐧 𝐇𝐦𝐢𝐧 On the surface of
conductor
𝟏+ 𝚪
𝐒= E---> Minimum
Avg. power = ∫𝑺 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 . 𝒅𝒔 → 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝟏− 𝚪 H---> Maximum
𝒔−𝟏
= ∮𝑺 𝑷𝒂𝒗𝒈 . 𝒅𝒔 → 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝚪 = 𝐬+𝟏
 1 1 1 1 Perpendicular polarization
Oblique Propagation 2 + 2 + 2 = 2
Vpx Vpy Vpz Vp 𝐄𝐨𝐫 𝛈𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐭 − 𝛈𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐢
𝚪⊥ = =
E = E0 e−jk.r aො E 1 1 1 1 𝐄𝐨𝐢 𝛈𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐭 + 𝛈𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐢
E0 −jk.r 2 + 2 + = 2 𝐄𝐨𝐭 𝟐𝛈𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐭
H= e aො H λx λx λx 2 λ 𝛕⊥ = =
η 𝐄𝐨𝐢 𝛈𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐭 + 𝛈𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝛉𝐢
E = E0 e−jβ xcosθx +ycosθy +zcosθz aො E ▽ ≡ −𝐣𝐊
ഥ ×𝑬ഥ = 𝝎𝝁𝑯ഥ Parallel polarization
1. 𝑲
2. ഥ ×𝑯
𝑲 ഥ = − 𝝎𝝁𝑬ഥ
E0 −jβ xcosθx +ycosθy +zcosθz 3. ഥ∙ 𝑫
𝑲 ഥ=𝟎 𝐄𝐨𝐫 𝛈𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 − 𝛈𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢
H= e aො H 𝚪∥ = =
η 4. ഥ ∙ 𝑯
𝑲 ഥ =𝟎 𝐄𝐨𝐢 𝛈𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐭 + 𝛈𝟏 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐢

𝛚 𝟐𝛑 Snell’s law
Eot 2η2 cosθt
𝐕𝐩𝐱 = 𝛌𝐱 = τ∥ = =
Eoi η2 cosθt + η1 cosθi
𝛃𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐱 𝛃𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐱
𝛃𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐢 = 𝛃𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐫 = 𝛃𝟏 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐭
𝛚 cosθi
𝟐𝛑 Law of Reflection τ∥ = 1 + Γ∥
𝐕𝐩𝐲 = 𝛌𝐲 =
𝛉𝐢 = 𝛉𝐫
(Snell’s 1st law) cosθt
𝛃𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐲 𝛃𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐲 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐢 𝛍𝟐 𝛆𝟐 𝐧𝟐
= =
𝛚 𝟐𝛑 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝛉𝐭 𝛍𝟏 𝛆𝟏 𝐧𝟏
𝐕𝐩𝐳 = 𝛌𝐳 = Law of Refraction
𝛃𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐳 𝛃𝐜𝐨𝐬𝛉𝐳 (Snell’s 2nd law)
Brewster’s angle
If ε1 ≠ ε2 , μ1 = μ2
the angle of incidence for
complete transmission
ε2
𝛍 𝛆 tanθB∥ =
𝟏− 𝟏 𝟐 ε1
𝛍𝟐 𝛆𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝛉𝐁⊥ = Critical angle
𝛍𝟏 𝟐 The maximum value of angle of
𝟏−
𝛍𝟐 incidence for complete reflection
If 𝛍𝟏 = 𝛍𝟐
𝛍𝟐 𝛆𝟐 𝐧𝟐
𝛉𝐁⊥ ⟶ doesn’t exist 𝛉𝐜 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏
𝛍𝟏 𝛆𝟏 𝐧𝟏
If ε1 = ε2 and μ1 ≠ μ2
Polarization
μ2 The locus of the tip of resultant
tanθB⊥ = electric field at any point in the space
μ1
ε1 μ2 1. ϕ = ± nπ ⟶ LP
1−
ε2 μ1 π
sin2 θB∥ = 2. ϕ = ± 2n + 1
ε1 2 2
1− CP
ε2 E1 = E2
If ε1 = ε2
3. If not linear and circular , then
θB∥ − doesn’t exist
Elliptical polarization
 Zo = Zsc Zoc Length SC line OC line
𝐕𝐋 𝐳𝐋 + 𝐳𝐨 𝐳𝐋 − 𝐳𝐨 −𝛄𝐱 1. 𝟎 < 𝜷𝒍 < 𝟐
𝝅
L C
𝑽 𝐱 = 𝐞+𝛄𝐱 + 𝐞 𝐧𝛌
𝟐𝐳𝐋 𝐳𝐋 + 𝐳𝐨 𝐙 𝐱 ±
= 𝐙𝐋 𝝀
Incident wave reflected wave 𝟐 𝟎<𝒍<
𝟒
𝛌
𝐈𝐋 𝐳𝟎 + 𝐳𝐋 +𝛄𝐱
𝐳𝐨 − 𝐳𝐋 −𝛄𝐱 𝐙 𝐱 𝐙 𝐱 ± 𝟐𝐧 + 𝟏 = 𝐙𝟎 𝟐 2.
𝝅
< 𝜷𝒍 < 𝝅 C L
𝐈 𝐱 = 𝐞 + 𝐞 𝟒 𝟐
𝟐𝐳𝐨 𝐳𝐨 + 𝐳𝐋 𝐙𝐨 𝟐
𝝀 𝝀
Zin 𝒍= (2n+1)
𝛌
= ⟹inverter <𝒍<𝟐
V(x) = VLcosh𝛄x + ILz0sinh𝛄x 𝟒
𝟒 𝐙𝐋
𝐧𝛌
𝐕𝐋
Zin 𝒍= = ZL⟹ Buffer 𝝀
𝟐 Parallel Series
I(x) = ILcosh𝛄x + sinh𝛄x 3. 𝒍 = 𝟒
𝐳𝟎 Lossless line Distortion less line resonator resonator
R= G = 0 𝑹 𝑮
𝑹+𝒋𝝎𝑳 𝒁𝒐 - is independent of =
𝒁𝒐 = Ω length of TX.line 𝑳 𝑪 𝝀
4. 𝒍 = 𝟐 Series Parallel
𝑮+𝒋𝝎𝒄
𝛄 = 𝛂 + 𝐣𝛃 = 𝐑 + 𝐣𝛚𝐋 + 𝐆 + 𝐣𝛚𝐂 𝐦−𝟏 Every loss less line is distortion resonator Resonator
less , but vice versa not true .
Attenuation Phase 1 Np/m= 8.686 dB/m
const ( Np/m) Const(rad/m ) LOAD Impedance
The impedance at any point Matched Load Z x = Z0
𝐳𝐋 + 𝐣𝐳𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛃𝐱
𝐙 𝐱 = 𝐳𝟎 𝜆 SC Load Zsc = jzo tanβx
𝐳𝟎 + 𝐣𝐳𝐋 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛃𝐱 𝑙=
4
Input impedance
OC Load Zoc = −jzo cotβx
𝐳𝐋 + 𝐣𝐳𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛃𝒍 oc sc L C L oc sc
𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝐳𝟎 C
𝐳𝟎 + 𝐣𝐳𝐋 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝛃𝒍
 𝑽𝐫 10. Load 𝜞 S
1. 𝚪𝐕 = Imin = I0 1 − Γ
Ir 𝑽𝐢 i)S.C Γ = −1 S=∞
𝛤𝐼 = = −ΓV Condition for Imin → 2βxmin = φ + 2nπ
Ii
𝐙𝐋 −𝐙𝟎 VL ZL +Z0 IL Z0 +ZL ii)O.C Γ = +1 S=∞
2. 𝚪(𝐱) = 𝐞−𝐉𝟐𝛃𝐱 V0 =
2ZL
I0 =
2Z0
𝐙𝐋 +𝐙𝟎
V0
𝚪(𝐱) = 𝚪(𝟎) 𝐞−𝐉𝟐𝛃𝐱 = Z0 iii)Reactive Load Γ =1 S=∞
I0
Reflection
Load reflection
8. Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR)
coefficient at v) Matched Load Γ=0 S=1
coefficient Vmax
any point inside S=
the Tx. line Vmin
11. Vmax ↔ Imin ↔
3. 𝚪(𝐱 ± 𝐧𝛌) = 𝚪(𝐱) Current standing wave ratio (CSWR)
𝟐 Zmax Vmax Vmax Vmin
4. 𝐕𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐕𝟎 𝟏 + 𝚪 Imax Zmax = = .
S= Imin Vmin Imin
Imin
Condition for Vmax → 2β𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = φ + 2nπ Zmax = 𝑆Z0
1+ Γ S−1
5. Vmin = V0 1 − Γ S= Γ =
1− Γ S+1 12. Vmin ↔ Imax ↔ Zmin
Condition for Vmin , 2β𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = φ + 2n + 1 π 9. −1 < Γ < 1 Vmin Vmin Vmax
6. Vmax ↔ Imin 1<S<∞ Zmin =
Imax
= .
Vmax Imax
Vmin ↔ Imax
1
7. Imax = I0 1 + Γ Z 0 = Z0
S
Z0
Condition for Imax → 2βxmax = φ + 2n + 1 π 13. ≤ Z(x) ≤ 𝑆 Z0
S
14.If ZL & Z0 are real
18. % o reflected power = Γ × 100
Z
S = ZL , if ZL > Z0 19. Z x ±
nλ
= Z(x)
0
2
Z0
S= , if Z0 > ZL 𝜆
ZL 20. Z x Z x ± 2n + 1 = Z0 2
4
15. ZL & Z0 → Real
21. Zsc . Zoc = Z0 2
ZL > Z0 𝜆 𝑍0 2
22. 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑙 = 2𝑛 + 1 = ← inverter
4 𝑍𝐿
1st max occurs at load 𝑛𝜆
23. 𝑍𝑖𝑛 𝑙 = = 𝑍𝐿 ← Buffer
16. ZL & Z0 → Real 2

Z0 > ZL 24. Return loss (RL)= −20 log Γ dB

1st Vmin occurs at the load

17. Vmax and Vmin occurs at the

load when the load impedance
and characteristic impedance
are purely resistive in nature.
25. Parameter Lossless line Distortion less line

𝑹 𝑮
Condition R= G = 0 =
𝑳 𝑪

𝛂 𝛂=𝟎 𝑪 𝑳
𝛂=𝐑 =𝐆 =
𝑳 𝑪

𝛃 𝛃 = 𝛚 𝑳𝑪 𝛃 = 𝛚 𝑳𝑪

𝟏 𝟏
𝑽𝒑 𝑽𝒑 = 𝑽𝒑 =
𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝑪

𝒁𝟎 𝑳 𝑳
𝒁𝟎 = 𝒁𝟎 =
𝑪 𝑪

𝟏 𝟏
𝑽𝒈 𝑽𝒈 = 𝑽𝒑 = 𝑽𝒈 = 𝑽𝒑 =
𝑳𝑪 𝑳𝑪