Scribd
Upload
5 views

complex_numbers_handout

The document provides an overview of complex numbers, including their definitions, operations, and forms (rectangular and polar). It explains the significance of the imaginary unit 'i' in polynomial roots and details how to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers. Additionally, it covers Euler's formula and the conversion between polar and rectangular forms, along with useful trigonometric identities.

Uploaded by

XheikhKaleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

complex_numbers_handout

The document provides an overview of complex numbers, including their definitions, operations, and forms (rectangular and polar). It explains the significance of the imaginary unit 'i' in polynomial roots and details how to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division of complex numbers. Additionally, it covers Euler's formula and the conversion between polar and rectangular forms, along with useful trigonometric identities.

Uploaded by

XheikhKaleem
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

CHE 361 review of complex numbers

a real number a ∈ R is a point on an infinitely long and dense number line.

a complex number z ∈ C is a point in the complex plane, an extension of the real numbers.
Im[z]

Re[z]

definition of the complex imaginary number, i :

i was invented so that every non-zero, single-variable polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 has n


complex roots, allowing for multiplicity of roots.
...what are roots of a function f (x)?

e.g. consider f (x) = x 2 − 6x + 13. f (x)

the rectangular form of a complex number


Im[z]

Re[z]
the complex conjugate of a complex number: z ∗ = (a + bi )∗ =
addition/subtraction of complex numbers: collect real, imaginary parts. ie., ”how many
1’s and how many i ’s constitute the complex number?
(2 + 3i ) + (8 − 6i )

multiplication of complex numbers: use i 2 = −1, the rest is addition/subtraction


(2 + 3i )(8 − 6i )

the magnitude of a complex number


Im[z]

Re[z]

division of complex numbers: multiply by one in a fancy way


z1 z1 z2∗ 1
general approach: = ∗ = z1 z ∗
z2 z2 z2 |z2 |2 2
3 + 2i
e.g.
4 − 3i
Euler’s formula: e iθ = cos(θ) + i sin(θ)

In our study of oscillating systems, we


shall have occasion to use one of the
most remarkable, almost astounding,
formulas in all of mathematics.

Richard Feynman on Euler’s formula

2
polar form of a complex number z = r e iθ (in canonical polar form, θ ∈ [−π, π]).

Im[z]

Re[z]

we can write any complex number z ∈ C in either polar or rectangular form. to convert
between these two forms:

rectangular → polar polar → rectangular

Im[z]

1
Re[z]
1
e.g.

warning: to convert z = a+ib into polar form in Julia, call atan(b, a) instead of atan(b/a)
to return the angle in the correct quadrant. ie., be careful to check the quadrant of where
the complex numbers lie when you take the inverse tangent of b/a to arrive at the angle of
the number. alternatively, use Julia’s angle(z) function.
5
tan(θ)

-5
π -π/2 0 π/2 π
θ

3
the complex conjugate of a complex number in polar form z ∗ = (r e iθ )∗ =

Im[z]

Re[z]

multiplication/division in polar form


z1 z2 (r1 e iθ1 )(r2 e iθ2 )
= =
z3 (r3 e iθ3 )

manipulating trigonometric functions


very useful identities:
1 iθ
e + e −iθ

cos θ =
2
1 iθ
e − e −iθ

sin θ =
2i

proof:

e iθ = cos(θ) + i sin(θ) e iθ = cos(θ) + i sin(θ)

Re[e i(ωt+θ) ] = cos(ωt + θ)


Im[e i(ωt+θ) ] = sin(ωt + θ)

proof:
e i(ωt+θ) =

4
eg.: simplify cos(ωt) + cos(ωt + 2π/3) + cos(ωt − 2π/3)

?
eg.: A cos(ωt + θ) + B cos(ωt + φ) = C cos(ωt + ψ), relate C and ψ to A, B, θ, and φ.

You might also like