Selecting Non-digital or Conventional Resources and

Learning Episode 12
Instructional Materials

To have a meaningful and successful accomplishment in this FS episode, be sure to read

through the whole episode before participating and assisting in your FS 2 Resource Teacher’s class.
Note all the information you will need and tasks you will need to do before working on this episode.

TARGET Your Intended Learning Outcomes

At the end of this Learning Episode, I must be able to:

➢ Show skills in the selection, development, and use of a variety of teaching and learning
resources to address learning goals. (PPST 4.5.1)
➢ Show skills in the positive use of non-digital or conventional resources and materials
for student engagement in the teaching and learning.
➢ Demonstrate positive attitudes toward the use of resources and instructional
materials.
➢ Use professional reflection and learning to improve practice. (PPST 7.4.1)

Clarify Your Task

We chose the most appropriate or suitable resources or instructional materials based on our lesson
objectives or learning outcomes. Even when technology-based educational materials abound, the teacher
still needs to be competent in selecting and developing resources and materials that are not ICT-based.
Teacher should know how to be resourceful in tapping non-digital or conventional resources and materials
available in the area and situation.

Any book on educational technology or instructional materials would usually devote some pages to
Edgar Dale’s Cone of Experience. It is classic model articulating the different types of audiovisual types
relate to each other. Seventy-five years ago in 1946, Dale already identified ten classifications of
instructional materials which remain to be relevant today, namely: (1) Direct, Purposeful Experiences; (2)
Contrived Experiences; (3) Dramatic Participation; (4) Demonstrations; (5) Field Trips; (6) Exhibits; (7)
Motion Pictures; (8) Radio/Recording/Still Pictures; (9) Visual Symbols and (10) Verbal Symbols.

According to Dale, “The cone device is a visual metaphor of learning experiences in which the
various types of audiovisual are arranged in the order of increasing abstractness as one proceeds from
direct experiences” as such, the Cone of Experience can be seen more as continuum, not just a hierarchy.
It is a way to see instructional materials in a continuum from increasing concreteness in one direction to
increasing abstractness in the other.
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 Jerome Bruner explained the three ways by which we can represent knowledge. These
representatives are: 1. Enactive- which involves movement and physical manipulation, 2. Iconic- which
involves pictures and images, and 3. Symbolic- which involves symbols like letters and numbers. Both the
teachers and students make representations of knowledge. The teachers, when they teach or impart
knowledge, and by learners when they show or demonstrate what they have learned.

Ideally, the more direct and real the experience given to students to learn something, the better
is the opportunity for learning. However, it is not always possible to do so. For instance, during the
pandemic, all classes switched to flexible learning utilizing online modalities, TV, Radio, and printed
modules. Situation and context challenge teachers to choose the best instructional materials considering
the limitations.

As you work on this episode, remember that you take the role of an FS student now participating
and assisting in the work of selecting non-digital or conventional resources and instructional materials.
You are not simply a detached observer, but you are now a participant as well. You are more involved in the
tasks, becoming more and more a teacher!

Be mindful that you are also developing yourself as a teacher-researcher. Always use your capacity
to notice what is going well? Or what can be missing; what can be improved? What can be a new way of
doing things? Then focus on finding out the answers to these questions. That, as a teacher, you can always
find ways to do things better and more effectively. Also, aim to develop the confidence to try and initiate
to continuously improve your skills.

Revisit the infographic on the Dale Cone of Experiences showing types of audiovisual instructional
materials and the selection criteria and steps in using instructional materials. (Today, some of these
materials can be described as multi-theory, not just audiovisual.) They will prepare you to perform well in
this episode. Go FS student, go!

REVISIT the Infographic/s

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 THE DALE CONE OF EXPERIENCE AND EXAMPLES OF RESOURCES AND
MATERIIALS

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Field Study 2 Participate and Assist 5
 1. Consult your FS Resource Teacher about this episode. Let your teacher know that the task for this
episode is for you to assist the teacher by providing suggestions on resources and materials that
the teacher can use in delivering a lesson on a specific topic.
2. Request your FS Resource Teacher for a topic/lesson he/she will be teaching soon. You will also
need the learning objectives or outcomes for this lesson. Some teacher may instruct you to write
a complete lesson plan.
3. Refer to these guide points. Consider which ones are applicable. The non-digital or conventional
instructional resource or instructional material:
a) Has accurate and meaningful content.
b) Aligns to learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson.
c) Elicit student interest and engagement.
d) Is inclusive and free from cultural bias.
e) Is developmentally appropriate
f) Fosters critical thinking or aesthetic appreciation.
g) Allows collaboration among learners.
h) Flexible for group or self-study.
i) Time and Cost Efficient.

4. Fill out the table below.

Subject: Grade Level:

Topic:

Learning Objectives/Outcomes

Resources or Instructional What is the use or purpose of Explain why you selected the
Materials you plan to utilize in the resource/material? Describe how resources/materials based on the
lesson you will use the guide points mentioned above. How
resources/materials to attain the are these criteria met?
learning objectives/outcomes.

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Resources or Instructional What is the use or purpose of Example why you selected the
Materials you plan to utilize in the resource/material? Describe how resources/materials based on the
lesson you will use the guide points mentioned above. How
resources/materials to attain the are these criteria met?
learning objectives/outcomes.

5. As the situation would permit, tryout the resources or materials with the students. Be sure to
follow the steps on using instructional materials found in the infographics section of this Episode.

Notice

After you participated and assisted in using resources/instructional materials in teaching-learning,

described what you have observed and experienced by answering the items below.

1. How did you prepare for this activity?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

2. Describe how you or the teacher utilized the resources/instructional materials. Narrate your
experience as you participated and assisted.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

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 3. What are your feelings and thoughts while you were assisting with the use of the
resources/materials?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

4. Describe how the students responded and participated.

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Analyze

What worked well during the activity using the resources/materials?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

What part can be improved?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

What would you have done differently?

______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

How does this connect with what you know about selecting and using instructional materials?
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________

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 Reflect

1. How ready am I in selecting and developing resources/instructional materials in the teaching-

learning process?

2. What do I still need to learn to select and develop resources/instructional materials in teaching
effectively?

3. What can I do to learn more and practice the use of resources and instructional materials?

Write Action Research Prompts

This part allows you to synthesize or put together what you noticed, analyzed, and reflected on
to come up with a possible topic to explore for action research.

OBSERVED

1. Doing this episode on selecting and using resources/instructional materials, what problematic
situation/challenge/area of improvement did I find?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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REFLECT
2. List at least three sources that you have read about this problem/challenges/area of
improvement_______________________________________________________________

Resources or Reference about the Topic Key points/findings in what I read

2. On what theories/principles can this problem be anchored?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

3. What do I hope to achieve to address the challenge/area of improvement? What change do i want
to achieve?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

PLAN
4. What strategies/solutions/means can i employ to improve the situation/solve the problem?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

ACT
5. If you will conduct an action research, what will be the title (Based this on your answers in nos. 1-
3):_______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Check for Mastery

Direction: Read the questions then choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. The Dale Cone of Experience can help a teacher to be mindful of the choice of resources or
instructional materials in terms of_______.
A. level of thinking
B. extent of being flexible
C. extent of being concrete or abstract
D. extent of adaptation and modification

2. Miss Violo told the story of the Giving Tree in her toddler class. She used the book itself to show
the illustration to the two-year-old and showed all thirty pages of the book. Miss Violo struggled
just to finish the book because the toddlers were not focusing. Some lay on the floor stretching;
others ran around the room. Which criterion did she fail to consider in choosing a material?
A. Collaboration among learners
B. Inclusive and free cultural bias
C. Student interest and engagement
D. Developmental Appropriateness

3. For a theme on careers, Mr. Menggay let his students watch interview clips of successful people in
business who were all males. The clip seemed to send a message that only men succeed in the
business field. Mr. Menggay did have any follow-up discussion on the clips. Which criterion did she
fail to consider in choosing a material?
A. Student interest and engagement
B. Inclusive and free of cultural bias
C. Developmental Appropriateness
D. Time and cost-efficient

4. Which of the following gives the learners the most concrete experience?
A. Watching a Theater play on The Death March
B. Listening to the teacher discuss about the first chapter of the Noli Me Tangere
C. Viewing a photo exhibit of the EDSA revolution
D. Independently reading the biography of Andres Bonifacio

5. A teacher should consider all this criteria for choosing a resources or material, EXCEPT:
A. Aligns to the learning objectives/outcomes of the lesson
B. Is the most expensive therefore the most durable
C. Is inclusive and free from cultural bias
D. Is developmentally appropriate

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 WORK ON MY ARTIFACTS

Attach pieces of evidence of what you have accomplished in this episode.

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