CE6110: Advanced Concrete Technology 22/4/2024

Lecture # 01
Introduction

CE6110: ADVANCED CONCRETE

TECHNOLOGY

Lt Col Md. Jahidul Islam, PhD

e-mail: [email protected]

COURSE CONTENT
 Properties of plain concrete,
 Physico-chemical aspects of behaviour;
 Constituent materials; Cements, aggregates and
admixtures;
 Influence of material properties on stress
distribution in structural members.
 Durability, permeability and porosity;
 Physical and chemical deterioration.
 Mix design, manufacture, transportation and placing.
 Form works.
 Field control and acceptance.
 Testing destructive and non-destructive.
 Concrete for special purposes.

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WHY A CONCRETE TECHNOLOGY COURSE

 Paradigm Change
 More money is being spent in repairing structures than in new
structures
 Need for new materials
 New materials: green concrete, type of cement, recycled
aggregates, high strength concrete, low-heat generation concrete
 New criteria
 Low-shrinkage
 Crack Free
 Minimum temperature rise
 Architectural concrete
 Environmental Impact

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MAJOR CHALLENGES
 Major challenges
 Environmental impact
 Long term durability
 Concrete is a thirsty behemoth, sucking up almost a 10th
of the world’s industrial water use. This often strains
supplies for drinking and irrigation, because 75% of this
consumption is in drought and water-stressed regions. In
cities, concrete also adds to the heat-island effect by
absorbing the warmth of the sun and trapping gases from
car exhausts and air-conditioner units – though it is, at
least, better than darker asphalt.

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MAJOR CHALLENGES
 Environmental Impact
 World demand/year
 11.5 billion ton of concrete

 4.1 billion ton of cement in 2023

 1 billion ton of water

 9 billion ton of aggregate

 Consequences I
 4.1 billion ton of cement

 Generates 4.0 billion tons of CO 2 globally. According to the

National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, each pound of

concrete releases 0.93 pounds of carbon dioxide.
 Responsible for 8% CO2 production in the world

 Consequences II
 Water shortage

 Consequences III
 Depletion of natural resources
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MAJOR CHALLENGES
 Long term Durability
 Civil Infrastructure quickly deteriorating
 Major deterioration
 Corrosion of reinforced concrete

 Sulfate attack

 Alkali silica reaction

 Hot and cold weather

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CONCRETE
 The word concrete comes from the Latin verb
“concretus,” which means to grow together
 Concrete is a material that literally forms the basis
of our modern society
 Scarcely any aspect of our daily lives does not
depend directly or indirectly on concrete
 Concrete can take our civilisation upwards, up to
163 storeys high in the case of the Burj Khalifa
skyscraper in Dubai, creating living space out of the
air.
 It is estimated that the present consumption of
concrete in the world is of the order of 11.5 billion
metric tons every year

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CONCRETE
 Concrete is neither as strong nor as tough as steel, so why is it
the most widely used engineering material?
 There are at least three primary reasons
 First, concrete possesses excellent resistance to water.
 Unlike wood and ordinary steel, the ability of concrete to
withstand the action of water without serious deterioration
makes it an ideal material for building structures to control,
store, and transport water
 In fact, some of the earliest known applications of the
material consisted of aqueducts and waterfront retaining
walls constructed by the Romans
 The use of plain concrete for dams, canal linings, and
pavements is a common sight almost everywhere in the
world
 Structural elements exposed to moisture, such as piles,
foundations, footings, floors, beams, columns, roofs,
exterior walls, and pipes, are frequently built with
reinforced and pre-stressed concrete
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CONCRETE

A pressure-controlled water tank in Kusakabe, Japan, constructed to

protect Tokyo against floodwaters and overflow of the city’s major
waterways and rivers during heavy rain and typhoon seasons.
Photograph: www.japanvisitor.com
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CONCRETE

The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River, China, is the

largest concrete structure in the world. Concrete: 27.2
million cubic metres. Photograph: AP
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CONCRETE
 The second reason for the widespread use of concrete
is the ease with which structural concrete elements can
be formed into a variety of shapes and sizes
 This is because freshly made concrete is of a plastic
consistency, which enables the material to flow into
prefabricated formwork
 After several hours when the concrete has solidified and
hardened to a strong mass, the formwork can be
removed for reuse

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CONCRETE

The National Museum of the Republic by Oscar Niemeyer,

Brasília, Brazil. Photograph: Image Broker/Rex Features
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CONCRETE
 The third reason for the popularity of concrete with
engineers is that it is usually the cheapest and most readily
available material on the job.
 In 1950, cement production was equal to that of steel; in the
years since, it has increased 25-fold, more than three times
as fast as its metallic construction partner.
 The principal components for making concrete, namely
aggregate, water, and portland cement are relatively
inexpensive and are commonly available in most parts of the
world
 Some of the considerations that favor the use of concrete
over steel as the construction material of choice are as
follows
 Maintenance
 Fire resistance
 Resistance to cyclic loading

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CONCRETE
 Concrete is a composite material. It is composed of
course granular material (the aggregate or filler)
embedded in a hard matrix of material (the cement or
binder) that fills the space between the aggregate
particles and glues them together.
 The Pantheon and Colosseum in Rome are testament to
the durability of concrete, which is a composite of sand,
aggregate (usually gravel or stones) and water mixed
with a lime-based, kiln-baked binder.

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CONCRETE

 A cross-section diagram of the Pantheon of Rome,

completed in c. 125 CE under the reign of Hadrian.
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CONCRETE
 Concrete is a composite material
 It is composed of course granular material (the
aggregate or filler) embedded in a hard matrix of
material (the cement or binder) that fills the space
between the aggregate particles and glues them
together.
 The Pantheon and Colosseum in Rome are testament to
the durability of concrete, which is a composite of sand,
aggregate (usually gravel or stones) and water mixed
with a lime-based, kiln-baked binder.

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ADVANTAGE OF CONCRETE
 Concrete is the predominant material used in
construction.
 After water, concrete is the most widely used substance
on Earth.
 It competes directly with all other major construction
materials-timber, steel, asphalt, stone, etc.- because of
its versatility in applications

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ADVANTAGE OF CONCRETE

Advantages Disadvantages
Ability to be cast Low tensile strength
Economical Low ductility
Durable Volume instability
Fire resistant Low strength-to-weight ratio
Energy efficient
On-site fabrication
Aesthetic properties

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ADVANTAGE OF CONCRETE

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ADVANTAGE OF CONCRETE
 Energy efficiency of concrete
 Because of the high impact energy costs on material costs and
the (usually) accompanying production of carbon dioxide
(which contributes to global warming), significant attention is
given to the energy requirements of construction materials
 In this regard, concrete comes out ahead of most other
construction materials
 The major energy costs of concrete are in cement and
reinforcing steel
 Energy requirements of concrete can be decreased for
concrete by incorporating supplementary cementing materials,
such as fly ash, silica fume, and blast furnace slag
 Concrete buildings can be more energy efficient to operate
because of the thermal properties of concrete

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COMPONENTS OF MODERN CONCRETE

 The following definitions are adapted from ASTM C 125
(Standard Definition of Terms Relating to Concrete and
Concrete Aggregates), and ACI Committee 116 (A
Glossary of Terms in the Field of Cement and Concrete
Technology):
 Concrete is a composite material that consists
essentially of a binding medium within which are
embedded particles or fragments of aggregate.
 In hydraulic cement concrete, the binder is formed from
a mixture of hydraulic cement and water

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CONCRETE
COMPONENT

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COMPONENTS OF MODERN CONCRETE

 Aggregate is the granular material, such as sand, gravel,
crushed stone, crushed blast-furnace slag, or construction
and demolition waste that is used with a cementing
medium to produce either concrete or mortar.
 The term coarse aggregate refers to the aggregate
particles larger than 4.75 mm (No. 4 sieve), and the term
fine aggregate refers to the aggregate particles smaller
than 4.75 mm but larger than 75 μm (No. 200 sieve).
 Gravel is the coarse aggregate resulting from natural
disintegration by weathering of rock.

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COMPONENTS OF MODERN CONCRETE

 The term sand is commonly used for fine aggregate
resulting from either natural weathering or crushing of
stone.
 Crushed stone is the product resulting from industrial
crushing of rocks, boulders, or large cobblestones.
 Iron blast-furnace slag, a byproduct of the iron industry,
is the material obtained by crushing blast-furnace slag
that solidified by slow cooling under atmospheric
conditions.
 Aggregate from construction and demolition waste refers
to the product obtained from the recycling of concrete,
brick, or stone rubble.

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COMPONENTS OF MODERN CONCRETE

 Mortar is a mixture of sand, cement, and water. It is

like concrete without a coarse aggregate.
 Grout is a mixture of cementitious material and
aggregate, usually fine aggregate, to which sufficient
water is added to produce a pouring consistency without
segregation of the constituents.
 Shotcrete refers to a mortar or concrete that is
pneumatically transported through a hose and projected
onto a surface at high velocity.

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COMPONENTS OF MODERN CONCRETE

 Cement is a finely pulverized, dry material that by itself
is not a binder but develops the binding property as a
result of hydration (i.e., from chemical reactions
between cement minerals and water).
 A cement is called hydraulic when the hydration
products are stable in an aqueous environment.
 The most used hydraulic cement for making concrete is
Portland cement, which consists essentially of reactive
calcium silicates; the calcium silicate hydrates formed
during the hydration of Portland cement are primarily
responsible for its adhesive characteristic and are stable
in an aqueous environment.

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COMPONENTS OF MODERN CONCRETE

 Admixtures are defined as materials other than
aggregates, cement, and water, which are added to the
concrete batch immediately before or during mixing.
 The use of admixtures in concrete is now widespread
due to many benefits which are possible by their
application.
 For instance, chemical admixtures can modify the
setting and hardening characteristics of the cement
paste by influencing the rate of cement hydration.
 Water-reducing admixtures can plasticize fresh concrete
mixtures by reducing the surface tension of water; air-
entraining admixtures can improve the durability of
concrete exposed to cold weather, and mineral
admixtures such as pozzolans (materials containing
reactive silica) can reduce thermal cracking in mass
concrete.
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CLASSIFICATION OF CONCRETE

 Based on unit weight, concrete can be classified into three

broad categories:
 Normal-weight concrete: concrete containing natural sand
and gravel or crushed-rock aggregates, generally weighing
about 2400 kg/m3 (150 lb/ft3) unit weight
 Lightweight concrete: The term lightweight concrete is
used for concrete that weighs less than about 1800 kg/m3.
 Heavyweight concrete: Used for radiation shielding, is a
concrete produced from high-density aggregates and
generally weighs more than 3200 kg/m3.

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