CHAPTER 5

Cell Biology of Bacteria and

Eukaryotes

Copyright © 2021 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.

Cell Biology of Bacteria and Eukaryotes
Chapter Objectives
▪ Describe the key parts of a bacterial cell.
▪ Explain the function of a bacterial cell’s parts and their
importance for antibiotic therapy.
▪ Describe the key parts of a eukaryotic cell, and explain how
pathogens take advantage of these to infect a eukaryotic host.

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An Upscale Tick Bite – 1
Scenario
▪ Sharon, the CEO of a start-up
company, lives in Westchester County,
a wooded community north of New
York City. She spends her summer
weekends emailing her managers
from the outdoor deck of her home,
shaded by tall oak trees. The acorns
from the oak tree provide food for a
large population of mice, which in turn
are fed upon by an abundant
population of ticks (Ixodes scapularis).
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An Upscale Tick Bite – 2
Signs and Symptoms
▪ One evening, Sharon’s husband
noticed a red rash on the back of her
arm. Sharon recalled seeing this
“bull’s eye” type of rash on the
Internet, where it was described as
a clinical sign for Lyme disease, a
type of borreliosis caused in the
United States by the spirochete
Borrelia burgdorferi.

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An Upscale Tick Bite – 3
Signs and Symptoms
▪ Sharon recalled that a neighbor’s
child had suffered crippling
arthritis caused by an
undetected case of Lyme disease.
Another neighbor who
contracted Lyme disease had
experienced neurological
symptoms, which ultimately cost
him his job and million-dollar
home.

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An Upscale Tick Bite – 4
Diagnosis and Treatment
▪ The next day Sharon went to her
doctor. He recognized the rash and
prescribed a few weeks of the oral
antibiotic doxycycline. For Sharon,
the antibiotic cleared up her
symptoms. She was fortunate,
however, because without the
rash, her disease might have gone
undiagnosed and untreated,
leading to more serious symptoms.

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Actions of Spirochetes
5.1 The Bacterial Cell: An Overview – 1
Section Objectives
▪ Describe the structure and function of the bacterial cell and how
it differs from the cell of a eukaryote.
▪ Describe the biochemical composition of a bacterial cell.

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5.1 The Bacterial Cell: An Overview – 2
▪ Cells are the fundamental unit of life.
• Prokaryotic cells
– Cells without a “true” nucleus (no nuclear membrane)
– Bacteria and archaea
• Eukaryotic cells
– Cells with a nucleus and other organelles
– All other organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists)

10
A Model of the Bacterial Cell – 1
▪ The cytoplasm of the bacterial cell is a gel-like network of
proteins and other macromolecules. It is contained by a cell
membrane.
▪ Outside of the membrane the cell body is enclosed by a cell wall.
• The cell wall is made up of peptidoglycan.
▪ Outside the cell wall, Gram-negative bacteria have an outer
membrane.
▪ The cell membrane, cell wall, and outer membrane (for
Gram-negative species) constitute the cell envelope.
▪ The chromosome is organized within the cytoplasm as a system
of looped coils called the nucleoid.
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A Model of the Bacterial Cell – 2
▪ Prokaryotic cell structure

12
A Model of the Bacterial Cell – 3

13
Biochemical Composition of Bacteria

14
5.2 Bacterial Membranes and Transport – 1
Section Objectives
▪ Describe the functions of a cell membrane.
▪ Explain how nutrients are transported and how energy is spent
to drive transport.
▪ Describe how pathogens use ion gradients and ATP to obtain
nutrients from the host

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5.2 Bacterial Membranes and Transport – 2
▪ The cell membrane defines
a cell.
• Cell (plasma) membrane
separates the cytoplasm
from the outside
environment.
• Phospholipid bilayer with
proteins

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Bacterial lipid bilayer
Bacterial Membrane Proteins
▪ Support for structures that protrude from the cell (flagella, pili)
▪ Signaling and communication
▪ Export of toxins and other virulence factors
▪ Transport of substances in and out of the cell across the
membrane
▪ Establishment of concentration gradients for energy transfer

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Transport of Nutrients – 1
▪ Microbes must move nutrients across the membrane into the
cytoplasm.
▪ Passive transport moves nutrients with the concentration
gradient while active transport moves nutrients against the
concentration gradient.
▪ The use of energy from one gradient to drive transport up
another gradient is called coupled transport.
• Symport
• Antiport

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Transport of Nutrients – 2

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Watch Animation-
Transport of Nutrients – 3
▪ ABC Transporters ▪ Siderophores

22
5.3 The Bacterial Cell Wall and Outer Layers
Section Objectives
▪ Describe the cell wall structure, and explain how it protects
bacteria from osmotic shock.
▪ Explain the function of the Gram-positive cell wall and teichoic
acids.
▪ Explain the function of the Gram-negative outer membrane, LPS,
and periplasm.

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The Cell Wall Is a Single Molecule – 1
▪ The cell wall is a single, interlinked molecule that encloses the
entire cell.
▪ Peptidoglycan consists of parallel polymers of disaccharides
called glycan chains. The glycan chains are cross-linked with
short peptides.

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The Cell Wall Is a Single Molecule – 2

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Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Outer Layers – 1
▪ Bacterial cell wall types
• Gram-positive: thick cell wall, multiple layers of peptidoglycan
– Phylum Firmicutes
– Bacillus anthracis, Streptococcus pyogenes
• Gram-negative: thin cell wall, single layer of peptidoglycan,
enclosed by an outer membrane
– Phylum Proteobacteria
– Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Outer Layers – 2
▪ Gram-positive cell wall

27
Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Outer Layers – 3
▪ Gram-negative cell wall

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Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Outer Layers – 4
▪ Gram-negative close-up
• Murein lipoprotein: inner leaflet
of the outer membrane that forms
a peptide bond with peptidoglycan
• Lipopolysaccharide (LPS): outer
leaflet of the outer membrane;
lipid A and polysaccharide chains
– Lipid A acts as an endotoxin in lysed
cells, so antibiotic treatment can kill
cells but can also cause endotoxic
shock in patients.

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The Mycobacterial Envelope
▪ Mycobacteria contain a unique
envelope.
• Complex cell wall with
peptidoglycan and mycolic
acid
• Resistant to staining
• Include human pathogens
– Mycobacterium tuberculosis
– Mycobacterium leprae

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Case History: A Rash Reveals an Ancient Disease
▪ Naranjan lives in the Indian state of
Bihar. The lesions on his face and lips
are the result of leprosy, a bacterial
infection caused by Mycobacterium
leprae.
▪ The lesions contain the bacteria, which
can only be observed in skin scrapings
stained with the acid-fast method,
which uses heat to allow the stain to
penetrate the waxy coating created by
the mycolic acid in the cell wall.

31
5.4 The Nucleoid and Bacterial Cell Division – 1
Section Objectives
▪ Describe how DNA is organized within the bacterial cell.
▪ Explain how DNA replication is coordinated with cell growth and
division.

32
Bacterial DNA Is Organized in a Nucleoid
▪ The DNA containing region of the bacterial cell is called the
nucleoid.

33
Bacterial Cell Division
▪ Bacterial cell division steps
• DNA replication
• Protein synthesis and expansion of
cytoplasm causes cell to elongate.
• Septum forms and the cell divides.

34
5.5 Specialized Structures of Bacteria – 1
Section Objectives
▪ Describe how pili and stalks enable bacteria to adhere to a
substrate where conditions are favorable.
▪ Explain how flagellar motility and chemotaxis enable bacteria to
respond to environmental change.
▪ Describe the functions of thylakoids, storage granules, and
magnetosomes.

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Pili and Stalks Enable Attachment
▪ Pili (singular, pilus) are made
of pilin protein.
• Fimbriae (attachment pili)
attach cells to surfaces.
• Conjugation (sex) pilus
facilitates transfer of DNA
between cells.
▪ Stalks are membranous
extensions of cytoplasm that
secrete adhesion factors.

36
Rotary Flagella Enable Motility and Chemotaxis – 1
▪ Multiple flagella ▪ Flagellar motor

37
Rotary Flagella Enable Motility and Chemotaxis – 2
▪ Chemotaxis involves rotation of the flagella that propels the cell
in response to stimuli.

38
Bacterial Structures for Different Habitats
▪ Adaptive structures for diverse
environments
• Thylakoid membranes
– Photosynthetic bacteria
• Gas vesicles
– Aquatic bacteria inflate/deflate for
buoyancy.
• Storage granules
– Storage of nutrients such as sulfur,
phosphate, or PHA
• Magnetosomes
– Store magnetite (iron oxides) for
magnetotaxis
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5.6 The Eukaryotic Cell – 1
Section Objectives
▪ Explain the structure and interconnection of membranous
organelles in the endomembrane system.
▪ Describe the functions of the Golgi complex, endoplasmic
reticulum, and nuclear membrane.
▪ Explain how the evolutionary process of endosymbiosis led to
mitochondria and chloroplasts.
▪ Describe the eukaryotic cytoskeleton.
▪ Describe the motility of eukaryotic flagella and cilia.

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5.6 The Eukaryotic Cell – 2

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Organelles of the Eukaryotic Cell
▪ The endomembrane system
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)
• Lysosomes
• Golgi apparatus

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The Nucleus of a Eukaryote Organizes DNA
▪ The nucleus organizes DNA.
• Nucleus
• Nuclear membrane
• Nucleolus

43
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Yield Energy – 1
▪ Mitochondria and chloroplasts
• Mitochondria and chloroplasts
have bacterial genomes and
ribosomes.
• Evolved early in the history of
life through endosymbiosis
• Convert energy from food to
ATP

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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts Yield Energy – 2

45
The Cytoskeleton Maintains Shape
▪ Cytoskeleton

46
Specialized Structures – 1
▪ Flagella and cilia are constructed of microtubules.

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Specialized Structures – 2
▪ Contractile vacuoles remove water from cells.

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 Chapter 5 Animations

Active Transport Bacterial Cell Division

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This concludes the Lecture PowerPoint presentation for
Chapter 5.

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