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CHAPTER-2
Network Protocols and Architectures

prepared by:Fisseha W.(M.Tech)

Feb-2025
2 Outline
Reference Models: OSI, TCP/IP
Need of Layers
Functions of each layer
A Comparison of OSI and TCP Reference Model
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Reference Models
The OSI Model
An ISO standard that covers all aspects of
network communications is the Open
Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
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Note:

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model
 The OSI model
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The model is called the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)
Reference Model because it deals with connecting open
systems—that is, systems that are open for communication with
other systems.
Application Layer: This layer is responsible for providing interface
to the application user. This layer encompasses protocols
which directly interact with the user.
Presentation Layer: This layer def in es how data in the native
format of remote host should be presented in the native format of
host.
Session Layer: This layer maintains sessions between remote
hosts.
Transport Layer: This layer is responsible for end-to-end delivery
between hosts
Network Layer: This layer is responsible for address assignment
and uniquely addressing hosts in a network.
Data Link Layer: This layer is responsible for reading and writing
data from and onto the line. Link errors are detected at this layer.
Physical Layer: This layer def ines the hardware, cabling, wiring,
 Figure OSI layers
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 Figure An exchange using the OSI
7 model
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Note:

The OSI model has seven layers. The

principles that were applied to arrive at the
seven layers can be briefly summarized as
follows:
1. A layer should be created where a different
abstraction is needed.
2. Each layer should perform a well-defined
function.
3. The function of each layer should be chosen
with an eye toward defining internationally
standardized protocols.
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Note:

4. The layer boundaries should be chosen to

minimize the information flow across the
interfaces.
5. The number of layers should be large enough
that distinct functions need not be thrown
together in the same layer out of necessity and
small enough that the architecture does not
become unwieldy.
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TCP/IP Protocol Suite
The TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application. The first four
layers provide physical standards, network interface,
internetworking, and transport functions that correspond to
the first four layers of the OSI model. The three topmost
layers in the OSI model, however, are represented in TCP/IP
by a single layer called the application layer.
The topics discussed in this section include:

Physical and Data Link Layers

Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
 Note:
11 It is a group of protocols that allows networked
computers to communicate with each other.
It doesn't matter whether:
•they are part of the same network or are
attached to separate networks.
TCP/IP is a platform-independent standard
that bridges the gap between dissimilar
computers, operating systems, and networks
TCP/IP software makes everything seem like
one big network. That is, TCP/IP has the affect
of allowing two separate networks to
communicate as though they were part of the
same physical network.
 Note:
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 Some of the common TCP/IP application

protocols include :
File Transfer Protocol (FTP),
Telnet,
Domain Name System (DNS),
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP),
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME),
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP).
 Figure TCP/IP and OSI model
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14 Figure Addresses in TCP/IP
 Note:
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Logical Address: An IP address of the system is

called logical address. This address is the
combination of Net ID and Host ID.
This address is used by network layer to
identify a particular network (source to
destination) among the networks.
This address can be changed by changing the
host position on the network. So it is called
logical address.
An IP address is a 32-bit address
 Note:
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 Physical address: Each system having a

NIC(Network Interface Card) through which two
systems physically connected with each other
with cables.
 The address of the NIC is called Physical
address or mac address.
This is specified by the manufacturer company
of the card.
This address is used by data link layer.
 Note:
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Port Address:
There are many application running on the
computer.
Each application run with a port no.(logically)
on the computer.
This port no. for application is decided by the
Karnal of the OS.
This port no. is called port address
 Figure Relationship of layers and addresses in
TCP/IP
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 Note: A Comparison of OSI and
19 TCP Reference Model
The difference between two models is the
number of layers: the OSI model has seven
layers and the TCP/IP has four layers .Both
have (inter)network, transport and Application
layers, but the other layers are different.
The protocols in the OSI model are better
hidden than in the TCP/IP model and can be
replaced relatively easily as the technology
changes.
 Contd.
Note:
Reference Models
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 A reference model provides a

common reference for maintaining
consistency within all types of
network protocols and services.
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model is the most widely known internetwork
reference model.
OSI is also a protocol suite or protocol
model.
OSI lost out to TCP/IP as the protocol
suite of the Internet.
OSI protocol suite includes layers 3
through 7
 Note: Contd.
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Another difference is in the area of

connectionless and connection oriented
communication.
OSI Model supports connection oriented
communication in transport layer, whereas in
network layer it supports both connectionless
and connection oriented.
The TCP/IP model has only one mode in the
network layer but supports both modes in
transport layer.
•.

22 Summary

Review the protocols of each layer in the TCP/IP protocol suite.

Compare the OSI and TCP/IP models.
Describe the responsibilities of the OSI layers
List and explain the addresses
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End of chapter 1