PLUS ONE BOTANY

CHAPTERWISE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

CONTENTS

1. Biological Classification
2. Plant Kingdom
3. Morphology of Flowering Plants
4. Anatomy of flowering plants
5. Cell : The unit of life
6. Cel cycle and Cell division
7. Photosynthesis in higher plants
8. Respiration in higher plants
9. Plant growth and development

By

Nandini. K. N,
HSST (jr) Botany,
NHSS Kolathur,
Malappuram (dt)

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 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

1 mark questions

1. Observe the relationship between the first pair and fill in the blanks.
a. Thermoacidophiles : Extreme heat
-----------------------: Salt areas
b. Lichen : Symbiotic association between algae & fungi
----------------------- : Symbiotic association between fungi & roots of pinus
2. Name a unicellular fungus used for making bread?
3. Based on the relationship, fill in the blanks.
a) Euglena : protista
Mycoplasma : --------------
b) Carolus Linnaeus : Two kingdom classification
------------------------ : Five kingdom classification
4. Who is the father of taxonamy?
5. Who made the first attempt of classification?
6. Name the organism which cause Potato spindle tuber disease
7. Based on relationship, fill in the blanks
a) Ascocarp : Ascospore
Basidiocarp : ---------------
b) Trichoderma : Deuteromycete
Rhizopus : ------------------
8. Name a virus which cause disease in Tobacco plant
9. Name a bacterial disease in Citrus plant?
10. In Anabaena a specialized cells called --------- help in Nitrogen fixation
11. Network of hyphae in fungi is known as -----------
12. Photosynthetic, Microscopic and Free floating organisms are called ------------
13. Which fungus is the source of first antibiotic.
14. Long , slender, thread like fungal bodies are known as ----------
15. What do you mean by Contagium vivum fluidum
16. Amoeboid protozoans move and capture food by putting out -------
17. Where are diatoms found?
18. Where are dinoflagellates found?
19. Where are euglenoids found?
20. Observe the first pair and fill in the blanks
a) Slime mould :– Saprophyte
Entamoeba :-………………….
b) Salmonella :- Heterotrophic bacteria
Nostoc :- ……………

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21. What do marine forms of amoeboid protozoans have?
22. Choose the correct answer
Trypanosoma lives as …………..
(a) Saprophyte (b) Parasites (c) predator (d) Symbionts
23. Observe the diagram of cyanobacteria and label A & B

24. Cyanobacteria have ………….similar to green plants.

25. What are the locomotory organs of Entamoeba?
26. What are the locomotory organs of Trypanosoma?
27. What are the locomotory organs of Paramoecium?
28. Name an ascomycete which is used for biochemical and genetic works?
29. Which fungi cause smut disease?
30. Which fungi cause Rust disease?
31. …………..are a type of fungi that grow on animal dung
32. What is the meaning of word Virus?
33. Protein coat of virus is called ------------
34. Capsid is made up of small subunits called ---------
35. Plant cell wall is made up of ------------
36. Fungal cell wall is made up of -------
37. What are the sole members of kingdom monera?
38. Instead of a cell wall , a protein rich layer called -------- present in Euglenoids
39. Which fungus is associated with mustard plants?
40. Name the special mycelia on which conidia are formed?
41. Name a organism which cause Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle?
42. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy is commonly called as………….
43. Who discovered viroids?
44. Who recognized the existence of Non-bacterial infectious agent, which cause mosaic
disease in tobacco plant?
45. Who showed that viruses are smaller than bacteria?
46. Who demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco could cause
infection in healthy plants?
47. Who called virus as Contagium vivum fluidum?

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48. Who named the pathogen , which cause mosaic disease in tobacco?
49. Chemosynthetic bacteria play a great role in ……………..
50. Large number of Deuteromycetes help in…………………..
51. Which is the common asexual spore in Ascomycete and Deuteromycete?
52. Viruse which attack
tack bacteria are called……………………
53. Identify the organism

54. Bacteria reproduce mainly by ……………..

55. Name an edible fungus.
56. Who discovered crystalline structure of virus?
57. Characteristic features of a protest are given below.
(a) Saprophytic fungi
(b) Under suitable
table condition, they form an aggregation called plasmodium
58. Identify the organism

59. Cr-Jacob
Jacob disease (CJD) is caused by
(a) Bacteria (b) Virus (c) Fungus (d) Prions
60. Bacterial virus or bacteriophages are…………..viruses
(a) Single stranded RNA
NA (b) Double stranded RNA
(c) Double stranded DNA (d) Single stranded DNA

2 mark questions
61. Observe the figure given below
a. Identify the blue green algae
b. What is meant by Algal bloom?

62. Define diatomaceous earth. Mention any one use of diatomaceous earth.

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63. What is unique about spores of Slime moulds?
64. Bacteria are classified into different types based on their shape. Write the name and
shape of each of them.
65. a) Observe the given figures A and B and Identify the protista class in which these
organisms belong

A B
b) Name the protozoans which cause (a) sleeping sickness (b) malaria
66. Diatoms , the chief producers in the oceans, are useful to us even after their death.
Evaluate the statement.
67. What is unique about genetic material in virus?
68. Which fungal group is known as 'Imperfect fungi'? Why?
69. What are Lichens? What is the ecological significance of Lichens?
70. Define Mycorrhiza.
iza. How is Mycorrhizal association helpful to plants?
71. Write any two uses of heterotrophic bacteria.
72. What is the economic importance of (a) Methanogens (b) Cyanobacteria
73. Differentiate virus and viroids?
74. Observe the figure.
a. Identify the organism.
b. Mark the parts
arts labelled as ‘a’ and ‘b’

a b

75. Differentiate Red tide and Algal bloom?

76. What is Mycoplasma? What is the difference between mycoplasma and true bacteria?
77. Differentiate Autotrophs and Heterotrophs?
78. Differentiate Photoautotrophs and Chemoautotrophs?
79. Define (a) Saprophytes (b) Parasites
80. What are the basiss of classification of fungus?
81. What is unique about the cell walls of Diatoms?
82. What is unique about Sporozoans? Name a disease caused by Sporozoans

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83. What is the mechanism for feeding in ciliated protozoans?
84. What is the common name of Ascomycete? Why they are called so?
85. Differentiate Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
86. What do you mean by Dikaryon and Dikaryophase?
87. How can algal blooms be harmful to aquatic environment? Which organism is
responsible for bloom?
88. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between Zoospores and Aplanospores?
89. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between Ascospores and Basidiospores?
90. What is the role of algae and fungi in lichens?
91. What is the role of fungus and plants in mycorriza?
92. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between Zoospore and Conidia?
93. Differentiate Ascocarp and Basidiocarp.
94. Which kingdom’s boundaries are not well defined? Why?
95. Suggest the correct specific term for the following.
a. Algal partner in lichens
b. Fungal partner in lichens
96. What are the two types of hyphae? How are they differed?
97. Explain Sexual and Asexual mode of reproduction in phycomycete?
98. How can Redtides be harmful to aquatic environment? Which organism is responsible
for Red tide?
99. What are the symptoms of virus in plants?
100. What are viral diseases in humans? (any 6)
101. What are the bacterial diseases in humans? (any 6)
102. Define prions? Name a disease caused by prions?
103. Differentiate Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell.
104. (a) Write about flagella of dinoflagellates
(b) What determines the colour of dinoflagellates?
105. a) What is meant by Alternation of generation?
(b ) Give one example for insectivorous plants and parasitic plants.
106. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between Aplanospore and Conidia?

3 mark questions

107. (a ) Identify the organism

(b ) label a, b, c and d

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108. Who proposed five kingdom classification? What are the criteria for five kingdom
classification?
109. Who proposed two kingdom classification? What are the drawbacks of two
kingdom classification?
110. Write brief note about
a. Thermoacidophiles
b. Halophiles
c. Methanogens
111. Give reason
a. Viruses did not find a place in five kingdom classification.
b. Viruses are called Infectious nucleoprotein.
c. Viruses are obligate parasites.
112. What are the characteristic features of Euglenoids?
113. Explain the steps of Sexual reproduction in Fungus.
114. What are the characteristic features of kingdom Monera?
115. What are the characteristic features of kingdom Protista?
116. What are the characteristic features of kingdom Fungi?
117. What are the characteristic features of kingdom Plantae?
118. What are the characteristic features of kingdom Animalia?
119. What are the three types of reproduction in bacteria?
120. (a) Identify the Organisms A , B and C.
( b) Identify the class in which these organisms belong

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 121. Given below are some examples for fungus. Arrange them in appropriate column.
(Aspergillus, Mucor, Alternaria, Rhizopus, Claviceps, Colletotrichum)

Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Deuteromycetes

Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score

Part Ι Each carries 1 mark

1. a. Halophiles ½x2 1
b. Mycorrhiza
2. Yeast 1 1
3. a. Monera ½x2 1
b. R.H.Whittakker
4. Carolus Linnaeus 1 1
5. Aristotle 1 1
6. Viroid 1 1
7. a. Basidiospore ½x2 1
b. Phycomycete
8. Tobacco Mosaic Virus / TMV 1 1
9. Citrus Canker 1 1
10. Heterocyst 1 1
11. Mycelium 1 1
12. Phytoplankton 1 1
13. Penicillium 1 1
14. Hyphae 1 1
15. Infectious Living Fluid 1 1
16. Pseudopodia 1 1
17. In water / Fresh water &Marine water 1 1
18. In marine water 1 1
19. In fresh water 1 1
20. Parasite ½x2 1
Photosynthetic bacteria
21. Silica shells on surface 1 1
22. ( b) / Parasite 1 1
23. A – heterocyst ½x2 1
B – Mucilagenous sheath
24. Chlorophyll a 1 1

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 25. Pseudopodia 1 1
26. Flagella 1 1
27. Cilia 1 1
28. Neurospora 1 1
29. Ustilago 1 1
30. Puccinia 1 1
31. Coprophilus fungus 1 1
32. Venom / Poisonous fluid 1 1
33. Capsid 1 1
34. Capsomere 1 1
35. Cellulose 1 1
36. Chitin 1 1
37. Bacteria 1 1
38. Pellicle 1 1
39. Albugo 1 1
40. Conidiophore 1 1
41. Prions 1 1
42. Mad Cow Disease 1 1
43. T.O. Diener 1 1
44. D.M.Ivanowsky 1 1
45. D.M.Ivanowsky 1 1
46. M.W.Beijerineck 1 1
47. M.W.Beijerineck 1 1
48. M.W.Beijerineck 1 1
49. Recycling of minerals 1 1
50. Mineral cycling 1 1
51. Conidia 1 1
52. Bacteriophage 1 1
53. Paramoecium 1 1
54. Fission / Binary fission 1 1
55. Agaricus (Mushroom)/ Morals &tuffles 1 1
56. W.M.Stanley 1 1
57. Slime mould 1 1
58. Euglena 1 1
59. (d ) / Prions 1 1
60. (c ) / Double stranded DNA 1 1
Part ΙΙ Each carries 2 mark
61. a. Nostoc 1+1 2
b. Overproduction of Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) in

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 water
62. Diatomaceous earth :- Accumulation of cell wall deposits of 1+1 2
diatoms , over billions of years, on their habitat.Gritty soil is
formed
Function - polishing / filtration of soil & syrups. (any 1)
63. Possess true wall. 2 2
extremely resistant & survive for many years (even under
unfavourable situations).
Dispersed by air currents
64. Coccus – Spherical ½*4 2
Bacillus – rod shaped
Vibrium – comma shaped
Spirillum – spiral shaped
65. a) A – Dinoflagellate. B – Slime mould ½x4 2
b) (a) Trypanosoma (b) Plasmodium
66. Diatomaceous earth is used in polishing, filtration of oils and 1+1 2
syrups
67. Genetic material is infectious. 2 2
It could be either RNA or DNA. No virus contain both RNA &
DNA.
Viruses that infect plants have single stranded RNA.
Viruses that infect animals have either single / double stranded
RNA or double stranded DNA.
68. Deuteromycete. 1+1 2
Sexual phase is unknown, so they are called imperfect fungi.
69. Lichen –Symbiotic association between algae & fungi. 1+1 2
Ecological significance :- Lichens are Pollution indicators /
They do not grow in polluted
70. Symbiotic association of fungi with roots of higher plants like 1+1 2
pinus.
Fungi help to absorb water and minerals from large areas of
soil / mycorrhizal association is essential for germination of
pinus seeds
71. Making curd from milk / production of antibiotics/ recycling 1+1 2
of minerals (any 2)
72. Methanogens produce methane gas from dung / Biogas 1 2
formation 1
Nitrogen fixation
73. Virus - Non-cellular, Nucleoprotein, which contain genetic 1+1 2
material (DNA /RNA ) and protein coat. Smaller than bacteria
Viroid - Smaller than virus. .Lack protein coat. Found to be a
free RNA .RNA was of low molecular weight
74. a. Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) 1+1 2
b. a - RNA b – Capsid

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75. Red tide :- rapid multiplication of red dinoflagellate (eg., 1+1 2
Gonyaulax) make the sea appear red.
Algal bloom – Overproduction of Cyanobacteria (blue green
algae) in water
76. Mycoplasma –Smallest , living , pathogenic organism, which 1+1 2
can survive without oxygen.
Bacteria have a cell wall . Mycoplasma do not have cell wll
77. Autotrophs – Organisms which prepare their own food . 1+1 2
Heterotrophs – Organisms depend on other organisms for their
food / Organisms require readymade food
78. Photoautotrophs – Organisms prepare their own food using 1+1 2
light energy
Chemoautotrophs - Organisms prepare their own food using
chemical energy (derived through oxidation).
79. a. Saprophytes - Heterotrophic organisms which live and 1+1 2
absorb nutrients from dead substrates.
b. Parasites – Heterotrophic organisms which live and
absorb nutrients from living plants &animals
80. Morphology of mycelium 1+1 2
Mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies
81. Cell walls of diatoms are embedded with silica, thus walls are 1+1 2
indestructible.
Cell wall form 2 thin overlapping shell, which fit together as a
soap box.
82. Sporozoans have infectious spore like stage in their life cycle. 2 2
Disease – Malaria
83. Ciliated protozoans have a cavity (gullet) that opens to outside 1+1 2
of cell surface.
Water with food enter into the gullet due to the Co-ordinated
movement of rows of cilia
84. Sac fungi 1+1 2
During sexual reproduction, sexual spores (ascospores) are
formed inside a sac like structure (ascus)
85. Archebacteria:- Survive in extreme condition because they 1+1 2
have different cellwall structure.
Eubacteria - True bacteria having rigid cell wall. If motile,
flagellum present.
86. Dikaryophase – Phase between plasmogamy and karyogamy. 1+1 2
Cell is not diploid but contain 2 nuclei.
Dikaryon – Cell having 2 nucei and single cytoplasm(n+n ie.,
2 nuclei per cell)
87. Decreasing dissolved oxygen level in water leads to fish 1+1 2
mortality and water pollution.
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae) is responsible for algal bloom
88. Similarities – Both are asexual spores 1+1 2
Dissimilarities – Zoospore is motile , Aplanospore is non-

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 motile
89. Similarities – Sexual spores 1+1 2
Dissimilarities – Ascospores formed enogenously inside ascus.
Basidiospores formed exogenously on basidium
90. Algae prepare food and give it to fungus 1+1 2
Fungus provide shelter and protection
91. Fungus helps to absorb water and minerals from large area of 1+1 2
soil
Plants give food to fungus/ mycorrhizal association is essential
for germination of pinus seeds
92. Similarities – Asexual spores 1+1 2
Dissimilarities –
Zoospores – Motile spores . Endogenous in origin
Conidia – Non- motile. Exogenous in origin
93. Ascocarp – Fruiting body of an ascomycete that produce 1+1 2
ascospores.
Basidiocarp – Fruiting body of basidiomycete that produce
basidiospores
94. Protista 1+1 2
They have common features with other organisms like plants,
animals and and fungus
95. a. Phycobiont 1+1 2
b. Mycobiont
96. Septate hyphae and Aseptate hyphae (Coenocytic hyphae) ½ x2 2
Coenocytic hyphae (Aseptate hyphae) – hyphae are ½x2
continuous tubes with multinucleated cytoplasm.
Septate hyphae – hyphae having septa /cross walls.
97. Asexual reproduction :- by zoospores (motile) or by 1+1 2
aplanospore (non motile) . Spores are endogenously produced
in sporangium.
Sexual reproduction :- 2 gametes fused to form zygospore.
These gametes are similar in morphology (Isogamous) or
dissimilar (Anisogamous or Oogamous)
98. Toxin released by large number of red dinoflagellate may even 1+1 2
kill fish & other marine animals.
Red dinoflagellate (Gonyaulax) is responsible for Red tide
99. Leaf rolling and curling / Yellowing / vein clearing/ Dwarfing ½x4 2
/ stunted growth
100. common cold, fever, covid19, mumps, small pox, herpes, ½x4 2
influenza , AIDS etc (any 4)
101. Cholera, typhoid, tetanus, pneumonia etc (any 4) ½ x4 2
102. Prions are abnormally folded protein which cause neurological 1+1 2
diseases.
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy / BSE / Mad cow disease /
Cr- Jacob disease in humans

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 103. Prokaryotic cell – Well defined nucleus & membrane bound 1+1 2
cell organells are absent
Eukaryotic cell - Well defined nucleus & membrane bound cell
organells are present
104. a ) Two flagella 1+1 2
one lies longitudinally & other transversely in the furrow
between wall plates
b ) Appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the
main pigment present in their cell wall.
105. a. Alternation of generation :- Diploid sporophytic phase 1 2
in the life cycle alternate with haploid gametophytic
phase ½x2
b. Insectivorous plant – Bladder wort / venus fly trap/
Nepenthus etc(any 1)
Parasitic plant – Cuscuta/ Loranthus etc (any 1)
106. Similarity – Both are Non – motile asexual spores 1+1 2
Dissimilarity
Aplanospore formed endogenously within sporangia
Conidia formed exogenously on conidiophores
Part ΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks
107. a) Bacteriophage 1 3
b) (a) Head (b) Collar (c) Sheath (d) Tail fibres ½x2
108. R. H. Whittakker ½x6 3
Criterias - Cell structure / body organization / Mode of
nutrition / Reproduction / Phylogenetic relationship
109. Carolus. Linnaeus ½x6 3
Drawbacks of 2 kingdom classification – Did not distinguish
between Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes / Did not distinguish
between Unicellular & Multicellular organisms. / There is no
differentiation between Autotrophic & heterotrophic
organisms / Large number of organisms did not fall under
either category. / Similar organisms are placed under different
groups / Dissimilar organisms are placed under same group
(any 5)
110. a. Thermoacidophiles :-Archaebacteria which live in hot 1+1+1 3
springs.
b. Halophiles :- Archaebacteria which live in extreme
salty areas.
c. Methanogens :- Archaebacteria which live in marshy
areas. They are present in the gut of several ruminant
animals (cow, buffaloes etc)
111. a. Viruses are neither living nor non-living / They are 1+1+1 3
dead in open environment but when they infect a cell,
they take over the machinery of host cell to replicate
,killing the host./ They are non-cellular organisms
having an inert crystalline structure outside the living

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 cell. (any1)
b. Virus contain genetic material (DNA /RNA ) and
protein coat . Genetic material is infectious
c. Viruses are inert outside their specific host cell . They
can replicate only within a living host cell
112. Habitat - Aquatic (freshwater). 3 3
Mode of nutrition - Photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight.
If there is a lack of sunlight , they behave like heterotrophs (by
predating small organisms).
Instead of cell wall, a protein rich layer called pellicle
present, which makes their body flexible.
2 flagella present– one short & one long.
Pigments are identified to those present in higher plants.
113. 3 steps. 1+1+1 3
Plasmogamy – Fusion of protoplasms between two non-motile
or motile gametes.
Karyogamy – Fusion of nuclei.
Meiosis - Zygote undergoes meiosis to form haploid spores.
Spores germinate .
Sexual spores – Oospores , Ascospores and Basidiospores
114. Unicellular organism / Prokaryotic cell (Well defined nucleus 3 3
& membrane bound cell organells are absent) / Non cellulosic
cell wall , composed of polysaccharide & aminoacids / Mode
of nutrition :- Autotrophic (chemosynthetic / photosynthetic)
and Heterotrophic (saprophytic/parasitic)
115. Unicellular organism / Eukaryotic cell (Well defined nucleus ½x6 3
& membrane bound cell organells are present) / Habitat –
Aquatic / They have similarities with plants, animals & fungi /
Cell wall present in some protistans /Mode of nutrition :-
Photosynthetic and heterotrophic / Reproduce sexually &
asexually by a process involving cell fusion & zygote
formation
116. Multicellular organism /Eukaryotic cell /Well defined nucleus 3 3
& membrane bound cell organells are present / Mode of
nutrition - Heterotrophic (parasites, saprophytes or symbionts)
Cell wall is made up of chitin (any 3)
117. Multicellular / Eukaryotic cell (Well defined nucleus & 3 3
membrane bound cell organells are present ) / Photosynthetic /
Cell wall is made up of cellulose / Life cycle shows
Alternation of generation ( Diploid sporophytic phase in the life
cycle alternate with haploid gametophytic phase)

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118. Eukaryotic / Multicellular / heterotrophic organisms / Lack ½x6 3
cell wall / Mode of nutrition – holozoic (by ingestion of food) /
Digest food in an internal cavity & food reserve as glycogen or
fat. / show elaborate sensory & neuromotor mechanism . Most
of them are capable of locomotion. / Follow a definite growth
pattern, grow into adult, have definite shape & size. / Sexual
reproduction – by copulation of male & female followed by
embryological development.
119. Reproduction in bacteria 1+1+1 3
Mainly by fission.
Under unfavourable conditions they produce spores.
Sexual reproduction by a primitive type of DNA transfer from
one bacterium to other.
120. a. A – Agaricus (Mushroom) B – Mucor C - Aspergillus ½ x3 3
b. Agaricus – Basidiomyceyte. ½x3
Mucor – Phycomycete
Aspergillus – Ascomycete
121. Phycomycete – Mucor, Rhizopus ½x6 3
Ascomycete – Aspergillus, Claviceps
Deuteromycete – Alternaria, Colletotrichum

x x

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 PLANT KINGDOM

1 mark questions
1. Choose the correct answer
The photosynthetic thalloid gametophyte of pteridophyte is called……….
(a) Gemma (b) Prothallus (d) Protonema (d) Capsule
2. Reserve food of Rhodophyceae is…………….
3. Reserve food in phaeophyceae is …………. And ………….
4. Reserve food in Chlorophyceae is……………..
5. Observe the relationship anf fill in the blanks
a. Mycorrhiza :- Association of root with fungus
……………. :- Association of roots with N2 fixing cyanobacteria
b. Algin :- Brown algae
Carageen :- …………….
6. The male sex organ of Bryophyte is called………..
7. The female sex organ of Bryophyte is called………….
8. Choose the correct answer
Pteris, a pteridophyte belongs to the class
a. Sphenopsida c. Lycopsida
b. Pteropsida d. Psilopsida
9. Which class of algae is commonly known as Brown algae?
10. Which class of algae is commonly known as Green algae?
11. Smallest Angiosperm is …………….
12. In Angiosperms, pollengrains and ovules are developed in specialized structures
called………..
13. Find the correct statements .
i. Spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical
regions.
ii. Mosses have an elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal
iii. Red algae reproduce asexually by motile , biflagellate zoospores
iv. In Pinus, male cone and female cone are borne on different trees
a. (i) and (ii)
b. (i) and (iv)
c. (i) and (iii)
d. (ii) and (iii)
14. Thallus of Bryophytes are attached to the substratum by unicellular or
multicellular…………
15. Angiosperms are divided into two classes :- …………. and …………….
16. Floridean starch is very similar to ………… and ……….. in structure
17. Name profusely branched brown algae , which may reach a height of 100 metres
18. Reduced male gametophyte in gymnosperms are called……….
19. Name an algae , which shows anisogamous type of sexual reproduction?
20. Green algae are ………….. in colour due to dominance of pigments chlorophyll a & b
21. Brown algae vary in colour from olive green to various shades of brown depending on
the amount of …………….. pigment

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22. Roots of gymnosperm are generally……………..
23. What is the primary pigment found in green algae?
24. Protoplast in brown algae contains a centrally located ………….. and …………, in
addition to plastids
25. Name a gymnosperm in which male & female cones are borne on same tree
26. Name a gymnosperm in which, male and female cones are borne on different trees.
27. Which is the large plant group occurring in wide range of habitats?
a ) Gymnosperm b) Algae c ) Pteridophytes d ) Angiosperm e ) Bryophyte
28. In Gymnosperms, megaspore mother cell is differentiated from one of the cells of the
…………
29. Name the tallest gymnosperm
30. Name the tallest angiosperm

2 mark questions
31. Which plant group is kown as Amphibians of plant kingdom? Why?
32. What are the economic importance of gymnosperms?
33. The spread of living pteridophytes is limited and restricted to narrow geographical
regions. Why?
34. What are coralloid roots? Mention their use
35. What are the uses of angiosperms?
36. Algae interact with other organisms. Justify with citing examples
37. What are the uses of pteridophytes?
38. What are pyrenoids? What is their function?
39. How does vegetative and asexual reproduction differ in algae?
40. Differentiate between homosporous and heterosporous plants?
41. What are the adaptations in gymnosperms to withstand extremes of temperature,
humidity and wind?
42. Distinguish between Mycorrhiza and Coralloid root
43. What role do bryophytes play in their ecosystems, particularly in soil formation and
erosion control?
44. Explain the significance of chlorophyll in algae and how it affect their classification?
45. How do the rhizoids in bryophytes differ from true roots in higher plants?
46. Which class of algae is commonly known as Red algae? Why?
47. List any 4 vegetative characters of bryophytes
48. List any 4 vegetative characters of pteridophytes
49. List any 4 vegetative characters of gymnosperm
50. List any 4 vegetative characters of algae
51. List any 4 reproductive characters of algae
52. List any 4 reproductive characters of bryophytes
53. List any 4 reproductive characters of pteridophytes
54. List any 4 reproductive characters of gymnosperm
55. Agar is obtained from red algae
a. Name two algae which can be used to produce agar
b. Write the uses of agar
56. Distinguish between protonema and prothallus?
57. Name the water holding substances present in algae? Identify class of algae from which

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 we get them
58. What is the criteria for classification of algae?
59. Math the following
Volvox Bryophyte
Pinus Algae
Adiantum Gymnosperm
Marchantia Pteridophytes
60. Complete the table
Classes Cell wall Flagellar number and position of insertions
Chlorophyceae A 2-8. Equal , apical
Phaeophyceae B C
Rhodophyceae Cellulose, pectin & D
polysulphate esters
61. Which plants are called naked seeded plants? Why?
62. Which plants are called covered seeded plants? why?
63. Differentiate gametes of Ulothrix and Spirogyra during their Isogamous type of
reproduction ?
64. a) Which classification system use fossil evidences to classify organisms?
b) When there is no supporting fossil evidence, which other classification methods
becomes more important?
65. Why is heterospory known as a precursor to seed habit?
66. Why is Phylogenetic system is better than earlier systems of classification?
67. What is the significance of Numerical taxonomy?
68. What is the limitation of the phylogenetic classification?
69. explain two types of leaves in pteridophytes with example?
70. What are the main drawbacks of Artificial system of classification?
71. How do a fern sporophyte and a moss sporophyte differ?
72. What are the main characteristics that distinguish algae from other plant groups?
73. What are the key difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms, on the basis of
reproductive structures?
74. What is the difference between moss gametophyte and fern gametophyte?
75. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms bear seeds, then why are they classified separately?
76. Differentiate between Antheridium and Archegonium
77. Differentiate between Gametophyte and Sporophyte
78. Explain the structure of bryophyte sporophytic phase?
79. Where do we find red algae in sea?
80. What is meant by sporophylls? Name two pteridophytes which having strobili / cones
81. What are the criteria for classification of bryophytes?
82. Name three groups of plants that bear archegonia? Mention the shape of archegonia.
83. Observe the given figures a and b
a. Identify a and b
b. What is the unique feature , shown by them

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 a b
84. What is the basis of classification of algae? Which class of algae exhibit complex post
fertilization development?
85. Observe the figure.
a. Identify the plant and group to which they belongs?
b. Label ‘a’ and ‘b’?

86. Differentiate protonema stage and leafy stage present in the life cycle of bryophytes?
87. Analyse the given flow chart and find out A,B & C .
Amphibians of plant kingdom

B C
88. Write any two ecological importance of mosses?
89. a) Which is the first group of terrestrial plants?
b)What are their uses?
90. Match the following.
Type of classification Characteristics
Numerical taxonomy Based on the chromosome number, structure and behaviour
Cytotaxonamy Use chemical constituents of the plant to resolve confusions.

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 Phylogenetic classification Use computer by assigning code for each character & analyzing
the features. Each character is given equal importance.
Chemotaxonamy Based on evolutionary relationships between various organisms.
91. What is the role of water in the life cycle of ferns & mosses?

3 mark questions
92. The given figures a, b &c shows some algae

a b c

a. Name them
b. Which algal classes do they belong?
93. What are the differences between liverworts and mosses?
94. Certain pteridophytes produce two types of spores.
a. Name this condition
b. Write the evolutionary significance of this condition
c. Name two pteridophytess, which produce two types of spores.
95. What are the uses of algae?
96. Differentiate male cone and female cone of gymnosperm?
97. Green algae , brown algae and red algae are differ each other in many ways. ?justify
98. When and where does reduction division takes place in the life cycle of a bryophyte ,
pteridophyte and gymnosperm ?
99. Observe the figure and answer the following

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 a. Identify this algae & label the parts
b. Which algal class do they belong?
c. What is Its use?
100. Observe the figure given below.
a. Identify the plant
b. Identify and write the two phases marked as ‘a’ and ‘b’.
c. Label the parts c, d & e

101. How does asexual reproduction differ in different classes of algae?

102. The given figure shows a plant belonging to liverworts.
a. Identify the plant
b. What is the significance of gemma cup
c. Name the asexual buds present in liverworts and write their features.

103. What are the differences between bryophytes and pteridophytes

104. Mention the ploidy of the following
(Protonemal cell of moss , Leaf cell of moss, Prothallus cell of fern, gemma cell in
marchantia, ovum of a liverwort, zygote of a fern)
105. a) Where are bryophytes found?
b )Write the uses of Bryophytes?

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106. a) What is the difference between Artificial and Natural system of classification?
b ) Give one example for each type of classification
107. Write brief note with example
a. Isogamous type of reproduction
b. Anisogamous type of reproduction
c. Oogamous type of reproduction
108. Explain the development egg or female gamete in gymnosperm
109.

a. Identify the plant and plant group to which they belong?

b. Label a and b
c. Write the economic importance of this plant
110. Given below are some examples for algae. Arrange them in appropriate column.
( Chlamydomonas , Ectocarpus, Chara, Porphyra, Sargassum, Polysiphonia)

Green algae Brown algae Red algae

111. Given below are names of some plants. Arrange them in appropriate column.
( Polytrichum , Pteris, Cycas, Riccia, Ginkgo, Lycopodium)

Bryophytes Pteridophytes Gymnosperm

112. Brophytes are more evolved than algae . Justify

113. Pteridophytes are more evolved than bryophytes
114. Gymnosperms and angiosperms are more evolved than other plant groups.
115. What are the evolutionary differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms?
116. Algae are considered as primitive plant group. Why?
117. Analyse the flow chart given below and find out A, B, C ,D & E

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 First Land (Terrestrial) plants

B C D E
118. How are gametophytes of bryophytes and pteridophytes different from that of
gymnosperms?
119. Algae sustain life on earth . justify?
120. What is the importance of algae in human welfare?
121. a ) Differentiate Sporophyll and Sporangia?
b )What is Cone / Strobili?
122. Explain the process of pollination in gymnosperm?
123. Given below are some examples for Pteridophytes. Arrange them in appropriate
column.
( Adiantum , Equisetum, Lycopodium, Psilotum, Dryopteris, Selaginella)
Psilopsida Lycopsida Sphenopsida Pteropsida

Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score

Part Ι Each carries 1 mark

1. b / Prothallus 1 1
2. Floridean starch 1 1
3. Laminarin & Mannitol 1 1
4. Starch 1 1
5. Coralloid root ½x2 1
Red algae
6. Antheridium 1 1
7. Archegonium 1 1
8. b/ pteropsida 1 1
9. Phaeophyceae 1 1
10. Chlorophyceae 1 1
11. Wolffia 1 1
12. Flowers 1 1
13. (i) and (ii) ½x2 1
14. Rhizoids 1 1
15. Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons ½x2 1

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 16. Amylopectin and glycogen 1 1
17. Kelps 1 1
18. Pollengrains 1 1
19. Eudorina 1 1
20. Grass green 1 1
21. Fucoxanthine / xanthophyll pigment 1 1
22. Tap root 1 1
23. Clorophyll a & Chlorophyll b ½x2 1
24. Vacoule and Nucleus ½x2 1
25. Pinus 1 1
26. Cycas 1 1
27. D / Angiosperm 1 1
28. Nucellus 1 1
29. Sequoia 1 1
30. Eucalyptus 1 1
PartΙΙ Each carries 2 mark
31. Bryophytes 1+1 2
They live in soil but water is essential for sexual reproduction .
32. Provide wood / Provide food / Provide medicine / Provide resins ½x4 2
and other products
33. Gametophytes of pteridophytes require cool, damp, shady places 1+1 2
to grow / Water is essential for fertilization
34. Association of Cycas root with N2 fixing Cyanobacteria. 1+1 2
Nitrogen fixation
35. Provide food / Provide fodder / Provide medicine / Provide ½x4 2
commercially important products / Provide timber ( building
materials)/ Provide textile fibrs (cotton , jute etc)
36. Algae occur in symbiotic (mutualistic) association with other
organisms
Association of algae and fungi – Lichen
Association algae and animal – eg., algae growing on sloth bear
37. Used for medicinal purpose / Used as soil-binders / Grown as ½x4 2
ornamentals / Used as food
38. Pyrenoids are storage bodies located in the chloroplast of green 1+1 2
algae.
Pyrenoids store proteins besides starch
39. Vegetative reproduction :- fragmentation (each fragment 1+1 2
develops into thallus)
Asexual reproduction :- by different types of spores. Most
common spore is zoospore
40. Homosporous plants :- Plants which produce similar kinds of 1+1 2
spores
Heterosporous plants :- Plants which produce two kinds of spores
, macro or mega (large) and micro(small) spores / megaspore

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 germinate into female gametophyte /microspores germinate into
male gametophyte
41. Leaves are well adapted to withstand extremes of temperature, 2 2
humidity and wind / In conifers, needle – like leaves reduce
surface area / Thick cuticle help to reduce water loss / Sunken
stomata reduce water loss
42. Mycorrhiza :- Association of Pinus root and fungus 1+1 2
Coralloid root :- Association of cycas root with N2 fixing
cyanobacteria
43. Soil formation :- Mosses and lichens are the first organisms to 1+1 2
colonise rocks. They decompose rocks and produce fertile soil
and that soil is suitable for the growth of higher plants.
Soil erosion control :- Mosses form dense mats on the soil, they
reduce the impact of rain fall and prevent soil erosion
44. Chlorophyll is the primary pigment present in algae/ Clorophyll a 2 2
is present in all algal groups/ Pigments present in green algae :-
chlorophyll a & chlorophyll b give grass green colour / pigments
present in brown algae – chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c
&fucoxanthine gives different shades of brown colour / pigments
in red algae :- chlorophyll a, chlorophyll d and phycoerythrin
gives red colour
Depending on the pigment present in algae, they are classified
into three classes
45. Rhizoids :- Simple, hair like structure / unicellular or 1+1 2
multicellular / lack vascular tissues /function :- Anchor the plant
to the substrate
Root :- Complex structure / multicellular / vascular tissues
(xylem & phloem) present / function :- Anchorage & Absorption
of water and minerals.
46. Rhodophyceae. 1+1 2
Dominant red pigment , r – phycoerythrin is present in their body
47. Plant body is more differentiated than that of algae / Thallus like ½x4 2
plant body and prostrate or erect /Thallus is attached to the
substratum by unicellular or multicellular rhizoids / Lack true
root , stem or leaves /may possess root like, stem like and leaf
like structures/ Multicellular plant body (any 4)
48. First terrestrial (land) plant / Possess vascular tissues(xylem and ½x4 2
phloem) / Plant body is differentiated into true root, stem and
leaves / root, stem and leaves possess well differentiated vascular
tissues/ Leaves are small (microphyll) or large (macrophyll) (any
4)
49. Trees (Medium sized or tall) or shrubs / Roots are generally tap ½x4 2
roots / Mycorrhizal association in pinus root / coralloid root in
cycas / unbranched or branched stem / Leaves – simple or
compound / needle like leaves / thick cutice / sunken stomata
(any 4)

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50. Chlorophyll bearing / simple / thalloid / autotrophic / aquatic ½x4 2
/form and size – highly variable (unicellular, colonial,
filamentous & profusely branched forms) (any 4)
51. Vegetative reproduction – fragmentation/ Asexual reproduction ½x4 2
by spores / sexual reproduction by fusion of gametes /complex
post fertilization developments are exhibited by red algae/
asexual spores are flagellated or non motile / gametes are
flagellated or non motile (any 4)
52. Sex organs are multicellular / male sex organ is antheridium / ½x4 1
female sex organ is flask shaped archegonium / antheridium
produce biflagellated antherozoids / archegonium produce single
egg / zygote do not undergo reduction division immediately /
zygote develops into multicellular & diploid plant body called
sporophyte / sporophyte is not free living , attached to
gametophyte and take food from it / Some cells of sporophyte
undergo meiosis (reduction division) to produce haploid spores /
spores germinate to produce multicellular & haploid
gametophyte (any 4)
53. Seedless plants / reproduce through spores / spore mother cells in ½x4 2
sporangia undergo meiosis and produce spores / sporangias are
present on lower side of fertile leaf called sporophylls / group of
sporophylls are called cone or strobili / spores germinate to
produce multicellular gametophyte / gametophytes bear
antheridia and archegonia / antheridia produce antherozoids and
egg is formed inside the archegonium / fusion of male and female
gamete leads to the formation of zygote / zygote develops into
multicellular sporophyte / majority of pteridophytes are
homosporous / few are heterosporous / development of zygote
into young embryos takes place within the female gametophyte/
In the case of heterosporous condition, megaspore germinate into
female gametophyte and microspore germinate into male
gametophyte (any 4)
54. Gymnosperms are heterosporous / reproductive organ is cone or ½x4 2
strobili / microsporophylls are spirally arranged along an axis to
form male cone / megasporophylls are spirally arranged along an
axis to form female cone / microsporangia are borne on
microsporophylls / megasporangia (ovule) are borne on
megasporophylls / microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to
form microspores / microspores develop into highly reduced
male gametophyte or pollengrain / pollengrain is unicellular
/single megaspore mother cell undergo meiosis to form
megaspores/ one of the megaspore enclosed within the
megasporangium develops into female gametophyte/ female
gametophyte is multicellular / female gametophyte bear two or
more archegonia/ female gamete or egg is present inside the
archegonia / male and female gametophytes do not have an

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 independent free living existence / gametophytes are retained on
sporophyte/ pollination through wind / zygote formed after
fertilization / zygote develops into embro / ovules develops into
seed / fruit absent (any 4)
55. Gelidium & Gracillaria ½x2 2
Uses of agar – used to grow microbes / used in the preparation of 1
ice-creams and jellies.
56. Protonema – First stage of moss’s ( bryophytes) life cycle 1+1 1
/gametophyte of moss / develop directly from spore / creeping,
green, branched and filamentous / leafy stage of gametophyte
develops from secondary protonema as a lateral bud
Prothallus :- Gametophyte of pteridophyte / Small or microscopic
/ multicellular / free living / photosynthetic / thalloid / bear
antheridia and archegonia
57. Algin - brown algae ½x4 1
Carrageen - red algae
58. Pigments present in them 1+1 2
Reserve food materials
59. Volvox – Algae ½x4 2
Pinus – Gymnosperm
Adiantum – Pteridophyte
Marchantia – Bryophyte
60. A – Cellulose ½x4 1
B – Cellulose & algin
C – 2, unequal, lateral
D – Absent
61. Gymnosperm 1+1 1
Plants with naked seeds/ Seeds are not covered / Ovules are not
enclosed by any ovary wall & remain exposed, both before &
after fertilization (any 1 point)
62. Angiosperms 1+1 1
Seeds are enclosed in fruits.
63. Ulothrix – gametes are flagellated (motile) and similar in size 1+1 1
Spirogyra – gametes are non-flagellated (non-motile) and similar
in size
64. Phylogenetic classification 1+1 2
Numerical taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy and Chemotaxonomy
65. Female gametophytes are retained on parent sporophyte for 1+1 2
variable periods / Development of zygotes into young embryos
takes place within the female gametophytes.
This event is an important step in evolution.
66. Earliest systems of classification used only superficial 2 2
morphological characters or vegetative characters (habit, colour,
number & shape of leaf etc) / Earliest system is not acceptable
because vegetative characters are easily affected by environment
/ Phylogenetic classification based on evolutionary relationship /

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 Phylogenetic classification assumes that organisms belonging to
the same taxa have a common ancestor
67. Use computer by assigning number and codes for each character 2 2
& analyzing the features / Each character is given equal
importance / At the same time hundreds of characters can be
considered / Based on observable characters.
68. Lack of evolutionary histories for certain species / not easily ½*2 2
distinguishable based on morphology / evolutionary relationships
may not always be clear or accurate / lack of supporting fossil
evidence (any 2)
69. Small leaf / Microphylls – eg., selaginella ½x4 2
Large leaf / Macrophylls –eg., fern
70. Closely related species are separated since they were based on 1+1 2
few characteristics / Gave equal weightage to vegetative
characters and sexual characters / Vegetative characters are easily
affected by environment
71. Fern sporophyte :- Dominant and independent phase of life cycle ½x4 2
/ Main plant body / Differentiated into true root, stem and leaves/
roots, leaves and stem possess well differentiated vascular tissues
(xylem and phloem) / Spores are produced in sporangia /
Majority of pteridophytes are homosporous, but few are
hetersporous
Moss sporophyte :- Simple structure consists of foot seta and
capsule / Not free living / Attached to the photosynthetic
gametophyte and take food from it / Does not differentiate into
true root, stem and leaves / spores are produced in capsule / All
bryophytes are homosporous
(any 2 difference)
72. Simple / Thalloid / Aquatic (fresh water and marine) / ½x4 2
sporophytic phase is reduced
73. Gymnosperm – Reproductive organ is cone or strobili / Ovules ½x4 2
are not enclosed by ovary wall (naked seed)
Angiosperm – Reproductive organ – flower / Seeds are enclosed
in fruits
74. Fern gametophyte :- Prothallus / Small / microscopic / ½x4 2
inconspicuous / multicellular / free living / photosynthetic /
thalloid /heart shaped / haploid plant body / gametophyte bear
antheridium and archegonium / male and female parts on same
plant
Moss gametophyte :- Dominant phase of life cycle / Thalloid /
root like, stem like and leaf like structures are present / prostrate
or erect /In liverworts , antheridium and archegonium are present
on same or different thallus/ moss gametophyte consists of two
stages , protonema and leafy stage / In moss, sex organs are
produced at the apex of leafy shoot

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75. Gymnosperm :- Ovules are not enclosed by any ovary wall and 1+1 2
remain exposed , both before and after fertilization. So seeds
(fertilized ovule) are not covered or seeds are naked
Angiosperm :- Seeds are enclosed in fruits
76. Antheridium :-multicellular male sex organ. They produce 1 2
biflagellate antherozoids or male gamete 1
Archegonium :- multicellular , flask shaped female gametophyte.
They produce single egg
77. Gametophyte – haploid phase of life cycle / It produce gametes. 1+1 2
gametes fuse to form zygote. Zygote develops into sporophyte /
dominant phase in the life cycle of algae and bryophytes
Sporophyte – diploid phase of life cycle / It produce spores,
which germinate to form gametophyte / dominant phase in the
life cycle of pteridophyte, gymnosperm and angiosperm /
78. Multicellular , diplod phase of life cycle / not free living / ½x4 2
attached to the photosynthetic gametophyte and derive
nourishment (food) from it / Some cells of sporophyte undergo
meiosis to produce spores / differentiated into foot, seta and
capsule / spores are produced within the capsule / sporophyte of
moss is more elaborate than that in liverworts (any 4 points)
79. Greater concentrations of red algae are found in warmer areas/ 2 2
Red algae are occur in well – lighted regions close to the surface
of water / Red algae are found at great depths in oceans where
relatively little light penetrates
80. Sporophyll – Fertile leaf which bear sporangium 1 2
Selaginella & Equisetum ½x2
81. Thallus / Structure of gametophyte / structure of sporophyte / 2 2
position of sex organs on gametophyte
82. Bryophye , Pteridophyte and Gymnosperm 1+1 2
Archegonium is flask shaped
83. a) Selaginella. b) Salvinia 1+1 2
Heterospory
84. Depending on the type of pigment / Depending on the type of 1+1 2
stored food.
Rhodophyceae
85. Equisetum belongs to the class pteridophyte ½x4 2
a ) strobilus / cone b) rhizome
86. Gametophyte of moss consists of two stages , protonema stage 1+1 2
and leafy stage
Protonema stage - creeping, green , branched and filamentous
developed from spore
Lleafy stage - developed from secondary protonema as lateral
bud. Consists of upright , slender axes bearing spirally arranged
leaves. Male and female sex organs are produced at the apex of
leafy shoot.

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 87. A – Bryophyte. 1+ ½ + 2
B – Liverworts. C – Moss ½
88. Soil formation - Mosses along with lichen are the first organism 1+1 2
to colonise rocks, making the substrate suitable for growth of
higher plants
Prevent soil erosion - Since mosses form dense mat on the soil,
they reduce the impact of heavy rain fall and prevent soil erosion.
89. Pteridophyte 1+1 2
Used as food / Used as medicine / Used as soil – binders / Used
as ornamentals
90. Numerical taxonomy - Use computer by assigning code for each ½x4 2
character & analyzing the features. Each character is given equal
importance.
Cytotaxonomy - Based on the chromosome number, structure
and behaviour
Phylogenetic classification - Based on evolutionary relationships
between various organisms.
Chemotaxonomy - Use chemical constituents of the plant to
resolve confusions.
91. Water is essential for sexual reproduction / male gametes are 1+1 2
released into water where they come in contact with archegonium
PartΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks
92. Porphyra – chlorophyceae/ green algae 3
Dictyota – Phaeophycear / brown algae ½x6
Ulothrix – Chlorophyceae / red algae
93. Liverworts :- Plant body is thalloid / Dorsiventral thallus / 1½ 3
Thallus is closely appressed to the substrate / Leafy members
have tiny leaf like appendages in two rows on the stem like
structures / male and female sex organs are produced either on
same or on different thalli. Sporophyte is simple.
Mosses :- Gametophyte consists of two stages , protonema stage
and leafy stage ( creeping, green , branched and filamentous 1½
protonema stage is developed from spore /Upright leafy stage,
bearing spirally arranged leaves, developed from secondary
protonema as lateral bud) / male and female sex organs are
produced at the apex of leafy shoot / Sporophyte in moss is more
elaborate than that in liver worts.
94. Heterospory 1+1+1 3
Precursor of seed habit :-Female gametophytes are retained on
parent sporophyte for variable periods. Development of zygotes
into young embryos takes place within the female gametophytes.
This event is an important step in evolution.
Selaginella and Salvinia
95. Half of the total CO2 fixation on earth through photosynthesis / 1+1+1 3
Producers which form the basis of food cycles of aquatic animals
/Increase the level of dissolved O2 in water / Edible / Used as

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 food (eg., Porphyra, Laminaria & Sargassum)/ Produce large
amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding substances) which are
used commercially. eg., algin (brown algae) & carrageen (red
algae) / Agar obtained from Gelidium & Gracillaria – Used to
grow microbes & in the preparation of ice-creams and jellies /
Chlorella, Unicellular green algae rich in proteins - Used as food
supplements by Space travellers. (any 3 point)
96. Male cone (male strobili) – male reproductive structure, an 3 3
aggregation of microsporophylls (microsporophylls are spirally
arranged along an axes to form male cone)
Female cone (female strobili) :- female reproductive structure,
an aggregation of megasporophylls. megasporophylls are spirally
arranged along an axes to form female cone)
97. They differ each other based on the photosynthetic pigments they 1+1+1 3
contain / based on the habitat / based on reserve food materials /
based on cell wall composition / structural differences ( brown
algae possess holdfast, stipe and frond / red algae possess non-
motile gametes and spores / red algae exhibit complex post
fertilization events) (any 3 points)
98. Bryophyte :- Some cells of the sporophyte undergo 1+1+1 3
meiosis(reduction division) / cells of capsule undergo meiosis
Pteridophyte – Spore mother cells present inside the sporangium
undergo meiosis to produce spores
Gymnosperm – Microspore mother cells in microsporangium and
megaspore mother cell in megasporangium (ovule) undergo
meiosis and produce microspore and megaspore respectively
99. Laminaria. A – Frond, B – Stipe, C – Holdfast ½x4 3
Phaeophyceae / brown algae ½
Edible / used as food ½
100. Funaria ½ 3
A – Gametophyte . B – Sporophyte ½x2
C – Capsule. D – Seta. E- Rhizoids ½x3
101. Green algae –by flagellated zoospores produced in zoosporangia 1+1+1 3
/ 2-8 , equal flagella inserted on apical position
Brown algae – by biflagellate zoospores / zoospores are pear
shaped / two unequal laterally attached flagella
Red algae – by non- motile spores
102. Marchantia 1+1+1 3
Gemmais a small receptacle located on the thallus . Multicellular
asexual bud develop in gemma cup
Green, multicellular, asexual buds are called gemmae. They
develop in gemma cup and later detached from parent body and
germinate to form new thallus
103. Bryophyte :- Amphibians of plant kingdom / Non – vascular ½x6 3
plants / main plant body is haploid gametophyte / Thallus like
plant body – prostrate or erect / true root, stem and leaves absent

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 / sporophyte is not free living / sporophyte is attached to
gametophyte and take food from it / sporophyte grows directly
from gametophyte / Cells of capsule undergo meiosis to form
spores
Pteridophyte :- First land plant / Vascular tissues (xylem and
phloem) present/ True root, stem and leaf present / main plant
body is diploid sporophyte/ small, multicellular, photosynthetic,
free living gametophyte present /sporophyte and gametophytes
are separate structures / sporemother cells in sporangium
undergo meiosis to form spores.
(any 3 difference)
104. Protonemal cell of moss – haploid (n) ½x6 3
Leaf cell of moss- haploid (n)
Prothallus cell of fern – haploid (n)
gemma cell in marchantia – haploid (n)
ovum (egg) of a liverwort – haploid (n)
zygote of a fern – diploid (2n)
105. Bryophyes are growing in moist shaded areas in the hills / grow 1 3
in damp, humid and shaded localities / live in soil but water is
essential for sexual reproduction
Food for herbaceous mammals, birds & other animals / ½x4
Sphagnum provide peat – Used as fuel / As packing material for
trans - shipment of living material (because of their capacity to
hold water) / first organism which colonise on rock / decompose
rocks making substrate suitable for growth of higher plants/
fertile soil formation / reduce impact of heavy rain fall and
prevent soil erosion
106. Artificial system of classification :- based on vegetative 1+1 3
characters or on the androecium structures /used morphological
characters like habit, colour, number and shape of leaf etc / Gave
equal weightage to vegetative & sexual characters.
Natural system of classification :- based on natural affinities
among organisms / Consider both external & internal characters
like ultra structure, anatomy, embryology, and phytochemistry.
Artifical system .eg., - classification of Linnaeus
Natural system . eg., Benthem & Hooker classification ½x2
107. Sexual reproduction in algae –By fusion of two gametes. 1+1+1 3
Isogamous – Both the gametes are similar in size
(flagellated/motile in Ulothrix & non –flagellated / non-motile in
Spirogyra)
Anisogamous – Gametes are dissimilar in size eg., species of
Udorina
Oogamous – Large non-motile female gamete fused with small
motile male gamete eg., Volvox & Fucus.
108. Development of female gamete in gymnosperm :- 3 3
Female cone :- female reproductive structure, an aggregation of

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 megasporophylls. / Megasporophylls bear megasporangium or
ovule ./ Megasporangium contain a tissue called nucellus. One
cell of nucellus differentiated into megasporemother cell, which
undergo meiosis to form 4 megaspores / Out of these 4
megaspores , one mega spore develops into multicellular female
gametophyte / Female gametophyte bears 2 or more archegonia
that contain egg / female gamete / Female gametophyte retained
within the megasporangium or ovule.
109. Sphagnum , a bryophyte (moss) ½x2 3
A – Antheridial branch. B – Archegonial branch ½x2
Sphagnum provide peat that have long been used as fuel 1
110. Green algae :- Chlamydomonas , Chara ½x6 3
Brown algae :- Ectocarpus, Sargassum
Red algae :- Porphyra, Polysiphonia
111. Bryophyte :- Polytrichum , Riccia ½x6 3
Pteridophyte :- Pteris, Lycopodium
Gymnosperms :- Cycas, Ginkgo,
112. Bryophytes have more differentiated plant body / rhizoids present 1+1+1 3
for anchorage / root like, stem like and leaf like structures are
present / bryophytes possess sex organs (antheridia and
archegonia) / Amphibians – live in soil but need water for sexual
reproduction / multicellular gametophytic and sporophytic phase
is present in the life cycle of bryophyte (any 3 point)
113. Pteridophytes are land plants / vascular tissues(xylem & phloem ) 1+1+1 3
present / True root, stem and leaf present / both sporophyteic and
gametophytic plant bodies are free living ,photosynthetic and
multicellular / Heterospory is exhibitted / Precursor of seed habit
(any 3 point)
114. Both gymnosperms and angiosperms are seed bearing plants, 1+1+1 3
others are seedless / both gymnosperms and angiosperms have
embryo / well developed, multicellular reproductive organs are
present (Gymnosperm possess male and female cones and
angiosperm possess flower) / reduced gametophytic phase in the
life cycle of gymnosperms and angiosperms / male gametophyte
is unicellular pollengrain / Well developed pollination
mechanism present (any 3 points)
115. Gymnosperms :- Naked seede plant / Ovules are not enclosed by ½x6
ovar wall/ Reproductive organ – cone / strobili / have separate
male & female structures (male and female cone) / Pollinating
agent – wind
Angiosperms :- Covered seeded plants / seeds are enclosed in
fruits / Reproductive organ – flower / occurring in wide range of
habitats
116. Algae are aquatic / thalloid / simple, undifferentiated thallus / 1+1+1 3
sporophytic phase is reduced /unicellular zygote represent
sporophytic phase / well differentiated sex organs are absent /

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 haploid gametophyte produce gametes by mitosis/ gametes may
be similar (isogamy), dissimilar (anisogamy) or Oogamous type
(larger and non motile female gamete and small motile male
gamete) (any 3 point)
117. A – Pteridophyte. 1 3
B – Psilopsia C – Lycopsida D – Sphenopsida E - Pteropsida ½x4
118. Gametophytes of moss and fern are free living but, that of 3 3
gymnosperms are not free living (dependent on sporophyte) / In
gymnosperms , gametophytes remain within the sporangia/ male
gametophyte in gymnosperms are highly reduced / unicellular
pollengrain represent male gametophyte in gymnosperm /
multicellular female gametophyte in gymnosperm retained within
megasporangium
119. Half of the total CO2 fixation on earth through photosynthesis / 3 3
Producers of energy rich compounds which form the basis of
food cycles of aquatic animals
/ Increase the level of dissolved O2 in water
120. Edible / Used as food (eg., 70 species of marine algae such as 3 3
Porphyra, Laminaria & Sargassum) / Produce large amounts of
hydrocolloids (water holding substances) which are used
commercially. eg., algin (brown algae) & carrageen (red algae) /
Agar obtained from Gelidium & Gracillaria – Used to grow
microbes & in the preparation of ice-creams and jellies.
/ Chlorella, Unicellular green algae rich in proteins - Used as
food supplements by Space travellers.
121. Sporophyll :- Fertile leaf that bear sporangia/ can be microphylls 1+1+1 3
or macrophylls
Sporangia :- Sac like structure present on sporophyll . Inside
sporangium, there are diploid cells called sporemother cells.
Sporemother cell undergo meiosis to form haploid spores
Cone / Strobili :- Aggregation of sporophyll / Sporophylls are
spirally arranged along an axes called cone or strobili
122. Pollination :- Pollengrains / male gametophyte released from 3 3
microsporangium - carried in air currents - come in contact with
opening of the ovule - pollen tube carrying the male gamete,
grows towards archegonia in the ovule - discharge their content
(male gamete) near the mouth of archegonia .
123. Psilopsida – Psilotum
Lycopsida – Selaginella, Lycopodium
Sphenopsida – Equisetum
Pteropsida – Dryopteris , Adiantum

X x

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 Morphology of Flowering Plants

1 mark questions
1. solanaceae family, commonly called as……………..
2. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks.
a. Plumule : Coleoptile
Radicle : ………………
b. Epipetalous stamen : Brinjal
………………… : Lily
3. By examining the four match pairs given below, find the correct matched pair from the
alternatives given below.
i. Hypogynous flower – Ovary superior
ii. Cymose inflorescence – Peduncle grows indefinitely
iii. Phyllotaxy - Arrangement of leaf on stem
iv. Epigynous flower – Ovary half inferior
a. (i) and (ii)
b. (i) and (iv)
c. (i) and (iii)
d. (ii) and (iii)
4. Choose the correct answer
The arrangement of veins and veinlets in leaf lamina
a. Phyllotaxy b. Inflorescence
c. Venation d. Placentation
5. A flower having both Gynoecium and Androecium is……….
6. ………… is a flattened, cushion-like tissue within the ovary where ovules are attached
7. Observe the given figures a and b and identify root system

8. The type of inflorescence in which main axis continues to grow is …………..

9. A flower may be ……………..when floral appendages are in multiple of 3
10. A flower may be ……………..when floral appendages are in multiple of 4
11. A flower may be ……………..when floral appendages are in multiple of 5
12. A bud is present in the axil of simple leaf but absent in the axil of ………………….
13. The leaf is attached to stem by……………..
14. The pattern of arrangement of leaves on stem or branch is called………….
15. Leaf base bear two lateral leaf like structures called ………………
16. Middle prominent vein present on the lamina is called ………….
17. Choose the correct answer

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 Monocot seeds consists of one large and shield shaped cotyledon known as………..
a. Aleurone layer c. Scutellum
b. Coleoptile d. Coleorhiza
18. In majority of dicot plants, direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of
…………… which grows inside the soil.
19. Which type of inflorescence is present in solanum?
20. Vexillary aestivation is otherwise known as………..
21. Leaf develops at node and bears …………… in its axil.
22. Name a nutritive tissue formed as a result of double fertilization?
23. Which monocot seed is non – endospermous?
24. Observe the figure and identify the type of inflorescence

25. The root is covered at the apex by a thimble – like structure called ……………
26. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks.
a. Plumule : Stem
Radicle : ………………
b. Fertilized ovule : Seed
……………. : Fruit
27. A sterile stamen is called ………….
28. Axillary bud , present in the axil of leaf, later develops into a ………..
29. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks.
a. Corolla : Petals
Calyx : ………..
b. Androecium : Stamen
Gynoecium : …………
30. …………….. is the characteristic feature of flowering plants
31. Leaf originate from ……………………. and are arranged in an acropetal order
32. Androecium with free stamens are called ……………..
33. Lamina of leaf is otherwise known as ……………..
34. …………….is a lateral, flattened structure borne on stem
35. Variation in the length of filaments within a flower is seen in……….. and ……….
36. Observe the floral formula and identify the family

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 37. Observe the given relation aand fill in the blanks.
Outer layer of seed coat : Testa
Inner layer of seed coat : ………………
38. Observe the figure and identify the type of inflorescence

39. Name two chambers ers present in anther, where Pollengrains are produced
40. Observe the floral diagram and identify the family

2mark
mark questions
41. Observe the figure a , b and c.
a. Identify a, b and c
b. Identify the aestivation of petals in pea flowers

a b c
42. Root is covered at the apex by root cap.
a. Write its major function
b. What happens if there is no root cap?

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43. Identify the type of compound leaves. Give one example for each

44. Salient features of angiosperms are given below. Select the features of dicotyledons.
1. Seeds having two cotyledon
2. Parallel venation in leaves
3. Single cotyledon in seeds
4. Reticulate venation in leaves
45. Define the following term
a. Aestivation
b. Placentation
46. Write two differences between racemose and cymose inflorescence.
47. Which type of placentation is shown by (a) Lemon (b) Marigold
48. Match the following
Calotropis Twisted
Lady’s finger Vexillary
Gulmohur Valvate
Bean flower Imbricate
49. Differentiate between simple and compound leaves
50. Define the following
a. Venation
b. Phyllotaxy
51. a) Fruits of mango and coconut are called………….
b)What are parthenocarpic fruits?
52. Observe the figure a and b
a. Name the type of venation in a and b
b. Differentiate a and b

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a b

53. Differentiate solitary flower and inflorescence.

54. Flower is a modified shoot. Justify
55. Observe the given figure and answer the following

a. Identify the structure

b. Label the parts a, b, c and d
56. Differentiate Endospermous and Non – endospermous seeds. Give one example for each
57. Structure of dicot seed is given below.

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 a. What are the two parts of seed?
b. What is cotyledon?
58. Differentiate between Apocarpous and syncarpous ovary. Give one example for each.
59. Observe the floral diagram and identify the family? Name a plant belongs to this family

60. Differentiate between Epipetalous stamen and Epiphyllous stamen .

61. Explain (a) Axile placentation (b) Parietal placentation
62. Classify fruits on the basis of nature of pericarp
63. What is bract? Classify flowers based on the presence of bract
64. Distinguish between bisexual and unisexual flowers
65. What are the functions of root ?
66. What are adventious roots? Give 2 examples
67. Distinguish between taproot system and fibrous root system
68. Distinguish between acropetal succession and basipetal succession
69. Distinguish between stem and root
70. Distinguish between nodes and internodes
71. What are the functions of stem?
72. (a) What are the three main parts of leaf?
(b) What is the function of leaf?
73. Distinguish between sheathing leaf base and pulvinus leaf base. Give one example for
each
74. Write about petiole and lamina
75. Distinguish between endosperm and cotyledon
76. (a) What is the role of vein and veinlets in leaves?
(b)Distinguish between petiole and rachis
77. Distinguish between pinnately compound leaf and palmately compound leaf

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78. (a) Distinguish between pedicel and thalamus
(b) What is meant by term perianth? Name a flower which having perianth?
79. What is meant by the following technical terms
(a) Gamosepalous (b) Gamopetalous (c) polysepalous (d)polypetalous
80. Distinguish between calyx and corolla
81. Explain the structure of stamen?
82. Explain the structure of carpel
83. What is pericarp? What are the three layers of pericarp?
84. (a) What is a true fruit?
(b)What is the main difference between the mesocarp of mango and coconut?
85. Distinguish between fruit and seed
86. Distinguish between dicot and monocot seed
87. Distinguish between hilum and micropyle present on seedcoat
88. What are the main parts of embryo? Explain.
89. Draw the labelled diagram of gram seed (dicot seed)
90. Draw the labelled diagram of monocot seed
91. (a) Which seed coat is membraneous and fused?
(b)What do you mean by Aleurone layer?
92. Distinguish between floral formula and floral diagram
93. (a) Distinguish between Valvate and Twisted aestivation.
(b) Give one example for each
3 mark questions
94. Observe the figure given below
a. label the parts a, b, c, d and e.
b. Write the function of ‘d’.

95. The following figures a & b shows two different types of Aestivation.
a. Identify a and b
b. How will you distinguish a and b
c. Give one example for each

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 a b
96. Observe the floral formula given below

a. Identify the family

b. Write any 3 peculiarities of gynoecium
c. Write the peculiarities of androecium
97. Observe the figures representing the type of placentation given below.

b c d e
a. Identify a, b, c, d and e
b. Identify the type of placentation present in sunflower.
98. Observe the floral formula and identify 3 features of calyx and corolla

99. Observe the diagrams representing the types of phyllotaxy.

a b c
1. Identify a, b and c
2. Give one example fo for each
100. Based on the symmetry, flowers can be classified into three types. Name and
explain them
101. Observe the figures a, b and c

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 a. Name the type of flowers a, b and c
b. Write the position of ovary in a, b and c

102. The diagram given below shows the parts of a true fruit

a. Write the technical name of this fruit developed from a monocarpellary , superior
ovary.
b. Label the parts a, b, c and d
c. Write the technical name of the fruits of solanaceae family members
103. Write a note on (a) Monoadelphous (b) Diadelphous (c) Polyadelphous
104. Write a note on (a) Marginal placentation (b) Basal placentation (c) Free central
placentation
105. Observe the given diagram and answer the following

a. Write the functions of different regions present in the root

b. What is root hair?

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 106. What are the morphological differences between dicotyledons and
monocotyledons?
107. (a) What is the role of flower in angiosperms?
(b)Name two accessory organs(non- essential whorls) and two reproductive
organs (essential whorls) present in flower
108. Explain the structure of dicot seed
109. Explain the structure of monocot seed
110. How do you describe floral characters?
111. What is the procedure for constructing floral diagram?
112. What basic symbols are used in floral formula?
113. What are the vegetative characters of family solanaceae?
114. Describe the flower of plants belongs to solanaceae family
115. What are the economic importance of family solanaceae?
116. Arrange the following plants in appropriate column.
( China rose, Mustard, Dianthus, Tomato,Argemone, Primrose )
Axile placentation Parietal placentation Freecentral placentation
117. Observe the following floral features and construct floral formula .
(Bisexual, Actinomorphic, hypogynous , pentamerous , 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate
aestivation, 5 petals, gamopetalous, valvate aestivation, 5 stamens, epipetalous,
bicarpellary, bilocular, syncarpous, superior ovary, swollen axile placentation)
118. (a)What is the dot in a floral diagram?
(b)Name two floral features that are not represented in a floral formula?
(c) Name a floral feature that are represented in floral formula but not in floral
diagram?

Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score

Part Ι Each carries 1 mark

1. Potato family 1 1
2. a. Coleorhiza ½x2 1
b. Epiphyllous
3. C / (i) and (iii) ½x2 1
4. c / Venation 1 1
5. Bisexual flower 1 1
6. Placenta
7. a. Taproot system ½x2 1
b. Fibrousroot system
8. Racemose 1 1
9. Trimerous 1 1
10. Tetramerous 1 1

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 11. Pentamerous 1 1
12. Leaflets of compound leaf 1 1
13. Leaf base 1 1
14. Phyllotaxy 1 1
15. Stipule 1 1
16. Midrib
17. c / Scutellum 1 1
18. Primary root 1 1
19. Cymose 1 1
20. Papilionaceous 1 1
21. Axillary bud 1 1
22. Endosperm 1 1
23. Orchid seed
24. Racemose 1 1
25. Root cap 1 1
26. a. Root ½x2 1
b. Fertlized ovary
27. Staminode 1 1
28. Branch 1 1
29. a. Sepal ½x2 1
b. Carpel
30. Fruit 1 1
31. Shoot apical meristem 1 1
32. Polyandrous 1 1
33. Leaf blade
34. Leaf 1 1
35. Salvia and mstard ½x2 1
36. Brassicaceae 1 1
37. Tegmen 1 1
38. Cymose 1 1
39. Pollen – sac 1 1
40. Solanaceae 1 1
PartΙΙ Each carries 2 marks
41. a. (a) Twisted aestivation (b) Valvate aestivation (c) ½x4 2
Vexillary aestivation
b. (c) / Vexillary aestivation
42. a. Protection of root tip 1+1 2
b. Root tip get damaged / meristems of root get damaged
43. a. Pinnately compound leaf . eg., neem, Tamarind, rose, ½x4 2
curry leaves etc (any 1 example)
b. Palmately compound leaf. eg., silk cotton , koovalam etc
(any 1 example)

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44. Seeds having two cotyledons , Reticulate venation in leaves 1+1 2
45. Aestivation :- The mode of arrangements of sepals or petals in a 1+1 2
flower bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl.
Placentation :- The arrangements of ovules within the ovary.
46. Racemose inflorescence :- Main axis continues to grow ½x4 2
/Indefinite growth / Flowers are grown laterally / acropetal
succession (Older flowers at bottom and younger flowers at tip)
/Unlimitted growth
Cymose inflorescence :- Main axis terminates in a flower
/Definite growth/ Basipetal succession (older flowers at top and
younger flowers at bottom)/ Limitted growth
47. a. Axile placentation 1+1 2
b. Basal placentation
48. Calotropis – Valvate ½x4 2
Lady’s finger – Twisted
Gulmohur – Imbricate
Bean flower - Vexillary
49. Simple leaf :- entire lamina forms a leaf (lamina is not divided) / 1+1 2
When incised , the incisions do not touch the midrib
Compound leaf :-Lamina is divided into leaflets / Incisions of
lamina reach upto the midrib breaking it into number of leaflets
50. Venation :- The arrangements of veins and veinlets in the lamina 1+1 2
of leaf
Phyllotaxy:- The arrangement of leaves on stem or branch
51. a. Drupe 1+1 2
b. Parthenocarpic fruit :- Fruit is formed without fertilization
of the ovary
52. a. (a) Parallel venation (b) Reticulate venation ½x2 2
b. Parallel venation :- Vein are arranged parallel to each
other in a lamina ½x2
Reticulate venation :- Veins and veinlets are arranged in
the form of a network
53. Solitary flower – One flower at a specific position (single flower) ½x4 2
Inflorescence :- Arrangement of flowers on floral axix (group of
flowers arranged on floral axis)
54. Yes. Flower is a modified shoot. Shoot apical meristem changes 2 2
to floral meristem. Internodes do not elongate. Axis gets
condensed. Apex produce floral whorls laterally at successive
nodes instead of leaves.
55. a. Seed coat ½x4 2
b. Endosperm
c. Plumule
d. Radicle
56. Endospermous :- Seeds which store their food in endosperm. ½x4 2
eg., castor, rice, coconut , etc. (any 1 example)
Non-endospermous / :- Endosperm is not present in mature

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 seeds. Store their food in cotyledons. eg., bean, pea, gram,
Orchid etc (any 1 example)
57. a. Seed coat and Embryo ½x4 2
b. Cotyledon :- Part of embryo. First formed leaf . Fleshy
and full of reserve food materials
58. Apocarpous ovary :- Ovary with free carpels eg., lotus, rose(any ½x4 1
1 example)
Syncarpous ovary :- ovary with united carpels eg., Mustard &
tomato. (any 1 example)
59. Brassicaceae. Mustard plant 1+1 2
60. Epipetalous :- Stamens are attached to petals eg., Brinjal 1+1 2
Epiphyllous :- Stamens are attached to perianth eg., Lilly
61. Axile placentation :- Ovules on central axis of syncarpous 1+1 2
ovary, septa present eg., china rose, tomato, lemon
Parietal placentation :- Ovules Develop on inner wall of ovary.
eg., mustard, Argemone.
62. Fleshy fruit – Pericarp is fleshy. Thick and fleshy pericarp 1+1 2
differentiated into three layers, epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp.
eg., mango
Dry fruit – Pericarp is dry. eg., nuts
63. Bract :- Reduced leaf found at the base of the pedicel 1+1 1
flower with bract – Bracteate.
Flower without bract – Ebracteate
64. Bisexual flower :- Flower has both androecium & gynoecium. 1+1 1
Unisexual flower :- Flower having either androecium /gynoecium
65. Absorption of water & minerals / Anchorage/ Storing reseve food 1+1 2
materials and synthesis of plant growth regulators
66. Adventitious root system:- Arised from any part other than 1 2
radicle. eg., Grass, Monstera, Banyan tree, betle, pepper etc (any ½x2
2 example)
67. Taproot system :- Primary root & its branches(network like 1+1 1
arrangement) eg., Dicot plants
Fibrous root system :- Short lived primary root replaced by large
number of roots. (roots arised from base of the stem). eg.,
Monocot
68. Acropetal succession :- Arrangement of flowers in a way that 1+1 1
older flowers at bottom and younger flowers at tip
Basipetal succession :- Arrangement of flowers in a way that
Older flowers at tip and younger flowers at bottom
69. Stem :- Aerial or ascending part / green part which bear 1+1 1
branches, leaves, flowers & fruits / bears buds, axillary or
terminal / bears nodes and internodes/ develops from plumule of
the embryo
Root :- Underground, non-green part .Arised from radicle of the
embryo / absorb water and minerals from soil / provide proper
anchorage to plants/ store reserve foods and synthesize plant

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 growth regulators

70. Nodes – Region of stem where leaves are born 1+1 1

Internodes – Portion between two nodes.
71. Spreading out branchesbearing leaves, flowers and fruits / 2 2
Conducts water, minerals and sugar
Special functions - storage of food / support/ protection /
vegetative propagation
72. a. Leaf base, Petiole and Lamina 1+1 2
b. Photosynthesis
73. Sheathing leaf base - Leaf base expands into a sheath covering 1+1 2
the stem partially /wholly eg., Monocots (banana, grass etc)
Pulvinous leaf base – Swollen leaf base eg., Leguminous plants
(Pea plants)
74. Petiole -Stalk of leaf which hold lamina to light /allow lamina to 1+1 2
flutter in the wind thereby cooling the leaf and bringing fresh air
to leaf surface/ provide flexibility for leaf movement/ transport
water and minerals from stem to lamina
Lamina or Leaf blade – green expanded part with Veins &
Veinlets/ Part where photosynthesis takes place / shape, margin,
apex, surface & extend of incision of lamina varies in different
leaves
75. Endosperm :- Nutritive tissue(food storing tissue) formed as a 1+1 2
result of double fertilization.Provide food to developing embryo
Cotyledon :-Part of embryo. First formed leaf .Fleshy and full of
reserve food material. Provide food to germinating seed
76. a. Vein - provide rigidity to lamina & channels of transport 1 2
of water, minerals and food
b. Petiole - Stalk of leaf ½x2
Rachis – Common axis of pinnately compound leaf
77. Pinnately compound leaf :- Number of leaflets are arranged 1+1 2
on a common axis called rachis.
Palmately compound leaf :- Leaflets are attached at a common
point ie., at the tip of petiole.
78. a. Pedicel – Stalk of flower ½x2 2
Thalamus – Swollen end of pedicel on which 4 floral
whorls are arranged successively ½x2
b. Perianth - Undifferentiated calyx and corolla (calyx and
corolla are not distinct) eg., Lily
79. Gamosepalous – United sepals ½x4 2
Gamopetalous – United petals
Polysepalous – Free sepals
Polypetalous – Free petals
80. Calyx :- Outer, green whorl. Its members are Sepals. It Protect 1+1 2
flower in the bud stage.
Corolla :- Second whorl. Members are petals .Brightly coloured

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 to attract insects for pollination. Shape & colour of corolla may
be varied.Corolla may be tubular, bell shaped, funnel shaped or
wheel shaped.
81. Stamen – Male reproductive organ. 2 2
Parts :- filament(stalk) and anther.
Length of the filament within a flower may varied in salvia and
mustard
Anther – bilobed & each lobe has two chambers (pollen sacs).
Pollengrains are produced in pollen sacs.
82. Carpel consists of three parts :- Ovary, Style and Stigma 1+1 2
Ovary – enlarged basal part. Bears ovules
Style – elongated tube, which connect ovary to the stigma
Stigma – seen at the tip of style. It is the receptive surface for
pollengrains
83. Fruit wall 2 2
Outer thin epicarp, middle mesocarp and Inner stony endocarp
84. a. True fruit - Ripened ovary (Ovary is developed into fruit 1 2
after fertilization)
b. Mesocarp of mango – Fleshy in nature ½x2
Mesocarp of coconut – Fibrous in nature
85. Fruit –Characteristic feature of flowering plants . Ripened or 1+1 2
mature ovary / fertilized ovary
Seed – Fertilized ovules / Ripened ovules
86. Dicot seed – Generally non – endospermous(exception – castor) 1+1 2
/ have two cotyledons
Monocot seed – Generally endospermous (exception – orchid) /
have one cotyledon
87. Hilum – A scar on the seed coat through which developing seeds 1+1 2
were attached to the fruits.
Micropyle – A small opening on the seed coat, just above the
hilum
88. Parts of embryo :- Embryonal axis and Cotyledon. 1+1 2
Embryonal axis – main axis of an embryo. One end of the
embryonal axis is plumule (part that develops into shoot) and
other end is radicle (part that develops into root)
Cotyledon :- first formed leaf. Fleshy & reserve food material (
give food to developing seedling). Dicot seed contain 2 cotyledon
& Monocot seed contain 1 cotyledon.

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 89. 2 2

90. 2 2

91. a. Seeds of cereals such as maize, seed coat is membraneous 1++ 2

and fused with fruit wall.
b. Aleurone layer – Proteinaceous outer covering of
endosperm that separates the embryo
92. Floral formula – Symbolic representation of a flower’s structure. 1+1 2
/ Use numbers, letters, and symbols to describe floral features. /
Provide information about symmetry, sexuality and relationship
between floral parts
Floral diagram – Diagrammatic representation of a flower’s
structure/ Provide information about the number of parts of
flower, their arrangement and the relation they have with one
another
93. a. Valvate aestivation :- Sepals /Petals in a whorl just touch ½x2 2
one another without overlapping
Twisted aestivation :- Regular overlapping
b. Valvate – eg., Calotropis
Twisted – eg., Shoe flower(china rose), lady’s finger, ½x2
cotton etc (any 1)
Part ΙΙΙ Each carries 3 mark
94. a. (a) Root cap (b) Meristemmatic region (c) Region of ½x6 3
elongation (d) Root hair (e) Region of maturation
b. Absorption of water and minerals
95. a. (a) Imbricate aestivation (b) Vexillary aestivation ½x2
b. Imbricate aestivation :- Irregular overlapping
Vexillary aestivation :- 5 petals. 1 large standard petal ½x2
overlap 2 wing petals which in turn overlap 2 unite keel
petals.

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 c. Imbricate :- eg., cassia, gulmohur etc (any 1) ½x2
Vexillary :- eg., Pea, Beans etc (any 1)
96. a. Solanaceae ½x6 3
b. Gynoecium :- Bicarpellary, bilocular, syncarpous,
superior ovary, swollen axile placentation with many
ovules.(any 3)
c. Androecium :- 5 stamens, epipetalous
97. a. (a) Marginal placentation (b) Basal placentation (c) ½x6 3
Free central placentation (d) Axile placentation (e)
Parietal placentation
b. Basal placentation
98. Calyx – 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation ½x6 3
Corolla – 5 petals, gamopetalous, valvate aestivation
99. (a) Alternate - China rose, Mustard, Sunflower etc (any 1 ½x6 3
example)
(b) Opposite - Calotropis, Guava (any 1 example)
(c) Whorled – Alstonia, Allamanda etc (any 1 example
100. Actinomorphic symmetry :- Flower can be divide into two 1+1+1 2
equal parts in any radial plane passing through the centre eg.,
Mustard, Datura, Chilli, Shoe flower etc
Zygomorphic symmetry :- Flower can be divided into two equal
parts only in one plane eg., Pea Gulmohur, Bean, Cassia etc
Asymmetric :- Flower cannot be divided int two equal parts by
any vertical plane passing through the centre . eg., Canna
101. a. (a)Hypogynous (b) Epigynous (c) Perigynous ½x6 2
b. (a) Superior (b) Inferior (c) Half inferior
102. a. Drupe ½ 3
b. (a) Epicarp (b) Mesocarp (c) Seed (d) Endocarp ½x4
c. Berry / Capsule ½
103. a. Monoadelphous :- Stamens are united to form single ½x4 3
bundle eg., Shoe flower ½
b. Diadelphous :- Stamens are united to form 2 bundles eg., ½
Pea, Crotalaria
c. Polyadelphous :- Stamens are united to form more than 2
bundles eg., Citrus
104. Marginal placentation :- Placenta forms a ridge along the 1+1+1 3
ventral suture of the ovary, ovules are borne on this ridge
forming two rows
Freecentral placentation :- Ovules on central axis, septa absent.
Basal placentation :- Single ovule at the base of the ovary
105. a. Root cap :- Protects the root tip ½x6 3
Region of Meristemmatic activity –Cells in this region
divide repeatedly.
Region of elongation – Undergo rapid elongation &
enlargement. Responsible for growth in length.
Root hair – They absorb water & minerals

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 Region of maturation – Mature tissues perform specific
functions
b. Root hair :- Fine, delicate ,thread-like structures present
on root epidermis.
106. (any 3 difference) 1+1+1 3
Dicot Monocot
Root Taproot system Fibrousroot system
Leaf Taproot system Parallel venation
Flower Pentamerous Trimerous
Embryo Dicot/ 2 cotyledon Monocot / 1 cotyledon
present present
107. a. Flower is a reproductive unit in the angiosperms / Flower ½x6 3
is meant for sexual reproduction
b. Accessory organs or non - essential whorls :- Calyx and
Corolla
Reproductive organs or essential whorls :- Androecium
and Gynoecium
108. Main parts of dicot seeds – seed coat and embryo/ endosperm , a ½x6 3
nutritive tissue is present in castor seed ,but absent in pea, beans
etc. / parts of seed coat – two layers, outer testa & inner tegmen /
parts of embryo – embryonal axis with plumule and radicle and
two cotyledons.
109. Main parts of monocot seed – seedcoat, embryo and endosperm/ 1 3
seed coat is thin and membraneous and fused with fruit wall /
embryo is separated from endosperm by a proteinaceous layer
called aleurone layer/ endosperm absent in orchid seed/ single ½x4
cotyledon is called scutellum/ at the two ends of embryonal axis
there is plumule and radicle/ plumule is covered by a sheath
called coleoptiles / radicle is covered by a sheath called
coleorhizae
110.  Various morphological features are used to describe a 1+1+1 3
flowering plant
 description has to be brief , in a simple and scientific
language and presented ina proper sequence
 plant is described beginning with its habit, vegetative
characters(root, stem & leaves) and floral characters
(inflorescence & flower parts)
111.  The position of mother axis with respect to the flower is 1+1+1 3
represented by a dot on the top of the floral diagram
 calyx, corolla, androecium and gynoecium are drawn in
successive whorls
 calyx being the outermost and the gynoecium being in the
centre.
112. Br : bracteates , K : calyx , C : corolla , P : perianth , ½x6 3
A : androecium , G : gynoecium , G : superior ovary
G : inferior ovary G─ : half inferior ovary ,

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 : male flower : female flower , : bisexual
flower ,
: Actinomorphic : Zygomorphic .
Fusion is indicated by enclosing the figure wwithin bracket .
adhesion is indicated by line drawn above the symbols of the
floral parts
113. Habit – herbs, shrubs, rearly trees (any 2) ½x6 3
Stem – herbaceous, rearly woody, aerial, erect, cylindrical ,
branched, solid,/hollow, underground stem in potpotato (any 2)
Leaves – simple, alternate, rearly pinnately compound,
exstipulate, reticulate venation (any 2)
114. Flower of solanaceae family ::- Bisexual/ Actinomorphic 1+1+1 3
/Hypogynous/ Pentamerous
115. Edible :- Potato, Brinjal 3 3
Spice :- Chilly
Fumigatory :-- Tobacco (dried leaves of Nicotiana tabacum)
Medicine :- Atropa belladonna, whithania somnifera
(Aswagandha)
Ornamentals ::- Petunia (any 3 importance with example)
116. Axile placentation ::- China rose, Tomato 1+1+1 3
Parietal placentation
ntation ::- Mustard , Argemone
Free central placentation ::- Dianthus, Primrose
117. ½x6 3

118. a. The position of the mother axis with respect to the flower 1+1+1 3
is represented by a dot on the top of the floral diagram.
b. Placentation and Aestivation
c. Position of the ovary (superior, inferior or half inferior)

X x

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 Anatomy of Flowering Plants

1 mark questions
1. Epidermal hairs on the stem of certain plants are called…………
2. Choose the correct answer
All tissues on the innerside of the endodermis together constitute……….
(a) Conjuctive tissue (c) Pericycle
(b) Stele (d) Vascular bundle
3. Casparian strips are present in ………
(a) Dicot root (c) Dicot stem
(b) Dicot leaf (d) Monocot stem
4. Vascular bundles which have cambium between xylem and phloem is called………..
(a) Open vascular bundle (c) Radial vascular bundle
(b) Closed vascular bundle (d) Peripheral vascular bundle
5. Correct the false statement by making change in the underlined word
i. In roots, vascular tissues are conjoint
ii. Cuticle are small openings present in the epidermis of leaves
6. The ground tissue of leaf is called………….
(a) Guard cell (c) Subsidiary cell
(b) Mesophyll (d) Epidermis
7. Name the vascular bundle in the figure

8. Name the waxy thick layer seen over the epidermis which prevents the loss of water
9. Correct the false statements by making change in the underlined word
i. Ground tissue of leaf is called Conjuctive tissue
ii. Specialised cells present in the vicinity of guard cell is called Bulliform cells
10. A dicot stem possesses the ability to form secondary xylem and phloem due to the
presence of ……………
11. All tissues except epidermis and vascular bundles constitute……………..
12. Phloem parenchyma is absent in …………..
(a) Dicot stem (c) Monocot root
(b) Dicot root (d) Monocot stem
13. Which tissue system forms the main bulk of the plant?
14. In dicot leaf, vascular bundles are surrounded by a layer of thick walled cells
called………….
15. …………. Cells are usually present in the cortex, pericycle, pith and medullary rays of
stem and root
(a) Parenchyma (b) Collenchyma (c) Sclerenchyma (d) bulliform cells
16. Name two complex tissues.

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17. What are the special cells that help in rolling and unrolling of grass leaves?
18. The outermost layer in root is called………….

2 mark questions
19. Stomata are small openings present in the epidermis of leaves.
a. Mention the role guard cells.
b. What is the shape of guard cells in dicot & monocot
20. (a) Which is the layer below the epidermis that provide mechanical support to young
stem?
(b)Differentiate that layer in dicot and monocot stem?
21. Following are the features in the T.S of a plant part
 Sclerenchymatous hypodermis
 Scattered vascular bundle
 Endarch xylem
 Conjoint , closed vascular bundle
a. Identify the plant part?
b. What is the significance of “closed” nature of vascular bundles
22. Distinguish between Epidermis and Endodermis
23. Distinguish between Medullary rays and Conjuctive tissues
24. Mesophyll tissue of Dicot leaf consists of two types of cells.
a. Name them
b. Write the function of Mesophyll
25. Following are the major features in the T.S of two plants.
 Radial vascular bundles and are 20 in number
 Conjoint vascular bundles arranged in the form of a ring
 Xylem round in shape
 Xylem is exarch
 Cambium present in between xylem and phloem
 Xylem is endarch.
a. Name two specimens
b. Substantiate your answer by picking up the features and write them in two columns
26. Write any 2 differences between vascular bundles of dicot and monocot stem.
27. Anatomical features of a plant part are given below.
Collenchymatous hypodermis
Open vascular bundle
a. Identify the plant part
b. Write other three features of the identified plant part
28. The opening and closing of stomata is aided by the peculiarities of bean shaped guard
cells. Mention any two such peculiarities
29. Differentiate between endarch and exarch xylem
30. (a) What are bulliform cells?
(b)How do they work?
31. How do conjoint vascular bundles differ from radial vascular bundles?
32. How is endodermis in root different from that of stem?
33. What are the anatomical differences between stem and root of angiosperms.
34. Observe the T.S. of a plant part given below

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 a. Identify the plant part.
b. Label the parts a and b

35. Identify the type of vascular bundle given below and label the parts

36. Observe the diagram given below.

a. Idenyify the plant part
b. Write any two features of vascular bundles seen in this figure

37. Given below are some characteristics of dicot root and dicot stem. Arrange them under
suitable columns in the table provided.
a. Presence of casparian strips.
b. Vascular bundles arranged in the form of a ring
c. Two or four xylem and phloem bundles.
d. Conjoint, open, vascular bundles with endarch protoxylem.
Dicot root Dicot stem

38. Observe the T.S of a leaf given below

a. Identify type of leaf

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 b. Write any two characteristic features of this type of leaf

39. Differentiate between open and closed vascular bundles

40. Match the following
Bulliform cells Casparian thickening
Subsidiary cells Chlorophyll bearing cells
Mesophyll cells Empty, colourless cells
Endodermal cells Stomata
41. What is Casparian strip? What is its function?
42. What is the nature of pericycle in dicot root and dicot stem?
43. What is the role of pericycle in dicot root?
44. Distinguish between the arrangement of vascular bundles in dicot and monocot stem
45. What are the anatomical differences between dicot leaf and monocot leaf
46. What are the anatomical differences between dicot root and monocot root
47. (a) What is the parallel venation in monocot leaves reflected in?
(b)Why do the vascular bundles vary in size in dicot leaves?
48. Identify the type of vascular bundle given below and label the parts

49. Observe the diagram given below

a. Identify the structure

b. Label the parts a, b and c
50. Observe the T.S of a plant part given below
a. Identify the plant part
b. Label the parts a, b and c

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51. Distinguish between Trichome and Root hair
52. (a) What do you mean by Stomatal apparatus?
(b)What is the function of Stomata
53. What is epidermis? What is the peculiarity of epidermal cells?
54. Explain the structure of Guard cells?
55. How is the study of plant anatomy useful to us?
56. (a) Why are monocot leaves called isobilateral?
(b) Why are dicot leaves called dorsi-ventral?
57. Observe the diagram given below.
c. Idenyify the plant part
d. Write any two features of vascular bundles seen in this figure

3 mark questions

58. Anatomical features of a plant part are given below

 Radial and polyarch xylem bundles
 Parenchymatous (homogenous) cortex
 Large pith
 Epidermis with epidermal hairs
 Pericycle
 Endodermis with casparian strips.

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 a) Identify the plant
b) Rearrange the given regions from the periphery to the centre in their correct
sequence
c) Give an account of casparian strips.
59. Explain the structure of stomata
60. What are the three zones of the ground tissue system?
61. What are the three subzones of the cortex in dicot stem?
62. Name the three tissue systems in the flowering plants. Give the tissue names under each
system.
63. Observe the diagram given below
c. Identify the plant part
d. Label the parts a, b, c and d and e

64. Observe the terms given below. Identify and write the structures seen in epidermal tissue
system. Write their functions.
( Xylem, Root hairs, Pith, Stomata, Cambium, Bulliform cells)
65. Observe the diagram given below.
a. Identify the plant part
b. Label the parts a, b, c, d and e

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66. The following are the anatomical features of flowering plants. Arrange these features in
the table given below.
 Spongy parenchyma
 Hypodermis present
 Exarch xylem
 Conjoint and open vascular bundle
 Large empty bulliform cells
 Endodermis with casparian strip
Root Stem Leaf

67. Observe the diagram given below.

a. Identify the structure

b. Label the parts a, b, c , d and e
68. What are the 3 main parts of leaf ? explain
69. Describe the structure of dicot stem
70. Describe the structure of dicot root.
71. Describe the structure of monocot stem
72. Describe the structure of monocot root
73. What are the anatomical differences between dicot stem and monocot stem
74. Observe the diagram of monocot root and label the parts a,b,c ,d, e and f

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 a

Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score
Part Ι Each carries 1 mark
1. Trichome 1 1
2. b / Stele 1 1
3. a / Dicot root 1 1
4. a / Open vascular bundle 1 1
5. i . In roots, vascular tissues are radial ½x2 1
ii . Stomata are small openings present in the epidermis of leaves
6. b / Mesophyll 1 1
7. Radial vascular bundle 1 1
8. Cuticle 1 1
9. i. Ground tissue of leaf is called mesophyll ½x2 1
ii. Specialised cells present in the vicinity of guard cell is called
Subsidiary cells
10. Cambium 1 1
11. Ground tissue 1 1
12. d / Monocot stem 1 1
13. Ground tissue system 1 1
14. Bundle sheath cells 1 1
15. a/ Parenchyma 1 1
16. Xylem and Phloem ½x2 1
17. Bulliform cells 1 1
18. Epiblema 1 1
Part ΙΙ Each carries 2 marks
19. a. Guard cells possess chloroplast and regulate the opening 1 2

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 and closing of stomata
b. In dicot, guard cells are bean shaped or kidney shaped. ½x2
In monocot, guard cells are dumb-bell shaped
20. a. Hypodermis 1 1
b. In dicot stem – Collenchymatous hypodermis ½x2
In monocot stem – Sclerenchymatous hypodermis
21. a. Monocot stem 1+1 1
b. Vascular bundles have no cambium present in them. So
they do not form secondary tissues (secondary xylem and
secondary phloem are not formed)
22. Epidermis :- Outermost covering of the whole plant body / 1+1 1
Comprises epidermal cells, stomata and the epidermal
appendages (trichomes, hair) / Single layer / Made up of
elongated, compactly arranged cells , which forms a continuous
layer / Parenchymatous cells with small amount of cytoplasm
lining the cell wall and a large vacuole / Protective layer
Endodermis :- Innermost layer of cortex / single layer / barrel-
shaped cells without intercellular spaces / In dicot root ,
endodermis possess casparian strips / In dicot stem, endodermal
cells are rich in starch grains
23. Medullary rays :- Few layers of radially placed parenchymatous 1+1 2
cells found between vascular bundles in a dicot stem
Conjuctive tissue :- Parenchymatous tissue present between the
xylem and phloem in dicot root
24. a. Palisade parenchyma and Spongy parenchyma 1+1 2
b. Photosynthesis
25. a. Dicot stem and Monocot root 1+1 2
b. Dicot stem :- Conjoint vascular bundles arranged in the
form of a ring , Cambium present in between xylem and
phloem, Xylem is endarch.
Monocot root :- Radial vascular bundles and are 20 in
number, Xylem round in shape , Xylem is exarch
26. Vascular bundles of dicot stem - Limited number (compared to ½x4 2
monocot stem) / Arranged in the form of a ring/ Open vascular
bundle / cambium present
Vascular bundles of monocot stem :- Numerous vascular bundle /
Scattered vascular bundle / Closed vascular bundle / Cambium
absent
27. a. Dicot stem ½ 2
b. Epidermis – outermost protective layer (Epidermis is
covered by thin layer of cuticle and bear trichomes and ½x3
few stomata) / Collenchymatous hypodermis /
Differentiated ground tissue / Endodermal cells are rich in
starch grains / Sclerenchymatous pericycle (bundle cap)
above the phloem / Large number of vascular bundles
arranged in a ring / Conjoint , open vascular bundles with

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 endarch protoxylem / Well developed pith
28. The outer walls of guard cells (away from the stomatal pore) are 1+1 2
thin and the inner walls (towards the stomatal pore) are highly
thickened / Guard cells possess chloroplasts.
29. Endarch xylem :- Protoxylem towards centre (towards pith) and 1+1 2
metaxylem towards periphery / Characteristic feature of stem
Exarch xylem :- Protoxylem towards periphery and metaxylem
towards centre (towards pith) / Characteristic feature of root
30. a. Bulliform cells –Large, empty, colourless cells occur in 2 2
the upper epidermis of many grasses.
b. When they absorb water & are turgid, leaf surface is
exposed. When they are flaccid due to water stress, they
make the leaves curl inwards to minimize water loss.
31. Conjoint vascular bundle :- Xylem & Phloem are jointly 1+1 2
situated along the same radius / Phloem located on the outer side
of Xylem / Characteristic feature of stem.
Radial vascular bundle :- Xylem & Phloem are arranged in an
alternate manner along different radius / Characteristic feature of
root.
32. Endodermis In root :- Presence of casparian strips on its cell ½x2 2
walls / Function – regulate or control water and mineral uptake
Endodermis in dicot stem :- Starch sheath due to high starch
content / Function – involved in storage of starch
33. Stem :- Conjoint vascular bundle / Endarch xylem /Multicellular ½x4 2
hair (Trichome) / Cuticle present
Root :- Radial vascular bundle/ Exarch xylem / Unicellular root
hair / Cuticle absent
34. a. Dicot stem 1 2
b. (a) Vascular bundle (b) Pith ½ x2
35. a. Conjoint open vascular bundle ½x4 2
b. (a) Phloem (b) cambium (c) xylem
36. a. Monocot stem 1 2
b. Numerous vascular bundle / Scattered vascular bundle/ ½x2
Closed vascular bundle / Cambium absent (any 2)
37. Dicot stem :- Vascular bundles arranged in the form of a ring , ½x4 2
Conjoint, open, vascular bundles with endarch protoxylem
Dicot root :- Presence of casparian strips , Two or four xylem and
phloem bundles.
38. a. Monocot leaf 1 2
b. 3 main parts. Epidermis, Mesophyll & Vascular bundle /
Stomata are equally distributed on both upper & lower ½x2
epidermis / Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade
& spongy parenchyma / Bulliform cells –Large, empty,
colourless cells occur in the upper epidermis of many
grasses

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39. Open vascular bundle :- Cambium is present between xylem and ½x4 2
phloem / Capable of form secondary xylem and secondary
phloem / Characteristic feature of dicot stem
Closed vascular bundle :- Cambium is absent between xylem
and phloem / It is not capable of forming secondary xylem and
secondary phloem
40. Bulliform cells – Empty colourless cells ½x4 2
Subsidiary cells – Stomata
Mesophyll cells – Chlorophyll bearing cells
Endodermal cells –Casparian strips
41. Casparian thickening :- Waxy material Suberin is deposited on 1+1 2
the tangential aswell as radial walls of endodermis / So
endodermis in root is impermeable to water.
42. Pericycle in dicot root :- Few layers of thick walled 1+1 2
parenchymatous cells , next to endodermis
Pericycle in dicot stem :- Present on the innerside of the
endodermis and above the phloem in the form of Semilunar
patches of sclerenchyma
43. Initiation of lateral roots / Formation of a part of vascular 1+1 2
cambium
44. Dicot stem – Arranged in the form of a ring 1+1 2
Monocot stem :- Scattered vascular bundle
45. Dicot leaf :- Mesophyll is differentiated into palisade & spongy ½x4 2
parenchyma / Bulliform cells absent / Lower epidermis has more
number of stomata/ Guard cells of stomata are bean shaped
Monocot leaf :- Mesophyll is not differentiated into palisade &
spongy parenchyma / Bulliform cells present / Equal distribution
of stomata on both upper & lower epidermis / Guard cells are
dumb -bell shaped
46. Dicot root :- Air cavity absent in the cortex / 2-4 Xylem & ½x4 2
Phloem bundles / Small pith / Polygonal shaped xylem / Undergo
secondary growth
Monocot root :- Air cavity present in the cortex / More than six
(polyarch) xylem & phloem bundles. / Large & well developed
pith / Round shaped xylem / Do not undergo secondary growth
47. a. Parallel venation is reflected in the near similar sizes of 1+1 2
vascular bundles
b. Size of vascular bundles in a dicot leaf is dependent on
the size of veins. Veins vary in thickness in the reticulate
venation of the dicot leaves
48. a. Conjoint , Closed vascular bundle 1 2
b. (a) Phloem (b)Xylem ½x2
49. a. Monocot stomata ½x4 2
b. (a) Epidermal cell (b)Subsidiary cell (c) Guard cell
50. a. Monocot stem 1+1 2
b. (a) Hypodermis (b) Vascular bundles (c) Ground tissue

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 51. Trichomes / Stem hair :- Multicellular / branched or unbranched ½x2 2
& soft or stiff / May be secretory / Prevent water loss due to
transpiration.
Root hair :- Unicellular elongations of epidermal cells / Absorb ½x2
water & minerals from the soil.
52. a. Stomatal pore, guard cells & subsidiary cells together 1 2
known as Stomatal apparatus.
b. Function – Transpiration & Gaseous exchage. ½x2
53. Epidermis :- Outermost covering of the whole plant body / 1 2
Protective layer
Comprises epidermal cells, stomata and the epidermal ½x2
appendages (trichomes, hair) / Single layer / Made up of
elongated, compactly arranged cells , which forms a continuous
layer / Parenchymatous cells with small amount of cytoplasm
lining the cell wall and a large vacuole
54. Stomatal pore is enclosed by two guard cells / In dicot – bean ½x4 2
shaped guard cells & in monocot – dumb-bell shaped guard cells
/ Outer walls of guard cells are thin and inner walls are highly
thickened / Guard cells possess chloroplast
55.  Help us to understand structural adaptations of plants with ½x4 2
respect to diverse environmental conditions.
 Help us to distinguish between dicot and monocot plants
 Help us to distinguish between various plant groups like
algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and
angiosperms
 Help us to learn about the structure of cells and how they
relate to each other
 Help us to study similar characters between plants and
hence their common ancestry
 Helps in the improvement of food crops (any 4 point)
56. a. Both surfaces are similar in appearance 1+1 2
b. They have two distinct surfaces, the dorsal and ventral
side
57. a. Monocot root 1 2
b. Radial vascular bundle / Exarch xylem / More than six
xylem bundles (polyarch) / Round shaped xylem ½x2
PartΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks
58. a. Monocot root 1+1+1 3
b. Epidermis with epidermal hairs , Parenchymatous
(homogenous) cortex , Endodermis with casparian strips ,
Pericycle, Radial and polyarch xylem bundles , Large pith
c. Waxy material Suberin is deposited on the tangential
aswell as radial walls of endodermis
59. Stomata - a small pore present in the epidermis of leaf / Stomatal 3 3
pore is guarded by two guard cells (in dicot – bean shaped and in

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 monocot – dumb-bell shaped) / Guard cells are surrounded by
specialised epidermal cells called subsidiary cells / Subsidiary
cells are surrounded by epidermal cells.
60. Cortex :- Multiple layers of cells between epidermis and 1+1+1 3
pericycle
Pericycle :- Present on inner side of endodermis and above the
vascular bundle
Pith :- Large number of rounded, parenchymatous cells with
large intercellular spaces which occupy central portion of the
stem
61. Hypodermis :- Outer layer of cortex / Just below the epidermis 1+1+1 3
/ Provide mechanical support to plants
Cortical layers :- Rounded , thin walled , parenchymatous cells
with conspicuous intercellular spaces / Between hypodermis and
endodermis
Endodermis :- Innermost layer of cortex / Single layer of
barrel shaped cells without intercellular spaces.
62. Epidermal tissue system – Comprises epidermis, stomata, 1+1+1 3
trichome, root hair and cuticle
Ground tissue system – cortex (hypodermis, cortical cells and
endodermis), pericycle and pith
Vascular tissue system – xylem and phloem
63. a. Dicot stem ½x6 3
b. (a) Phloem (b) Cambium (c) Metaxylem (d)
Protoxylem (e) Pith
64. Root hairs :- Absorption of water and minerals 1+1+1 3
Stomata :- Transpiration and Gaseous exchange
Bulliform cells :- Store water and help leaves roll up to reduce
water loss , especially in stressful conditions
65. a. Dicot leaf ½x6 3
b. (a) Adaxial (upper) epidermis (b) Palisade parenchyma
(c) Air cavity (d) Abaxial (lower) epidermis (e) stoma
66. Root :- Exarch xylem / Endodermis with casparian strip ½x6 3
Stem :- Hypodermis present / Conjoint and open vascular bundle
Leaf :- Spongy parenchyma / Large empty bulliform cells
67. a. Dicot stomata ½x6 3
b. (a) Epidermal cell (b) Subsidiary cell (c) Chloroplast
(d) Guard cell ( e) Stomatal pore (stoma)
68. Epidermis :- Epidermis covers both the upper (adaxial) and 1+1+1 3
lower (abaxial) surface / Epidermis is covered with cuticle /
Stomata present (in dicot – more on lower epidermis , in monocot
– equal distribution on both surface)
Mesophyll :- The tissue between upper and lower epidermis /
Possesses chloroplast / Carry out photosynthesis / In dicot – two
types of mesophyll cells present (palisade & spongy mesophyll) /
In monocot – palisade parenchyma absent

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 Vascular system :- Vascular bundles (xylem and phloem) can be
seen in veins and midribs
69. Epidermal tissue system –Epidermis is the outermost protective ½ x 6 3
layer / Epidermis is covered with a thin layer of cuticle /
Epidermis may bear trichomes and few stomata
Ground tissue system:- Cortex, Pericycle , Medullary ray and
Pith
 Cortex
Hypodermis – Collenchymatous tissue which provide mechanical
strength to the young stem
Cortical layers – rounded , thin walled parenchymatous cells with
intercellular spaces
Endodermis – innermost layer of cortex/ rich in starch grains
(starch sheath)
 Pericycle – Semi lunar patches of sclrenchyma , on the
innerside of endodermis and above the phloem
 Medullary ray – radially arranged parenchymatous cells
between vascular bundles
 Pith – large, parenchymatous cells occupy the central
portion
Vascular tissue system – Vascular bundles - Conjoint /open
/endarch xylem/ large number of vascular bundles arranged in a
ring
70. Epidermal tissue system :- Epiblema/ Epidermis – Outermost ½x6 3
covering / unicellular root hairs are formed
Ground tissue system:- Cortex, Pericycle , Conjuctive tissue
and Pith
 Cortx
Cortical layers :- several layers of thin walled parenchyma cells
with intercellular space
Endodermis – single layer/ barrel shaped cells / without
intercellular space / with casparia strips
 Pericycle – few layers of thickwalled parenchymatous
cells
 Conjuctive tissue – parenchymatous cells which lie
between the xylem and phloem
 Pith – small
Vascular tissue system :- Vascular bundles – radial /exarch
xylem / polygonal shaped xylem / 2-4 xylem and phloem bundles
/ cambium ring develops between xylem and phloem at the time
of secondary growth
71. Epidermal tissue system :- Epidermis – outermost protective ½x6 3
layer
Ground tissue system :- Undifferentiated ground tissue
Hypodermis – Sclrenchymatous tissue which provide mechanical
strength

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 Vasculartissue system :-Vascular bundles – Conjoint/ closed
/endarch xylem /numerous/ scattered vascular bundles / phloem
parenchyma is absent / water containing cavities (protoxylem
lacunae) are present within the vascular bundles / peripheral
vascular bundles are generally smaller than the centrally located
ones
72. Epidermal tissue system :- Epiblema/ Epidermis – Outermost ½x6 3
covering / unicellular root hairs are formed
Ground tissue system :- Cortex, Pericycle, Conjuctive tissue,
Pith
 Cortx –
Cortical layers :- several layers of thin walled parenchyma cells
with intercellular space
Endodermis – single layer/ barrel shaped cells / without
intercellular space / with casparia strips
 Pericycle – few layers of thickwalled parenchymatous
cells
 Conjuctive tissue – parenchymatous cells which lie
between the xylem and phloem
 Pith – large and well developed
Vasculartissue system :-Vascular bundles – radial /exarch
xylem / round shaped xylem / more than 6 xylem and phloem
bundles (polyarch) / do not undergo secondary growth (cambium
ring not formed)
73. Dicot stem :- Collenchymatous hypodermis / Differentiated ½x3 3
cortex/ Bundle cap present / Limited number of vascular bundles
/ Vascular bundles arranged in the form of a ring / Open vascular
bundle ( cambium present) / Well developed pith / Undergo
secondary growth / Protoxylem lacunae (water containing
cavity) absent
Monocot stem :- Sclerenchymatous hypodermis /
Undifferentiated cortex / Bundle sheath present / Numerous ½x3
Vascular bundles / Scattered vascular bundles / Closed vascular
bundles ( Cambium absent) / Pith absent / Do not undergo
secondary growth / Protoxylem lacunae (water containing
cavity) present
(any 3 difference)
74. a. Root hair ½x6 3
b. Epidermis
c. Cortex
d. Endodermis
e. Metaxylem
f. Pith

X x

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 Cell : The Unit of Life

1 mark questions
1. Colourless plastids of varied shapes and sizes with stored nutrients are called…………..
2. The material of the nucleus was given the name chromatin by………….
3. Name the scientist who discovered the cell
4. Name the scientist who found living cell
5. Name the scientist who discovered nucleus
6. Name the scientist who discovered that all plants are made of cells
7. Name the scientist who discovered that all animals are made of cells
8. Name the scientist who modified & give final shape to the cell theory
9. Name two cell organelles that possess small circular DNA, RNA ,and protein
10. Name the scientist who discovered golgi apparatus
11. Identify the cell organelle found both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
12. Name the membrane bound vesicles in which hydrolytic enzymes are present?
13. Several ribosomes may attach to a single mRNA and form a chain called………..
14. Name the leucoplast that store proteins
15. Name the leucoplast that store carbohydrates
16. What is the ratio of protein to lipid in the plasma membrane of the human erythrocyte?
17. Name the leucoplast that store fat
18. What is meant by Omnis cellula-e cellula
19. The non- living , rigid, protective covering for the plasma membrane of fungi and plant
cells is called………..
20. Small disc shaped structures at the surface of the centromere are called………..
21. Vacuole is bound by a single membrane called……………
22. Which is the largest isolated single cell?
23. Movement of water by diffusion is called………………
24. Which cell organelle is found in glandular cells for secretion?
25. Observe the figure of chromosome and label the part ‘a’

26. What structure do cilia and flagella emerge from?

27. A single human cell has approximately ………… long thread of DNA distributed among
46 chromosomes.
28. Choose the correct answer
A structure seen in bacterial cell is …………
(a) Nucleus (c) Plastid

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 (b) Lysosome (d) Mesosome
29. Hydrolytic enzymes are optimally active at………..pH
(a) Acidic (b) Basic (c) Neutral
30. What is the main chemical component of plant cell wall?
31. Choose the correct answer
Chlorophyll pigments are present in……………
(a) Stroma (c) Stroma lamella
(b) Cristae (d) Thylakoid
32. ………. cell wall is capable of growth
(a) Secondary wall (b) Primary wall
33. Which cell organelle produces glycolipids and glycoproteins?
34. What type of transport is the Na+/K+ pump?
35. Which of these cell organelles is not covered by a membrane?
(a) Golgi bodies (c) Ribosomes
(b) Endoplasmic reticulum (d) Vacuoles
36. Proteinaceous central part of centriole is called………….
37. The mitochondria divide by …………..
38. Name the flat membraneous tubules that connects thylakoids?
39. Name the mature cells in our body have no nucleus?
40. Name the mature plant cells have no nucleus?
2 mark questions
41. (a)Golgicomplex & Endoplasmic reticulum are included in endomembrane system. Why?
(b)Name two other cell organelles included in endomembrane system
42. Write any four functions of mesosomes present in prokaryotic cells.
43. What are the components of chromatin
44. Differentiate between primary and secondary cell wall
45. What are chromatophores?
46. Distinguish between passive transport and active transport.
47. Write any 4 functions of cell wall?
48. What are mesosomes? What are the three forms of mesosome?
49. a. What does the ‘S’ stands for in the 80S and 70s ribosomes?
b.What are the subunits of 70S and 80S ribosomes?
50. Ribosomes are organelles without a membrane found in all cells. Name another organelle
devoid of membrane , seen in animal cells. Write its functions
51. What is cytoskeleton ? What is its importance?
52. What are the similarities and dissimilarities between cilia and flagella in eukaryotic
cells?
53. Endoplasmic reticulum is of two types. Write their structural and functional differences
54. Differentiate chromatin and chromosome
55. What is meant by
a. Kinetochore
b. Satellite
56. (a) Distinguish between prokaryotic ribosome and eukaryotic ribosome?
(b)What is the function of ribosome?
57. What is cytoplasm? What is its importance?
58. Differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella.

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59. Mitochondria and chloroplast synthesize some of their own proteins. Justify the
statement.
60. Differentiate between Thylakoids and stroma
61. Differentiate between thylakoids and grana
62. (a) Where are chloroplasts found in a leaf?
(b) Chloroplasts can vary significantly in both number and size in different cells. Justify
63. Identify the cell organelle . Label a, b and c

64. Observe the flow chart and label A, B, C and D

A

Chloroplast B C

Aleuroplast Amyloplast D
65. (a) What is endoplasmic reticulum? Where is it found?
(b)How does ER divide cytoplasm?
66. What are 4 types of vacuoles?
67. Salt concentration is significantly higher in the vacuole than in the cytoplasm. Justify the
statement.
68. What is the significance of double membrane structure of mitochondria?
69. What is the significance of double membrane structure of nucleus?
70. The number, size and shape of mitochondria per cell is considerably varied. Justify the
statement.
71. What are microbodies?
72. (a)Mitochondria is known as ‘Power house of cell’. Why?
(b)What are the contents of mitochondrial matrix?
73. What are the chemical components of plant and algal cell wall ?
74. What are polysomes? What is the function of polysomes?

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75. Pili and fimbriae are surface structures seen in prokaryotic cells. Differentiate these
structures.
76. Distinguish between middle lamella and plasmodesmata.
77. Why does active transport require carrier protein and energy?
78. Name the type of chromosome based on the position of centromere in the figure and label
the parts a, b and c

79. Differentiate between unicellular and multicellular organisms

80. Observe the diagrams given below

RBC Nerve cell

a. Why do different types of cells have various shapes and sizes?
b. What is the shape of Nerve cell and RBC?
81. Observe the given diagram and answer the questions

a. Name the model of plasmamembrane?

b. Who proposed this model?
82. Observe the figure of prokaryotic cell and answer the questions
(a) What is unique about the genomic DNA in prokaryotic cells?
(b) What is a plasmid? Mention their role

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83. How was the study of cells and its detailed structure made possible?
84. Observe the figure given below.

a. Identify the celll organel

organelle
b. Write its two functions.
85. Observe the structure of eukaryotic cilia & flagella and answer the questions

a. What is the arrangement of microtubules in cilia & flagella? Why is it called so?
b. What is the arrangement of microtubules in centriole?
c. How many radial spokes are there in cilia
86. (a) Arrange the following cells in ascending order based oon their size
( Ostrich egg, Nerve cell , Bacteria , Human RBC , Mycoplasma)
(b)Identify longest cell
87. Classify chromosomes Based on the position of centromere.
88. Observe the figure given below

a. Identify the cell organelle

b. What are the chemical components of this organelle
89. (a)Name the scientist
ist who di
discovered ribosome
(b)Name
Name three cell organelles which possess ribosome

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 90. What are the key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
91. Differentiate between bacteria and mycoplasma
92. Differentiate between bacteria and blue-green algae
93. What is chromatin? How does it change during cell division?
94. What are the similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
95. What is the basis of classification of bacteria into gram- positive and gram- negative?
96. Multicellular organisms have division of labour. Explain.
97. Division of labour is seen within a cell. Evaluate the statement.
98. There is a division of labour in Nucleus. Substantiate the statement.
99. Describe the structure of chromosomes and the role of centromere?
100. Distinguish between slime layer and capsule
101. Classify bacteria based on their shape.
102. Both lysosomes and vacuoles are endomembrane structures, yet they differ in
terms of their function. Justify.
103. Explain the significance of surface area to volume ratio in cellular size?
104. How does quasi-fluid nature of plasma membrane affect membrane function
105. Differentiate between peripheral and integral proteins?
106. What is the role of centrioles
a. In the formation of cilia and flagella?
b. In cell division?
107. Match the following
Cell organelle Function
Lysosome Lipd synthesis
Golgi apparatus Store excretory products
Endoplasmic reticulum Store hydrolytic enzyme
Vacoules Packaging of materials
108. Write any 4 functions of plasma membrane?
109. Cell theory was formulated by two scientists.
(a) Name the scientists
(b) Write the two main points in cell theory
110. Select the organelles which are included in endomembrane system. Why these
organelles are called endomembrane system?
Lysosome , Vacuole, Nucleus, Ribosome, Endoplasmic reticulum, Mitochondria, Plastids, Golgi complex

111. Peculiarities of certain cell organelles are given below.

 Involved in protein synthesis
 Made up of many flat, disc shaped sacs or cisternae
 Rich in hydrolytic enzymes
 Membrane is absent
Copy the table given below and write the above peculiarities in appropriate column

Lysosome Golgi apparatus Ribosome

112. Write about nucleolus.

113. Explain the structure of golgi complex

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114. Observe the figure

a. Identify the cell organelle

b. Label the parts a and b

115. a. Which mature living cells lack nucleus?

b.Name an organism having more than one nucleus per cell.
116. a. What are the structural elements of centrioles and cila / flagella?
b.What is meant by axoneme
117. Differentiate centrosome and centrioles
118. Observe the diagrams of Mesophyll cells, Columnar epithelial cells, WBC’s, and
Tracheid given below. Identify the shape of each cell

119. What are the inclusion bodies in prokaryotes ? Where are the located?
120. Cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Justify
the statement
121. An improved model of the structure of plasma membrane was proposed by singer and
Nicolson.
a. List the 3 major biomolecules which this membrane is composed of.
b. Which component forms bilayer?

3 mark questions

122. (a) Which organelles are involved in 9+2 arrangement? Write their function
(b)Which organelle is involved in 9+0 arrangement? Write their function.
123. Identify the chromosome and label the parts. Mention the position of centromere in
this type of chromosome

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 a

124. How does the structure of the plasma membrane affect the movement of
molecules across it?
125. Classify plastids based on the type of pigments .
126. Explain the structure of cilia / flagella.
127. Explain the structure of centrioles.
128. Identify the cell organelle and label the parts

129. Observe the figure of chloroplast given below and label the parts a, b, c, d, e and f

a b

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 130. Observe the figure . a

a. Identify the structure

b. Label the parts a, b, c, d and e
131. The following is a list of cell organelles
( Nucleus, Endoplasmic reticulum , Lysosome , Chloroplast, Golgi complex. Mitochondria ,
Ribosome)
a. Identify the organelles with double membrane envelope
b. Mention the functions of these organelles
132. Observe the given diagram and explain the structure of plasma membrane

133. What is the difference between the structure and function of centriole and
cila/flagella?
134. Explain the structure and function of of nuclear envelope
135. Name and explain the structure of cell organelle that is involved in photosynthesis
(Write 4 structural features)
136. The nucleoplasm contains small spherical shaped structures.
a. Name the structures
b. Name the openings seen in nuclear envelope and state their function
137. a. How are lysosomes are formed?
b. Which are the main types of hydrolytic enzymes present in lysosome and mention
their functions.
138. Observe the diagrams given below showing different shapes of cells. Identify the cells
a, b, c, d, e and f

a b c d

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 e f

139. Expand the following

a. PPLO
b. SER
c. RER
140. Explain the structure of nucleus.
141. Observe the diagrams given below and answer the following
a. Identify a and b
b. Differentiate a and b

142. Write about the cell envelope of a prokaryote.

143. What is the structure and function of flagella in prokaryotes
144. What are the three membraneous structures in chloroplast? Mention their
significance
145. Write about
a. Contractile vacuole
b. Food vacuole
c. Gas vacuole
146. (a) How do neutral solutes move across the membrane ?
(b) Can the polar molecules also move across it in the same way? Why?
(c) How are these polar molecules transported across the membrane

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 Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score
Part Ι Each carries 1 mark
1. Leucoplast 1 1
2. Flemming 1 1
3. Robert hook 1 1
4. Anton von leeuwenhoek 1 1
5. Robert brown 1 1
6. Matthias Schleiden 1 1
7. Theodore Schwann 1 1
8. Rudolf Virchow 1 1
9. Mitochondria and Chloroplast 1 1
10. Camillo Golgi 1 1
11. Ribosome 1 1
12. Lysosome 1 1
13. Polysome / Polyribosome 1 1
14. Aleuroplast 1 1
15. Amyloplast 1 1
16. 52% protein & 40% lipids. 1 1
17. Elaioplast 1 1
18. cells divide & new cells are formed from pre-existing cells 1 1
19. Cell wall 1 1
20. Kinetochore 1 1
21. Tonoplast 1 1
22. Egg of Ostrich 1 1
23. Osmosis 1 1
24. Golgicomplex 1 1
25. Kinetochore 1 1
26. Basal body 1 1
27. 2m 1 1
28. d/ Mesosome 1 1
29. a/ Acidic 1 1
30. Cellulose 1 1
31. d/ Thylakoid 1 1
32. b / Primary wall 1 1
33. Golgi complex 1 1
34. Active transport 1 1
35. c / Ribosome 1 1
36. Hub 1 1
37. Fission 1 1
38. Stroma lamella 1 1
39. Red blood cells 1 1
40. Sieve tube cells 1 1

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Part ΙΙ Each carries 2 mark
41. a) Materials to be packaged in the form of vesicles from the 1 2
ER fuse with cis face of golgi apparatus & move towards
maturing face / A number of proteins synthesized by RER are
modified in the cisternae of the golgi apparatus before they
are released from its trans face ½x2
b) Lysosome and Vacuole
42. Respiration / Secretion/ Cell wall formation / DNA replication ½x4 2
and distribution to daughter cells / To increase the surface area
of the plasma membrane
43. DNA , histone proteins , non-histone proteins and RNA. ½x4 2
44. Primary wall – cell wall of a young plant cell / thin / capable ½x2 2
of growth / It diminishes as the cell matures
Secondary wall – formed on the inner side of the cell, towards ½x2
the membrane as the cell matures / thick / give mechanical
support
45. Chromatophores :- Membraneous extensions into cytoplasm of 1+1 2
cyanobacteria /Chromatophores contain pigments
46. Passive transport – Movement of molecules across the 1+1 2
membrane without using energy / Movement of molecules
from higher concentration to lower concentration without
using energy / Diffusion and Osmosis are passive transport
Active transport – Movement of molecules across the
membrane using energy ( Against the concentration gradient ,
i.e. from lower to higher concentration.) eg., Na+ K+ Pump.
47.  Give shape to the cell ½x4 2
 Protects the cell from mechanical damage & infection
 Helps in cell-to-cell interaction
 Provides barrier to undesirable macromolecules
48. Mesosome :- Membraneous extensions of plasma membrane ½x4 2
of prokaryotic cells / Infoldings of cell membrane of
prokaryotic cells
They are in the form of Vesicles, Tubules & Lamellae.
49. a) ‘S’ ( Svedberg’s unit) – Sedimentation coefficient, a 1 2
measure of density & size. ½x2
b) Eukaryotic ribosomes (80S) :- Larger subunit is 60S &
smaller subunit 40S.
Prokaryotic ribosomes (70S) :- Larger subunit is 50S &
smaller subunit 30S.
50. Centriole / centrosome 1+1 2
They form the basal body of cilia , flagella and spindle fibres /
Helps in cell division
51. Elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures 1+1 2
present in the cytoplasm. eg., Microtubules, microfilaments
and intermediate filaments

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 Functions :- Mechanical support, motility, maintenance of the
shape of the cell.

52. Similarities :- Both cilia and flagella are hair like outgrowths ½ x2 2
of the cell membrane / Help in locomotion /They emerge from
centriole-like structure called basal bodies
Dissimilarities :-
Cilia – small/ More in number/ Work like oars, causing the ½x2
movement of either the cell or surrounding fluid.
Flagella – Long/ Less in number /Responsible for cell
movement
53. Structural differences :- ½x2 2
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) :-Endoplasmic
reticulum bearing ribosomes on their surface / They are
extensive & continuous with the outer membrane of
the nucleus.
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) :-Endoplasmic
reticulum without ribosomes.
Functional differences:-
 Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) Protein synthesis
& Secretion ½x2
 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) :- Synthesis of
lipid /In animal cells, steroidal hormones are
synthesized in SER.
54. Chromatin – Highly extended & elaborate nucleo protein 1+1 2
fibres present in the interphase nucleus
Chromosome – visible only in dividing cells / It has a
primary constriction (Centromere) on the sides of which disc
shaped structures called Kinetochores are present.
Centromere holds 2 chromatids of a chromosome.
55. Kinetochores :- Disc shaped structures on the sides of 1+1 2
Centromere
Satellite :- Non- staining secondary constrictions at constant
location , this gives the appearance of a small fragment.
56. a) Eukaryotic ribosomes are 80S . Here Larger subunit is 60S ½x2 2
& smaller subunit 40S.
Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S. Here Larger subunit is 50S
& smaller subunit 30S.
b) Protein synthesis 1
57. Cytoplasm – Semi -fluid matrix filling the cell. 1+1 2
Importance - Cytoplasm is the main area of cellular activities
in both plants and animal cells / Various chemical reactions
occur in cytoplasm to keep the cell in the ‘living state’

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 58. Prokaryotic flagella :- Thin filamentous extensions from cell 1+1 2
wall / Help in locomotion
Structure :- Composed of three parts – filament (longest
portion & extends the cell surface to outside) , hook & basal
body/ Bacteria show a range in the number & arrangement of
flagella.
Eukaryotic flagella :-Long/ Less in number/ Responsible for
cell movement /
Structure :- Covered with plasma membrane / has a central
core called axoneme / Axoneme possesses microtubules – 9
pair of doublets of peripheral microtubules & a pair of
centrally located microtubules (9+2 arrangement)
Central tubules are connected by bridges & enclosed by
central sheath/ Central sheath is connected to each peripheral
doublet by radial spoke (9 radial spokes present) / Peripheral
doublets are interconnected by linkers
59. Both mitochondrial matrix and stroma of chloroplast contains 2 2
small, double stranded circular DNA molecules, ribosomes
(70S type) , few RNA molecules and the components required
for the synthesis of proteins
60. Stroma – Inner part of chloroplast. Stroma contains enzymes 1+1 2
for photosynthesis & protein synthesis. It contain Small,
double stranded circular DNAS & Ribosomes (70S)
Thylakoids – Flattened membraneous sacs present in stroma.
Thylakoid membrane encloses a space called lumen.
Chlorophyll pigments are present in the thylakoids.
61. Thylakoids – Flattened membraneous sacs present in stroma. 1+1 2
Thylakoid membrane encloses a space called lumen.
Chlorophyll pigments are present in the thylakoids.
Grana – Group of thylakoids ( thylakoids are arranged in
stacks like piles of coins)
62. a) Found in the mesophyll cells of leaf. 1+1 2
b) Lens shaped, oval, spherical, discoid or ribbon like
organelles having variable length (5-10μm) and width (2-4μm)
Number varies from 1 per cell ( Chlamydomonas) to 20 -30
per cell in mesophyll.
63. Endoplasmic reticulum ½x4 2
a)RER/ Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
b)Ribosome
c)SER /Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum
64. Plastid ½x4 2
Chromoplast
Leucoplast
Elaioplast

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 65. a) Endoplasmic reticulum :- Network or reticulum of tiny ½x2 2
tubular structures
Location :- scattered in the cytoplasm / They are extensive &
continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus.
b) ER divides the intracellular space into two distinct 1
compartments. Luminal (inside ER) & Extra luminal
(cytoplasm) compartments.
66.  Vacuole in plant cell (Sap vacuole) ½x4 2
 Contractile vacuole
 Food vacuole
 Gas vacuole
67. Salt concentration is higher in vacuole than in the cytoplasm 1+1 2
because
 Tonoplast is a semipermeable membrane
 Tonoplast facilitate transport of ions against
concentration gradient into the vacuole
68.  Outer & Inner membrane of mitochondria divide its ½x4 2
lumen into two aqueous compartments, ie., outer and
inner compartments (It is crucial for the mitochondrias
function, ie., production of energy)
 Both the membranes have their own specific enzymes
associated with the mitochondrial function
 Outer membrane forms the continuous limiting
boundary of the organelle
 Inner membrane folds into cristae , increasing the
surface area for ATP synthesis
69.  Outer and inner membranes forms a barrier between ½x4 2
materials present inside the nucleus and that of the
cytoplasm.
 Outer membrane remains continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum and bear ribosome on it
 Nucear pores formed by the fusion of two membrane
 Nuclear pores allow the movement of RNA and protein
molecules in both directions between nucleus and
cytoplasm
70. Number of mitochondria per cell is varied depending on the 2 2
physiological activity of cell.
Shape & size also varied.
71. Microbodies :- Membrane bound minute vesicles that contain 2 2
various enzymes. They are present in both plant & animal
cells.

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 72. a) Mitochondria is Power houses of cell because :- Sites of 1+1 2
Aerobic Respiration/ Produce cellular energy in the form of
ATP
b) Matrix possesses Single circular DNA , Few RNA
molecules , Ribosomes (70S) & components required for
protein synthesis.
73. Plant cell wall - made up of cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins 1+1 2
& proteins.
Algal cell wall- made up of cellulose, galactans, mannans
minerals like calcium carbonate.
74. Polyribosomes / Polysome :– Several ribosomes may attach 1+1 2
to a single mRNA & form a chain
Function :- Translate mRNA into proteins / Protein synthesis
75. Pili :- Surface outgrowth / Elongated tubular structures made 1+1 2
of a special protein/ Longer than fimbriae.
Fimbriae :- Small bristle like fibres sprouting out of the cell /
Help to attach the bacteria to rocks in streams & also to the
host tissues.
76. Middle lamella :- A layer which holds or glue neighbouring 1+1 2
cells together (Cementing material between two cells). Made
up of Calcium pectate
Plasmodesmata :- A channel across the cell wall , which
connect the cytoplasm of neighbouring cells.
77.  Polar molecule ( water soluble substances) cannot pass 1+1 2
through non - polar lipid bilayer. So Polar molecules
require a Carrier protein of the membrane to facilitate
their transport.
 A few ions or molecules are transported across the
membrane against their concentration gradient (from
lower to higher concentration) .Such transport require
energy
78. Metacentric chromosome ½x4 2
a)Satellite , b)Secondary constriction, c)centromere /
primary constriction
79. Unicellular organisms :- Organisms composed of a single cell 1+1 2
Multicellular organisms :-Organisms composed of many cells
80. a) Cells differ greatly in size and size depending on the 1 2
function they perform
b) RBC –round and biconcave. ½x2
Nerve cell – Branched and long
81. a)Fluid mosaic model 1+1 2
b)Singer and Nicolson

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 82. Genetic material :- Naked DNA /Nuclear membrane absent/ 1+1 2
There is no well defined nucleus / Single chromosome or
circular DNA
Plasmid :- Small, circular, self replicating extra chromosomal
DNA present in prokaryotic cell.
Role :- provide resistance to antibiotics / used as a vector in
genetic engineering processes.
83. Invention of the microscope and Invention of electron 1+1 2
microscope revealed all the structural details of the cell
84. a) Golgicomplex (Golgi apparatus) 1 2
b) Packaging / Secretion / the important site of formation of ½x2
glycoproteins & glycolipids (any 2 point)
85. a) 9+2 arrangement . ½x2 2
Axoneme possesses 9 pair of doublets of peripheral
microtubules & a pair of centrally located microtubules
b) 9+0 arrangement ½
c) 9 ½
86. a) Mycoplasma , Bacteria, Human RBC, Nerve cell, Ostrich 1 2
egg
b) Nerve cell 1
87. Metacentric - Middle Centromere ½x4 2
Sub-metacentric - Centromere slightly away from the middle
Acrocentric - Centromere is close to its end
Telocentric - Terminal centromere
88. a) Ribosome 1 2
b) RNA and Proteins ½x2
89. a) George palade ½x4 2
b) Endoplasmic reticulum , Mitochondria and Chloroplast
90. Prokaryotic cell :- There is no well defined nucleus & cell ½x2 2
organelles / Genetic material :- Naked DNA (Nuclear
membrane absent) / Smaller and multiply more rapidly than
eukaryotic cells /In addition to genomic DNA, extra
chromosomal DNA (plasmid) present / Inclusion bodies to
store reserve materials / Mesosomes for respiration /
members – bacteria, mycoplasma , blue green algae etc
Eukaryotic Cell –well defined nucleus, nuclear membrane ½x2
and cell organelles /extensive compartmentalisation of
cytoplasm through the presence of membrane bound cell
organelles / Complex locomotory and cytoskeltal structures
are present / Genetic material is organised into chromosomes /
members - Protists, Fungi, Plants & Animals
91. Bacteria – Prokaryote / 3-5μm in length / Cell wall present 1+1 2
Mycoplasma – Prokaryote / 0.3μm in length / smallest
microorganism / cell wall absent

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 92. Bacteria – Prokaryote/ microscopic /3-5μm in length / do not 1+1 2
contain chlorophyll/ Heterotrophic or chemo autotrophic
Cyanobacteria – Prokaryote / Unicellular, colonial or
filamentous (larger than bacteria) / Contain chlorophyll
pigment / Photosynthetic
93. Chromatin – Highly extended & elaborate nucleo protein 1+1 2
fibres present in the interphase nucleus
During cell division :- chromatin condenses to form visible
and structured chromosome
94. Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes ½X4 2
 Cells have surrounding plasma membrane , that allow
movement of molecules across it
 Cytoplasm - Semi – fluid matrix filling the cell
 Ribosome for protein synthesis
 Undergo cellular respiration to produce energy
95. Bacteria can be classified into Gram positive and Gram 1+1 2
negative on the basis of
 Cell envelopes
 Manner in which they respond to the staining
procedure developed by Gram.
96. Multicellular organisms consists of too many cells. Similar 2 2
cells , which perform same function are group together to form
tissues. Tissues work together to form organs. Organs
specialized to perform specific functions.
Examples – Food capture, digestion, reproduction, excretion,
synthesis and secretion of proteins etc
97.  Different organelles within a cell perform specific 1+1 2
functions . Example - mitochondria produce energy,
ribosome synthesize proteins, chloroplast perform
photosynthesis , lysosome digest materials etc
 Cell organelles work together to maintain the
efficiency of a cell
98.  Different parts of the nucleus ( nuclear envelope, 1+1 2
nuclear pore , nucleolus, chromatin fibres etc) Perform
specific functions .
 Division of labour increase the efficiency of nucleus to
manage complex processes.
99. Chromosome – visible only in dividing cells / It has a 1+1 2
primary constriction (Centromere) on the sides of which disc
shaped structures called Kinetochores are present.
Role of centromere :- holds 2 chromatids of a chromosome.
100. Outer most layer of cell envelope in prokaryotic cell 1+1 2
(glycocalyx), differs in composition and thickness among
different bacteria.
Slime layer – Glycocalyx could be a loose sheath

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 Capsule - Thick and tough glycocalyx
101. Bacillus - rod like ½x4 2
Coccus – Spherical
Vibrio - comma shaped
Spirillum – Spiral
102.  Lysosome and Vacuole have different functions 1+1 2
Lysosome – rich in hydrolytic enzymes and help in
digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids
Vacuoles – store water, sap , minerals and other
materials not useful for cells
 But, they are considered similar in origin :- Both are
formed from endoplasmic reticulum and processed by
golgi apparatus
103. Surface area to volume ratio is crucial for cell size because it 2 2
determines how efficiently a cell can exchange nutrients and
waste products with its environment
A large surface area to volume ratio (small cells) –faster and
more efficient exchange
As volume increases than surface area (large cell) – less
efficient at exchanging materials
104.  Quasi fluid nature of lipid enables lateral movement of 1+1 2
proteins within the overall bilayer.
 Fluid nature is also important for the functions like cell
growth, formation of intercellular junctions, secretion,
endocytosis, cell division etc
105. Integral proteins - Partially /totally buried in the cell 1+1 2
membrane
Peripheral proteins - lie on the surface of the cell membrane
106. In the formation of cilia and flagella :- Centrioles form the 1+1 2
basal body of cilia and flagella
In cell division :- Centrioles form the spindle fibres that give
rise to spindle apparatus during the cell division in animal
cells.
107. Lysosome - Store hydrolytic enzyme ½x4 2
Golgi apparatus - Packaging of materials
Endoplasmic reticulum - Lipd synthesis
Vacoules - Store excretory products
108. Transport of molecules across it / Membrane is selectively ½x4 2
permeable and transport some molecules across it / Cell
growth / Formation of intercellular junctions / Secretion /
Endocytosis / Cell division (any 4 points)
109. a) Schleiden & Schwann ½x2 2
b) All living organisms are composed of cells & products of ½x2
cells. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
110. Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosome and 1 2

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 Vacuole.
Their functions are co-ordinated 1
111. Lysosome - Rich in hydrolytic enzymes ½x4 2
Golgi apparatus -Made up of many flat, disc shaped sacs or
cisternae
Ribosome - Involved in protein synthesis, Membrane is
absent
112. Nucleoli – Spherical structures . Not a membrane bound 2 2
structure. Content is continuous with the rest of nucleoplasm.
Site for active ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis.
113. Densely stained reticular structures near the nucleus / Made up ½x4 2
of Cisternae (flat, disc shaped sac, 0.5 -1 μm diameter) with
distinct convex cis or forming face & concave trans or
maturing face. These two faces are entirely different but
interconnected / Cisternae are stacked parallel to each other /
Varied number of cisternae are present / Golgi cisternae are
concentrically arranged near the nucleus
114. a)Mitochondria 1 2
b) a- Matrix. B- Cristae ½x2
115. a) Red blood cells and Sieve tube cells ½x 2 2
b) Plants (tapetum, liquid endosperm of coconut ) / Fungi 1
(coenocytic hyphae)/ humans (liver cells) (any 1)
116. a) Microtubules 1+1 2
b) Axoneme – Central core of cilia and flagella, consisting
of microtubules (9 peripheral doublets and a central pair of
microtubules)
117. Centrosome :- Organelle which contain two centrioles, 1+1 2
Surrounded by amorphous pericentriolar materials
Centrioles :- Cylindrical structures / lie perpendicular to each
other in a centrosome / each centriole has an organization like
cartwheel
118. Mesophyll cells – round and oval ½x4 2
Columnar epithelial cells – long and narrow
WBC’s – amoeboid
Tracheid - elongated
119. Inclusion bodies :-Reserve materials in prokaryotic cells are 2 2
stored in the cytoplasm . Not covered by any membrane . Lie
free in the cytoplasm. eg., phosphate granules, cyanophycean
granules & glycogen granules.
Gas vacuoles are found in blue green, purple and green
photosynthetic bacterias
120.  Smallest unit of life (all living organisms are made up 1+1 2
of cells)
 Cells are responsible for all metabolic reactions taking
place in an organism

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  Unicellular organisms are capable of
(i) Independent existence
(ii) Performing the essential functions of life
 Anything less than a complete structure of a cell does
not ensure independent living.
121. a) Lipids, proteins and carbohydrates ½x4 2
b) Lipid
Part .ΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks
122. a) Cilia and flagella . 1½ 3
Function – Locomotion
b) Centriole .
Function – Form the basal body of cilia and flagella / form 1½
spindle fibres that give rise to spindle apparatus during cell
division
123. Acrocentric chromosome 1 3
Centromere is situated close to its end forming one extremely ½
short and one very long arm
a) Short arm ½x3
b) Centromere
c) Long arm
124.  Selectively permeable to some molecules present on 1+1+1 3
either side of it.
 Polar molecules cannot pass through non-polar lipid
bilayer
 Membrane proteins facilitate the transport of polar
molecules
 Many molecules move across the membrane without
using energy by simple diffusion
 Few ions or molecules transported across the
membrane against their concentration gradient (from
lower to higher concentration) using energy.
125.  Chromoplast - Coloured plastids. Fat soluble 1+1+1 3
Carotenoid pigments like Carotene, Xanthophylls etc
are present. They give Yellow, Orange / Red colour.
 Leucoplast – Colourless plastid with stored nutrients.
They are Amyloplast (store carbohydrate / Starch eg.,
potato), Elaioplast ( Store oil & fat) , Aleuroplast (
store proteins ).
 Chloroplast :-Green plastids which contain green
pigment Chlorophyll.
126.  Covered with plasma membrane ½x6 3
 Has a central core called axoneme
 Axoneme possesses microtubules – 9 pair of doublets
of peripheral microtubules & a pair of centrally
located microtubules (9+2 arrangement)

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  Central tubules are connected by bridges & enclosed
by central sheath
 Central sheath is connected to each peripheral doublet
by radial spoke (9 radial spokes present)
 Peripheral doublets are interconnected by linkers
127.  Made up of 9 peripheral triplet tubulins. Adjascent 1+1+1 3
triplets are linked.
 Central part is proteinaceous hub.
 Hub is connected with peripheral tubules by radial
spoke.
128. Nucleus 1 3
a. Nucleoplasm ½x4
b. Nucleolus
c. Nuclear pore
d. Nuclear membrane
129. a. Outer membrane ½x6 3
b. Inner membrane
c. Grana
d. Thylakoid
e. Stroma lamella
f. Stroma
130. a) Structure of cilia or flagella ½x6 3
b) (a) Radial spoke . (b) Peripheral microtubules (doublets)
( c) Central microtubule. (d) Central sheath
(e) Interdoublet bridge
131. Mitochondria – Cellular respiration 1+1+1 3
Chloroplast – Photosynthesis
Nucleus – Control the activities of organelles and Plays a
major role in heredity
132.  Cell membrane is mainly composed of Lipids ( ½x6 3
arranged in a bilayer), Proteins & Carbohydrates.
 Lipids are arranged with the Polar head ( hydrophilic)
towards the outerside & non-polar tail /hydrophobic
tail towards the inner part. Non-polar tail is thus
protected from aquous environment.
 Membrane contain phospholipids & cholesterol. Lipid
component mainly consists of phosphoglycerides.
 Ratio of protein & lipids varies in different cell types.
eg., in man, membrane of RBC has approximately 52%
protein & 40% lipids.
 Membrane proteins are of two types Integral proteins (
Partially /totally buried in the membrane) & Peripheral
proteins ( lie on the surface of the membrane).
133.  Arrangement of microtubule ½x4 3
Cilia and flagella – 9+2 arrangement/ 9 peripheral doublets of

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 microtubules and a pair of single microtubules at centre
Centriole - 9+0 arrangement / 9 peripheral triplets of
microtubules / central part is proteinaceous hub
 Function
Cilia and flagella – Locomotion
Centriole – Form basal body of cilia and flagella / form ½x2
spindle fibres that give rise to spindle apparatus during cell
division In animal cells
134.  Double membrane - Outer membrane remains 1+1+1 3
continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum and also
bears ribosomes on it.
 Minute pores present in nuclear envelope, formed by
the fusion of its two membrane (Nuclear pore).
Through nuclear pores RNA & protein molecules
move in both directions between the nucleus &
cytoplasm.
 Peri nuclear space – Space between outer & inner
nuclar membrane (10 -15nm). It forms a barrier
between the materials present inside the nucleus & that
of cytoplasm.
135.  Double membrane bound cell organelle. Smooth Outer ½x6 3
& Inner membrane Present.
 Peri plastidal space – Space between Outer & inner
membrane.
 Stroma – Inner part of chloroplast. Stroma contains
enzymes for photosynthesis & protein synthesis. It
contain Small, double stranded circular DNAS &
Ribosomes (70S)
 Thylakoids – Flattened membraneous sacs present in
stroma. Thylakoid membrane encloses a space called
lumen. Chlorophyll pigments are present in the
thylakoids.
 Grana – Group of thylakoids ( thylakoids are arranged
in stacks like piles of coins)
 Stroma lamella – Flat membraneous tubules
connecting the thylakoids of grana.
136. a) Nucleolus 1+1+1 3
b) Nuclear pore.
They are the passages through which movement of RNA and
protein molecules takes place inboth directions between the
nucleus and the cytoplasm
137. a) Lysosomes are formed by the process of packaging in the 1+1+1 3
golgi apparatus
b) Hydrolytic enzymes like lipases , proteases, carbohydrases
are found in lysosomal vesicles
These enzymes digest lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and

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 nucleic acids
138. a. Mesophyll cells ½x6 3
b. Columnar epithelial cells
c. Red blood cells
d. White blood cells
e. Nerve cells
f. Tracheid
139. PPLO – Pleuro Pneumonia Like Organism 1+1+1 3
SER - Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER - Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
140.  Double membrane bound cell organelle ½x6 3
 Outer membrane remains continuous with the
endoplasmic reticulum and also bears ribosomes on it.
 Nuclear pore – Minute pores present in nuclear
envelope, formed by the fusion of its two membrane.
Through nuclear pores RNA & protein molecules
move in both directions between the nucleus &
cytoplasm.
 Peri nuclear space – Space between outer & inner
nuclar membrane (10 -15nm). It forms a barrier
between the materials present inside the nucleus & that
of cytoplasm.
 Nucleoplasm – Nuclear matrix which contain
Chromain & Nucleolus.
 Function :- (i) Control the activities of organelles
(ii) Plays a major role in heredity
141. a. (a) Plant cell b) Animal cell ½x2 3
b. Plant cells possess cell wall, plastids & large
central vacuole, which are absent in animal 1+1
cells.
Animal cells have centrioles, which are
absent in plant cells.
142. chemically complex tightly bound three layerd structure. 1+1+1 3
Glycocalyx :- outer layer. It may be a Slime layer (loose
sheath) or Capsule (tough outer coat)
cell wall :-Middle layer. Determines the shape of the cell &
provides a strong structural support to prevent the bacterium
from bursting
Plasma membrane. :- Inner layer . Selectively permeable.
Structurally similar to Eukaryotic plasma membrane.
Function :- Protection (cell envelope (three layers) act
together as a single protective unit)
143.  Thin filamentous extensions from cell wall. Bacteria 1+1+1 3
show a range in the number & arrangement of flagella
 Composed of three parts – filament (longest portion &

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 extends the cell surface to outside) , hook & basal
body
 Function :- locomotion.
144. Outer & Inner membrane of chloroplast (envelope) and 1+1+1 3
Thylakoid membranes.
Significance :- Three membranes are important for the
function (photosynthesis) of chloroplast
 Outer and inner membrane divide chloroplast into two
compartments – periplastidal space and stroma
 Outer membrane – smooth and permeable.
 Inner membrane is relatively less permeable (selective)
than outer membrane.
 Membranes of thylakoid encloses a space called lumen
 Chlorophyll pigments are present in the thylakoids
(carry out light reactions of photosynthesis
145. Contractile vacuole :- Found in amoeba (protista). Important 1+1+1 3
for osmoregulation and excretion.
Food vacuole :- Formed by engulfing the food particles.
Found in protists
Gas vacuole :- Found in blue green, purple and green
photosynthetic bacteria. Gas vacuoles are a type of inclusion
body. They store gases and help to float
146. a) Neutral solutes move across the membrane by the process 1+1+1 3
of simple diffusion along the concentration gradient (from
higher to lower concentration)
b) No. Polar molecules cannot pass through the non-polar lipid
bilayer
c) Polar molecules require carrier protein of the membrane to
facilitate their transport across the membrane

X x

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 Cell Cycle and Cell Division

1 mark questions

1. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks

a. Meiosis : Reduction division
Mitosis : ………………….
b. Metaphase : Spindle fibres attach to kinetochores
…………. : Chromatids move to opposite poles
2. Give the scientific term of the following
Interchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous
chromosomes
3. Cytokinesis in animal cell takes place by the appearance of a ………….in the plasma
membrane
4. Crossing over occurs in………… stage of prophase Ι
5. The stage between Meiosis Ι and MeiosisΙΙ is called………….
(a) Diakinesis (c) Pachytene
(b) Interkinesis (d) Diplotene
6. DNA synthesis takes place in the …………phase of cell cycle
7. Name the stage at which synapsis occurs during prophase Ι
8. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks
a. Cytokinesis : Division of cytoplasm
…………… : Division of nucleus
b. Mitosis : Production of diploid daughter cells
Meiosis : ………………………
9. In which stage of meiosis is the chromosome number reduced to half?
10. At what stage of prophase Ι bivalent is formed?
11. At what stage of prophase Ι bivalent is clearly visible as tetrads?
12. At what stage of prophase Ι chromosome become visible under light microscope?
13. In what phase of mitosis are asters formed?
14. Which organelle produces mitotic apparatus?
15. During which phase of the cell cycle are DNA and centrioles of animal cells replicated?
16. Which phase is best to study structure of chromosome?
17. Which stage of prophase Ι can last for months or years in the Oocytes of some
vertebrates?
18. Choose the correct answer
Cell organelles are distributed to each daughter cells during …………
(a) Karyokinesis (c) Telophase
(b) Anaphase (d) Cytokinesis

2 mark questions
19. Observe the diagram
a. Identify the stage
b. Write any two features of it

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20. Observe the given diagram.
a. Identify the stage of mitosis
b. Write any two features of it

21. Observe the given diagram.

a. Identify the stage
b. Write any two features of it

22. What are the the significance of mitosis.

23. Where does DNA replication and centriole duplication begin in animal cell?
24. Observe the diagram related with cell cycle.
a. Write the name of phases marked as A and B
b. Write one important event in A and B

25. What are the significance of meiosis

26. Match the following
Diakinesis Formation of chiasmata
Zygotene Crossing over
Pachytene Synapsis
Diplotene Terminalisation of chiasmata
27. Justify the following statements
a. Mitosis is an equational division
b. Meiosis is a reduction division

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28. Distinguish between karyokinesis and cytokinesis
29. How does meiosis contribute to genetic variability in organisms
30. Can you give examples of tissues in plants and animals where continuous cell division
occurs?
31. DNA replication is crucial before a cell divides. Do you agree ? Why?
32. Differentiate animal and plant mitotic divisions with respect to ploidy.
33. Mitosis is usually restricted to diploid cells. Evaluate this statement
34. In some lower plants and in some social insects haploid cells also divide by mitosis.
Justify this statement with the help of examples
35. List out the four stages of M phase of cell cycle in correct sequential order
36. Match the following
Recombination nodules X shaped structure formed during diplotene
Chiasmata Sites at which crossing over occurs
Telophase Site of attachment of spindle fibres
Kinetochore Phase where the formation of new cells begins
37. Meiosis is highly significant in sexually reproducing organisms. Justify.
38. Four stages of mitotic karyokinesis are given below in incorrect order
( Anaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Metaphase)
a. Identify the first stage
b. Write any two features of that stage
39. (a) What is synapsis?
(b)In which substage of prophase Ι does it occur?
40. Distinguish between metaphase of mitosis from metaphase Ι of meiosis?
41. Differentiate between mitotic apparatus and metaphase plate
42. What condition in cell division leads to the formation of Syncytium? Give one example
of syncitium in plants
43. How the mitotic apparatus forms during prophase?
44. Differentiate between bivalent and tetrad chromosomes.
45. Distinguish between anaphase of mitosis from anaphase Ι of meiosis?
46. Distinguish between cytokinesis in plants and cytokinesis in animals?
47. What is the quiescent stage (G0) in cell cycle? When do cells enter this stage?
48. Find examples where the four daughter cells from meiosis are equal in size and where
they are found unequal in size.
49. Define cell cycle
50. Distinguish between sister chromatids and non- sister chromatids
51. Differentiate between synapsis and synaptonemal complex
52. Mitosis is necessary for living organisms. Evaluate the statement
53. (a) What is the average cell cycle span for a mammalian cell (human cell)?
(c) What is the average cell cycle span for a yeast cell
54. (a) Can there be a mitosis without DNA replication in ‘S’ phase?
(b) Can there be DNA replication without cell division?
55. Analyse the events during every stage of cell cycle and notice how the following two
parameters change
a. Number of chromosomes (n) per cell
b. Amount of DNA content (c) per cell
56. (a) How many cycles of DNA replication are there in Mitosis and Meiosis?

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 (b) At what stage chromosome duplication occurs in Mitosis and Meiosis?

3mark questions
57. Cell cycle is divided into Interphase and Mitotic (M) phase.
a. Write three phases of interphase
b. Mention their role
58. The first stage of Meiosis Ι is Prophase Ι , which is further sub divided into 5 phases.
a. Write the 5 phases of Prophase Ι in correct sequential order
b. Identify the phase in which Chiasma formation occurs
59. Prophase Ι of meiosis is typically longer and complex with many substages.
a. What is recombination nodules??
b. Identify the substage in which crossing over occurs?
c. Which enzyme is involved in the process of crossing over?
60. What are the significance of crossing over?
61. List the main differences between Mitosis and Meiosis.
62. Obseve the figures a and b

a b
1. Identify a and b
2. Differentiate a and b
Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score
Part Ι Each carries 1 mark
1. a. Equational division ½x2 1
b. Anaphase
2. Crossing over 1 1
3. Furrow 1 1
4. Pachytene 1 1
5. b / Interkinesis 1 1
6. S phase / Synthesis phase 1 1
7. Zygotene 1 1
8. a. Karyokinesis ½x2 1
b. Production of haploid gametes
9. Anaphase Ι 1 1
10. Zygotene 1 1
11. Pachytene 1 1
12. Leptotene 1 1
13. Prophase 1 1
14. Centriole (centrosome) 1 1
15. S phase / Synthesis phase 1 1

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 16. Metaphase 1 1
17. Diplotene 1 1
18. d / Cytokinesis 1 1
Part ΙΙ Each carries 2 marks
19. a. Telophase 1 2
b. Chromosomes decondenses to form chromatin
reticulum / chromosomes cluster at opposite spindle
poles and their identity is lost as discrete elements /
Nuclear membrane & Nucleolus reappear / ½x2
Golgicomplex and ER reform (two daughter nuclei
formed)
20. a. Metahase 1 2
b. Chromosomes are arranged at equatorial plane ½x2
(equatorial plane is also known as Metaphase plate). /
Spindle fibres from opposite poles attach to the
kinetochore of centromere.
21. a. Anaphase 1 2
b. Centromere split and sister chromatids separate / ½x2
Chromatids move towards opposite poles.
22. Cell growth / Cell repair / Maintenance of nucleo- ½x4 2
cytoplasmic ratio (restore nucleo- cytoplasmic ratio) /
Regeneration
23. In animal cells, 1+1 2
 DNA replication begins in the nucleus
 Centriole duplication begins in the cytoplasm
24. a. A – S phase / Synthesis phase B – G2 phase / Pre ½x2 2
mitotic gap phase
b. S phase :- DNA synthesis / DNA replication takes
place. ½x2
G2 phase :- Proteins are synthesized & the cell grows /
Preparation for mitosis.
25. Maintain chromosome number of each species across ½x4 2
generations / create variation. / Variations are important for
the process of evolution / Formation of gametes in sexually
reproducing organisms.
26. Diakinesis - Terminalisation of chiasmata ½x4 2
Zygotene - Synapsis
Pachytene – Crossing over
Diplotene - Formation of chiasmata
27. a. Mitosis is an equational division :- Number of 1+1 2
Chromosome in the parent and progeny cells is the
same (chromosome number does not change)
b. Meiosis is a reduction division :- Chromosome number
reduced to half

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28. karyokinesis - Nuclear division , corresponding to the 1+1 2
separation of chromosomes
cytokinesis – Division of cytoplasm
29. Crossing over – exchange of genetic material between non ½x4 2
sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes / Create new
combinations of genetic material in 4 haploid gametes /
Genetic information of the parent cell is randomly divided /
Random fusion of male and female gametes during
fertilization
30. In plants – Meristemmatic tissues (apical meristem and lateral 1+1 2
meristem) are responsible for continuous division
In animals – Skin epidermis (cells of the upper layer of
epidermis) , Cells of the lining of gut, blood cells
31. Yes. 1+1 2
During ;S’ phase of cell cycle, amount of DNA per cell
doubles. DNA replicate (duplicate) before cell division to
ensure each new cell receives a complete set of genes
32. In animals – Mitotic division is only seen in the diploid 1+1 2
somatic cells
In Plants - Both haploid and diploid cells undergo mitosis
33. Mitosis is usually restricted to diploid cells, because 2 2
 Mitosis results in the production of diploid daughter
cells with identical genetic complement.
 Number of Chromosome in the parent and progeny
cells is the same.
 Mitosis is responsible for growth and cell repair
34.  Haploid cells in algae, fungi , bryophytes and 1+1 2
pteridophytes undergo mitosis to produce more haploid
cells. This is important for their life cycle and
reproduction
 In some social insects like male honey bees and ants ,
mitosis occur in haploid cells
35. Prophase , Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase ½x4 2
36. Recombination nodules - Sites at which crossing over occurs ½x4 2
Chiasmata - X shaped structure formed during diplotene
Telophase - Phase where the formation of new cells begins
Kinetochore - Site of attachment of spindle fibres
37.  Produce haploid gametes with half the number of ½x4 2
chromosomes
 Maintain chromosome number of each species across
generations.
 Create variation - Crossing over . Create new
combinations of genetic material in 4 haploid gametes
 Variation is important for evolution

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38. a. Prophase 1 2
b. 1) Chromatin reticulum condenses to form
Chromosomes (chromosomes are composed of two ½x2
chromatids attached together at the centromere)
2) duplicated centrosomes move towards opposite
poles and radiates out microtubules called asters
3) Nuclear membrane, Nucleolus , ER and golgi
apparatus disappear
39. a. Pairing of homologous chromosomes 1+1 2
b. Zygotene
40.  Metaphase of mitosis :- Individual chromosomes are 1+1 2
arranged at equatorial plane & Spindle fibres from
opposite poles attach to the kinetochore of centromere
 Metaphase Ι of meiosis :- Homologous chromosomes
are arranged at equatorial plane & Spindle fibres from
opposite poles attach to kinetochore of homologous
chromosomes.
41. Mitotic apparatus – Entire structure responsible for 1+1 2
separating chromatids into opposite poles / They include
centrosome, asters and spindle fibres
Metaphase plate – Equatorial plane (Imaginary line) , within
the cell where chromosomes are arranged during metaphase
42. In some organisms, karyokinesis is not followed by 1+1 2
cytokinesis as a result of which multinucleate condition arises
leading to the formation of syncitium
Example – Liquid endosperm of coconut
43.  Duplicated centrosomes move towards opposite poles 2 2
 Each centrosome radiates out microtubules called
asters
 The two asters with spindle fibres forms mitotic
apparatus
44. Bivalent chromosome - Paired homologous chromosomes / 1+1 2
two chromosomes (with four chromatids), one chromosome
coming from each parent/ pair of chromosome in a tetrad
Tetrad chromosome – four chromatids within a bivalent
45.  Anaphase of mitosis – Centromere split and 1+1 2
chromatids separate . Chromatids move towards
opposite poles
 Anaphase Ι of meiosis – Homologous chromosomes
separate & move towards opposite poles
46. In animal cell - a furrow appeared in the plasma membrane 1+1 2
gradually deepens & joins in the centre
In plant cell - a cell-plate (represent middle lamella) is
formed at the centre & grows outward to meet the existing
lateral wall.

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47. Quiescent stage (G0) – eg., Heart cell in adult, Neurons etc. ½x4 2
 Inactive stage
 Cells remain metabolically active but no longer
proliferate unless called on to do so depending on the
requirement of organism.
 Phase outside the normal cell cycle
When cell enter G0
 Cells enter G0 from G1 when they get signals to stop
dividing
48.  During spermatogenesis (sperm formation in male 1+1 2
organisms), four equal sized daughter cells are
produced
 During Oogenesis (egg formation in female
organisms), one large egg cell and three smaller polar
bodies are produced
49. The sequence of events by which a cell duplicates its genome, 2 2
synthesises the other constituents of the cell and eventually
divides into two daughter cells
50. Sister chromatids –Two chromatids of individual 1+1 2
chromosomes (Identical copies of a chromosome created
during DNA replication) / They have same genetic
information / Sister chromatids are exact copies
Non – sister chromatids – different chromatids from a pair of
homologous chromosomes /have same gene but different
alleles /one inherited from mother and other from father / not
identical
51. Synapsis – Pairing of homologous chromosomes 1+1 2
Synaptonemal complex – complex structure that form
between homologous chromosome during synapsis formation
52. Mitosis is responsible for 1+1 2
 cell growth
 Cell repair (replacement of cells, which lost due to
injuries)
53. a) About 24 hours. Interphase – 23 hours and M phase – 1 1+1 2
hour
b) 90mnts (around 95% of cell cycle – Interphase)
54. a) Yes. There can be DNA replication without cell 1+1 2
division. In this case DNA accumulate inside the cell
b) No. There cannot be mitosis without DNA replication,
because each daughter cells must have a complete set
of genetic information.
55. a) Number of chromosomes (n) per cell 1+1 2
 G1 phase – Chromosome number remains same
(formed of one chromatid)
 S phase – 2 sister chromatids formed and joined at

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 centromere
 G2 phase – No further change
 M phase (anaphase) – Sister chromatids separate and
move to different cells, but chromosome number
remains the same
b) Amount of DNA content (c) per cell
 G1 phase – Amount of DNA content per cell remains
the same
 S phase – DNA content doubled due to DNA
replication
 G2 phase – No further change
 M phase (anaphase) – distributed to two cells
56. a) DNA replicates once in both mitosis and meiosis , 1+1 2
during S phase of interphase
b) Interphase. Parental chromosomes replicate and
produce identical sister chromatds at S phase , before
the cell enters mitosis or meiosis
Part .ΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks
57. a. G1 phase /Post mitotic gap phase , S phase / ½x3 3
Synthesis phase , G2 phase / Pre mitotic gap phase
b. G1 phase :- Cell is metabolically active & ½x3
Continuously grows.
S phase :-DNA synthesis / DNA replication takes
place.
G2 phase :- Proteins are synthesized & the cell grows /
Preparation for mitosis
58. a. Leptotene , Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, ½x6 3
Diakinesis
b. Diplotene
59. a. Recombination nodules are the site at which crossing 1+1+1 3
over occurs between non-sister chromatids of the
homologous chromosomes
b. Pachytene
c. Recombinase
60.  Crossing over creates new combinations of genetic 1+1+1 3
material in 4 haploid gametes
 Crossing over create variation within a species
 Crossing over plays an important role in evolution
61. Mitosis ½x6 3
 Occur in somatic or vegetative cells
 Significance :- cell growth , cell repair , maintenance
of nucleo- cytoplasmic ratio and regeneration
 Parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
 No change in chromosome number ( Equational
division).

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 Meiosis
 Seen in reproductive cells.
 Parent cell divides into 4 daughter cells.
 Chromosome number reduced to half.
 Leads to the formation of haploid gametes.
 Involves 2 sequential cycles of division, Meiosis Ι &
Meiosis ΙΙ .
 Significance of Meiosis :-maintain chromosome
number , create variation, Formation of gametes in
sexually reproducing organisms
62. 1. (a) - Early prophase. (b) – Late prophase ½x2 3
2. Early prophase – Nuclear membrane and nucleolus are
visible / Chromatin reticulum are beginning to 1+1
condense
Late prophase – Nuclear membrane and nucleolus
disappear / Chromatin reticulum condenses to form
chromosomes / Mitotic apparatus formed

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 Photosynthesis in higher plants

1 mark questions
1. During C4 cycle, initial carboxylation reaction takes place in -----------cells
2. Name the first stable compound formed in C 3 cycle
3. Substances that have an ability to absorb light, at specific wavelengths is called
…………………
4. Law of limiting factors is proposed by………………
5. Name the first stable compound formed in C 4 cycle
6. The reaction centre of photosystems in green plants during light reaction is……………...
(a) Xanthophyll (c ) Cholrophyll b
(b) Chlorophll a (d) Carotenoids
7. Name the enzyme in plants, which shows carboxylation and Oxygenation activity
8. Observe the relationship between first two terms and fill in the blank
(a) C4 plants : PEP carboxylase
C3 plants : ………………..
(b) Light reaction : Grana
Dark reaction : ………………..
9. Primary acceptor of carbon dioxide in C 3 plants is………
(a) PEP (c ) PGA
(b) RuBP (d) OAA
10. Primary acceptor of carbon dioxide in C 4 plants is …………
(a) PEP (c ) PGA
(b) RuBP (d) OAA
11. Name the site of dark reaction in chloroplast
12. Name the site of light reaction in chloroplast
13. Which of the following is the major pigment of photosynthesis
(a) Chlorophyll b (c) Carotenoid
(b) Xanthophyll (d) Chlorophyll a
14. Name the special type of anatomy present in C4 plants
15. Which of the following is not related with light reaction
(a) Light absorption (b) Water splitting (c) Biosynthesis of glucose
16. Ultimately, all living forms on earth depend on ………………for energy
17. Name the most abundant enzyme in the plant world
18. Breakdown of proton gradient leads to the release / synthesis of ……….
19. Name the two products formed during the light reaction of photosynthesis are used to
drive the dark reaction?
20. To make one molecule of glucose……………….turns of calvin cycle are required
21. How many ATP & NADPH are required to fix 6 molecule of CO 2 into one molecule of
glucose?
22. Name the method used to separate plant pigments.
23. Name the scientist who provided evidence for production of glucose when plants grow
24. Name the scientist who described the first action spectrum.
25. Name the green alga used by T.W. Engelmann in his experiment
26. Increase in incident light beyond a point causes the breakdown of ………………and a
decrease in photosynthesis

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27. Name two plants which show Kranz anatomy in their leaves
28. Which is the most abundant plant pigment in the world?
29. ………… photophosphorylation occurs when only light of wavelengths beyond 680nm
are available to excitation
30. What does the stroma lamella lack in the chloroplast?
31. Which photosystem is associated with water splitting in photosynthesis?
32. Name the scientists who discovered C4 pathway
33. Name the scientist who propose C3 pathway
34. Which pigment acts directly to convert light energy to chemical energy?
35. Proton movement from the thylakoid lumen to the stroma during light reaction is driven
by …………………
a. Simple diffusion c. Facilitated diffusion
b. Osmosis d. Active transport
36. Which range of wavelength (in nm) is most effective for photosynthesis
a. 100 – 390 c. 400 - 700
b. 390 – 430 d. 760 – 1000
37. Which light range is least effective in photosynthesis?
38. Which light range is most effective in photosynthesis?
39. Energy required for ATP synthesis in PSΙΙ comes from ……..
a. Electron gradient b. Proton gradient c. Neutron gradient
40. During light reaction in photosynthesis, the following are formed
a. ATP and glucose c. ATP, Hydrogen and Oxygen
b. Hydrogen, Oxygen and glucose d. ATP , Hydrogen and glucose
41. The enzyme that not found in C3 plants is…………
a. RuBisCO b. PEP carboxylase
42. Synthesis of ATP by enzyme present on thylakoid does not involve
c. Transmembrane channel
d. Change in confirmation of CF1 part
e. Facilitated diffusion of protons across the membrane
f. Diffusion of electrons along with protons back to the stroma
2 mark questions
43. a) What is meant by Photolysis of H2O?
b) Where does it takes place?
44. a) Which are the three main stages of Calvin cycle?
b) Name the wasteful process found in C 3 plants.
45. Observe the given diagram of LHC and answer the questions.

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 a) Name the pigment that forms the reaction centre.
b) Mention the role of accessory pigment in photosynthesis (2 points)
46. a) Write the name of two phases of photosynthesis?
b) Which are the sites of these phases in chloroplast?
47. What is the basis for designating C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthesis?
48. Compare plants kept in the sunlight with those in the shade. Which of them has leaves
that are darker green? Why?
49. An anatomist observed a peculiar type of large spherical bundle sheath cells in sugarcane leaf
and a physiologist identified the presence of PEP carboxylase in that mesophyll
g. Name the peculiar leaf anatomy
h. Explain the physiological advantage of such type of plants
50. ‘’Photorespiration is a curse to plants’’
a. Evaluate the statement
b. Find the reason for this event to take place
51. Photosynthesis can be considered as the most significant physiochemical process on earth.
Evaluate the statement citing any two significance
52. Write any 4 peculiarities of Z scheme electrone transport in light reaction
53. Light reaction involve cyclic and non-cyclic electron transport. Classify the features give
below under the above stages of light reaction
a. Only pigment system Ι is involved
b. ATP and NADPH are formed
c. Splitting of water occurs
d. Only ATP is formed
Cyclic electron transport Non – cyclic electron transport

54. Define Blackman’s law of limiting factors which influence the rate of photosynthesis in
plants
55. Certain thylakoid pigments are called accessory pigments. Name them. Write their
significance.
56. Differentiate between autotrophs and heterotrophs
57. Eventhough a very few cells in a C4 plant carry out the biosynthetic – Calvin pathway.
Yet they are highly productive. Explain
58. Write 4 peculiarities of Kran’z anatomy.
59. RuBisCO is an enzyme that act both as carboxylase and oxygenase. Why do you think
RuBisCO carries out more carboxylation in C 4 plants?
60. Analyse the table given below and fill in the blanks a,b,c and d
Process Cyclic photophosphorylation Non- cyclic photophosphorylation
Movement of electrons Cyclic …………..a………….
Number of ……….b……… …………..c………….
photosystems
Splitting of water …………d………. Present
61. Suppose there were plant leaf that had a high concentration of Chlorophyll b, but lacked
Chlorophyll a
a. Would it carry out photosynthesis?Why?
b. Why do plants have Chlorophyll b and other accessory pigments?

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62. (a) Why is the colour of a leaf kept in the dark frequently yellow, or pale green?
(b) Which pigment is more stable?
63. Plants that are adapted to dry tropical regions have the C 4 pathway. Write any 2
advantages of C4 plants over C3 plants
64. Match the following
A B
Reduction Formation of oxygen
Photolysis Formation of 3-PGA
Photorespiration Formation of PEP
Carboxylation Formation of glucose
Formation of phosphoglycolate
65. Write the difference between light reaction and dark reaction
66. Observe the equation given below and answer the following
2H2O → 4H+ + O2 + 4 e-
a. Where does this reaction take place in plants?
b. What is the significance of this reaction
67. (a) Where is NADP reductase enzyme located in the chloroplast?
(b)What is the role of this enzyme in proton gradient development?
68. Does moonlight support photosynthesis?
69. (a) How many ATP & NADPH are required to fix one molecule of CO 2
(b)Where in the chloroplast does this process occur?
70. Distinguish between action spectrum and absorption spectrum?
71. What is the difference between mesophyll chloroplast and bundle sheath chloroplast?
72. (a) By looking a plant externally can you tell whether a plant is C 3 or C4 ?
(b)How do you tell whether a plant is C 3 or C4?
73. What is the significance of electron transport in photophosphorylation
74. A cyclic process is occurring in C3 plant, which is light dependent and needs O2. The
process doesn’t produce energy rather it consumes energy
a. Name the given process
b. Is it essential for survival?
75. (a) Which property of the pigment is responsible for its ability to initiate the process of
photosynthesis?
(b) Why is the rate of photosynthesis higher in the red and blue regions of the spectrum
of light?
76. Six turn of calvin cycle are required to generate one molecule of glucose. Substantiate
the statement
77. Explain the experiment that demonstrates the role of light and chlorophyll pigment in
photosynthesis
78. 12 molecules of H2O is used as a substrate in photosynthesis. Why?
79. (a) What experiment setup can you propose to demonstrate the necessity of CO 2 in
photosynthesis using KOH soaked cotton in a test tube?
(b) What results would you expect?
80. (a) What was the purpose of Joseph Priestley’s experiment?
(b) What conclusions did he draw about the role of plants in the air composition?
81. How did Jan Ingenhousz expand upon Priestley’s experiment?
82. What are the main pigments involved in photosynthesis? Mention their colours

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83. How did Jan Ingenhousz demonstrated the release of oxygen from plants?
84. How did Priestley prove that plants restore to the air whatever breathing animals and
burning candles remove?
85. (a) What was the conclusion of Cornelius Van Niel’s experiments regarding the role of
hydrogen in photosynthesis?
(b) How did Van Niel’s work with purple and green bacteria help to distinguish between
different types of photosynthetic organisms?
86. What was the conclusion of Julius Von Sachs experiment?
87. (a) What is the conclusion of Cornelius Van Niel’s experiment?
(b)What is the simplified equation of photosynthesis given by Van Niel?
88. (a) Name the scientist who show that chlorophyll is located in special bodies called
chloroplast?
(b) Why is this finding important?
89. Explain the experiment done by T.W. Engelmann
90. Why did Engelmann use photosynthetic green algae and aerobic bacteria in his
experiment?
91. C4 plants utilze both the Hatch-Slack (C4) pathway and the Calvin cycle(C3) to fix carbon
dioxide during photosynthesis. Evaluate the statement
92. Except for plants in shade or dense forests, light is arely a limiting factor in nature.
Justify the statement.
93. (a) Explain the role of bundlesheath cells in C4 plants?
(b)How they enhance photosynthetic efficiency?
94. (a) How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?
(b)What is the concept of light saturation?
95. Explain the importance of CO2 concentration as a limiting factor for photosynthesis?
96. How do C3 and C4 plants respond differently to varying CO2
97. Which greenhouse crops are being grown in CO 2 enriched atmosphere? Why?
98. What role does water availability play in photosynthesis?
99. How does water stress affect the stomatal behaviour of plants?
100. “Dark reaction occur only at night” Do you agree? Why?
101. Why are chloroplasts and mitochondria considered as semi autonomous
organelles?
102. Draw a schematic representation of cyclic photophosphorylation.

3 mark questions

103. What is meant by

a. Light quality
b. Light intensity
c. Duration of light.
104. Explain Hatch-Slack pathway occur in mesophyll cells of C 4 plants
105. Give a schematic representation of C3 cycle.
106. Give a schematic representation of C4 cycle
107. Define
a. Photolysis of water
b. Phosphorylation

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 c. Photophosphorylation
hosphorylation
108. (a) Usually the chloroplasts align themselves along the walls of the mesophyll
cells. Why?
(b)When would chloroplast be perpendicular to the incident light ? Why?
(c ) When would chloroplast will be aligned with their flat surfaces parallel to the walls?
Why?
109. What is the significance of T.W.Engelmann’s experiment
110. What are the main differences between C 3 and C4 cycles?
111. What are the differences between Photosystem Ι and Photosystem ΙΙ
112. Write any 4 differences between Cyclic and Non
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation
otophosphorylation
113. Observe the given diagram of LHC and answer the questions

a) What is meant by photosystem?

b) What are the two types of photosystem?
c) What are the components of photosystem?
114. Observe the figure
gure and answer the questions.

A B
a. Identify
tify A and B
b. Where is the location of A and B ?
c. What is the hypothesis associated with ATP formation during
photosynthesis?
d. Where does splitting of water takes place?
115. Observe the figure showing C4 pathway and answer the questions.

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 a. Name the cells involved in this pathway
b. Name the C4 acid formed through this pathway
c. Name the enzyme involved in the formation of C 4 acid
116. “There is a division of labour in chloroplast” Substantiate the statement
117. (a) Why does the rate of photosynthesis decrease at higher temperatures?
(b) Do all plants have the same optimal temperature?
118. How are photosynthesis and respiration related to each other?
119. Identify the graph a, b and c given below

a b c

120. Why photorespiration does not take place in C 4 plants?

121. (a) What conditions enable RuBisCO to function as an oxygenase?
(b) Explain the process
122. ATP synthase enzyme consists of two parts.
a. What are they?
b. How are they arranged ed in the thylakoid membrane?
c. Conformational change occur in which part of the enzyme?
123. Chemiosmosis theory of photosynthesis requires a proton gradient for ATP
synthesis to occur. Explain three events that causes proton gradient
124. What are the dissimilaritie
dissimilaritiess between Photophosphorylation and Oxidative
phosphorylation
125. What are the similarities between Photophosphorylation and Oxidative
phosphorylation
126. In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electron emitted will return to the place from
where it is emitted
a. What happens
ppens to the electrons in non
non-cyclic photophosphorylation?
b. Draw a schematic representation of Non-cyclic photophosphorylation on

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 127. Write any 3 external and internal factors that affect photosynthesis?
128. Explain the mechanism of ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis
129. Observe the figure given below and answer the question
b

a c

d
e

a. Name the hypothesis for ATP synthesis

b. Label a,b,c,d,and e
130. Observe the figure given below and label the parts

e
f
Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score
Part Ι Each carries 1 mark
1. Mesophyll cell 1 1
2. 3-PGA / 3- Phosphoglyceric acid 1 1
3. Pigment 1 1
4. F.F.Blackmann 1 1
5. OAA /Oxalo Acetic acid 1 1
6. b / Chlorophyll a 1 1

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 7. RuBisCO 1 1
8. a. RuBisCO ½x2 1
b. Stroma
9. b/ RuBP 1 1
10. a/ PEP 1 1
11. Stroma 1 1
12. Thylakoid membrane 1 1
13. d/ Chlorophyll a 1 1
14. Kranz anatomy 1 1
15. c/ Biosynthesis of glucose 1 1
16. Sunlight 1 1
17. RuBisCO 1 1
18. ATP 1 1
19. ATP & NADPH 1 1
20. 6 turns 1 1
21. 18 ATP and 12 NADP ½x2 1
22. Paper chromatography 1 1
23. Julius Von Sachs 1 1
24. T. W. Engelmann 1 1
25. Cladophora 1 1
26. Chlorophyll 1 1
27. Sorghum and Maize ½x2 1
28. Chlorophyll a 1 1
29. Cyclic 1 1
30. PSΙΙ and NADP reductase enzyme ½x2 1
31. PSΙΙ / Photosystem ΙΙ 1 1
32. Hatch ans Slack ½x2 1
33. Melvin Calvin 1 1
34. Chlorophyll a 1 1
35. c / Facilitated diffusion 1 1
36. c / 400-700 1 1 1
37. Green 1 1
38. Blue and red 1 1
39. b / Proton gradient 1 1
40. c / ATP, Hydrogen and oxygen 1 1
41. PEP carboxylase 1 1
42. d / Diffusion of electrons along with protons back to the
stroma
Part ΙΙ Each carries 2 marks
43. a. Splitting of water in the presence of light. 1+1 2
2H2O → 4H+ + O2 + 4 e-
b. Thylakoid lumen
44. a. Carboxylation , Reduction (Reversal of glycolysis) and 1 2
Regeneration of RuBP ½x2
b. Photorespiration

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 45. a. Chlorophyll a 1 2
b. They absorb light and transfer the energy to ½x2
chlorophyll a.
Protect chlorophyll a from photo – oxidation
46. a. Light reaction and Dark reaction ½x2 2
b. Light reaction – Thylakoid ½x2
Dark reaction – Stroma
47. The number of carbon atoms in the first stable compound 1 2
formed after carboxylation reaction.
C3 – First stable compound is 3- PGA (3 carbon)
C4 – First stable compound – OAA (Oxalo Acetic acid – 4 ½x2
carbon)
48. Plants in the shaded areas have darker green leaves than those 1+1 2
in bright light
Reason – Leaves of plants in the shaded areas produce more
chlorophyll to maximize light absorption
49. a. Kranz anatomy 1 2
b. Kranz anatomy helps to prevent photorespiration /
Kranz anatomy enhances photosynthetic efficiency by
concentrating CO2 around RuBisCO / Kranz anatomy ½x2
allow plants to live in hot environment / Kranz
anatomy allow plants to live in dry environment.
50. a. There is no synthesis of ATP & NADPH (energy) / ½x4 2
No glucose formation/ Carbon dioxide is released /
ATP is utilized/ Biological function of photorespiration
is not known yet.
b. Active site of RuBisCO can bind to both CO2 and O2 /
Relative concentration of CO2 and O2 determines
which of the two will bind to the enzyme / When the
concentration of CO2 and O2 is nearly equal, RuBisCO
has greater affinity for CO2 / Photorespiration occurs at
low CO2 concentration /Photorespiration occurs at high
concentration of O2
51.  Photosynthesis is the primary source of food on earth 1+1 2
 Photosynthesis is responsible for the release of oxygen
into atmosphere by green plants
52. Ps Ι and PS ΙΙ are functional/ Electrons are not cycled back/ ½x4 2
ATP & NADPH are synthesized / Photolysis of water present/
Location -Thylakoid membrane/ Found in green plants
53. Cyclic photophosphorylation - Only pigment system Ι is 1+1 2
involved / Only ATP is formed
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation - ATP and NADPH are
formed / Splitting of water occurs.
54. If a chemical process is affected by more than one factor, then ½x4 2
its rate will be determined by the factor which is nearest to its
minimal value (factor nearest to minimal value directly affects

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 the process if its quantity is changed)
55. Accessory pigments - Chlorophyll b Xanthophylls and 1+1 2
Carotenoids .
Role of accessory pigments :-
They absorb light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll a. /
Protect chlorophyll a from photo – oxidation
56. Autotroph – Organisms that can synthesize their own food . 1+1 2
eg., green plants make their food through photosynthesis
Heterotroph – Organisms that depend on other organisms for
food / Organisms that need readymade food . eg. All animals
57. In C4 plants, calvin cycle is performed by few bundle sheath 1+1 2
cells, but
 Kranz anatomy helps to prevent photorespiration
 Kranz anatomy enhances photosynthetic efficiency by
concentrating CO2 around RuBisCO
58. ‘Kranz’ anatomy ( kranz means wreath) :- ½x4 2
 Special leaf anatomy present in C4 plants
 Specialised large cells called bundle sheath cells may
form several layers around the vascular bundles.
 Mesophyll cells are clustered around the bundle sheath
cells in a ring-like fashion
 Presence of large, agranal chloroplast in bundlesheath
cells
 Bundlesheath cells possess thick walls impermeable to
gases
 Bundlesheath cells are rich in an enzyme RuBisCO,
but lack PEPcarboxylase
(any 4 point)
59.  C4 plants have a mechanism that increase the 1+1 2
concentration of CO2 at the enzyme site.
 In C4 plants with Kranz anatomy, intracellular CO2
concentraion increases and RuBisCO functions as a
carboxylase, minimising the oxygenase activity
60. a. Non-cyclic ½x4 2
b. 1
c. 2
d. Absent
61. a. Leaf would not be able to perform photosynthesis, 1+1 2
because chlorophyll a is the chief pigment involved in
converting light energy into chemical energy
b. Accessory pigments absorb light at different
wavelengths and transferred to chlorophyll a molecule
/ Assist chlorophyll a with the absorption of light /
Protect chlorophyll a molecule from photo-oxidation

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 62. a. Due to the disintegration of the pigment chlorophyll. 1+1 2
Light is essential for the formation of chlorophyll
b. Carotenoids are more stable , as they do not affected
by the absence of light
63. C4 plants – ½x2 2
 Lack photorespiration
 Better productivity and yield
 Tolerance to high temperature
 Show response to high light intensities
64. Reduction – Formation of glucose ½x4 2
Photolysis – Formation of oxygen
Photorespiration – Formation of phosphoglycolate
Carboxylation – Formation of 3-PGA
65. Light Reaction / Photochemical phase include :- 1+1 2
 light absorption
 Directly light driven
 water splitting
 oxygen release
 formation of ATP & NADPH .
 Several protein complexes are involved in this process
 Site of light reaction :- Thylakoid .
 Chlorophyll pigment present in thylakoid trap light
energy and produce ATP & NADPH.
Dark reaction / biosynthetic phase :-
 Site of dark reaction :- Stroma.
 Enzymatic reactions synthesize glucose which in turn
forms starch.
 Not directly light driven
 Dependent on the products of light reactions (ATP &
NADPH)
66. a. Innerside of thylakoid membrane / thylakoid lumen 1+1 2
b. Significance :-
 Release Oxygen
 Electrons moved from photosystem ΙΙ is
replaced by electrons released by water
splitting process
67. a. NADP reductase enzyme is located on the stroma side 1+1 2
of the thylakoid membrane.
b. NADP reductase enzyme catalise the reduction of
NADP+ to NADPH. They receive electron from PSΙ
and take proton from stroma . This create a proton
gradient between thylakoid lumen and stroma

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 68. No. 2 2
Moonlight does not provide enough energy to support
photosynthesis in plants.
 Moonlight lacks necessary intensity and wavelength of
light to excite chlorophyll molecule .
69. a. 3 molecules of ATP and 2 NADPH are required to fix 1+1 2
1 molecule of CO2
b. Stroma
70. Action spectrum – shows rate of photosynthesis at different 1+1 2
wavelengths of light
Absorption spectrum – shows the wavelengths of light
absorbed by a specific pigment
71. Mesophyll cells ½x4 2
 Small chloroplast.
 Granal chloroplast (grana or thylakoid present).
Bundlesheath cells
 Large chloroplast
 Agranal chloroplast (Grana absent)
72. a. We cannot distinguish C3 and C4 plants by observing 1 2
external morphology.
b. By examining their leaf anatomy - C4 plants exhibit a
unique leaf anatomy called Kranz anatomy C3 plants 1
do not exhibit Kranz anatomy
73.  Energy released during electron transport (from PSΙΙ to 1+1 2
PSΙ) is used to pump protons from stroma to thylakoid
lumen.
 This pumping create proton gradient and ultimately
leads to ATP synthesis
74. a. Photorespiration 1+1 2
b. No. The biological function of photorespiration is not
known yet
75. a. Pigments have an ability to absorb light, at specific 1+1 2
wavelengths
b. Chlorophyll, the major pigment absorbs blue and red
wavelength. So rate of photosynthesis is high at red
and blue region
76.  Each turn of calvin cycle fixes one molecule of CO2 1+1 2
 Glucose is a 6-C molecule. So to make 1 molecule of
glucose, the cycle must fix 6 molecules of CO2 ,
requiring six turns
77. Variegated leaf experiment :- 1+1 2
 Starch test in a variegated leaf or leaf that was partially
covered with black paper and one that was exposed to
light.
 Inference – Chlorophyll pigment and light is necessary

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 for photosynthesis
78.  12 molecules of water are split during light reaction to 1+1 2
produce oxygen, prototons and electrons.
 Proton generated are essential for the formation of
ATP & NADPH and released electrons replace those
lost by PSΙΙ
79. a. A part of a leaf is enclosed in a test tube containing 1+1 2
some KOH soaked cotton (that absorbs CO2). Other
half is exposed to air. Setup is placed in light for some
time.
b. Starch test – exposed part of leaf tested positive &
portion that was in the tube tested negative. Inference -
CO2 is essential for photosynthesis
80. a. Discovery of relationship between plant and animal 1+1 2
life
b. Plants restore to the air whatever breathing animals and
burning candles remove
81.  Ingenhousz expanded priestley’s work by using 1+1 2
similar setup ,placing once in the dark and once in the
sunlight
 He concluded that sunlight is essential to the plant
process that purifies air
82. Chlorophyll a – bright green / blue green ½x4 2
Chlorophyll b – Yellow green
Xanthophylls – Yellow
Carotenoids – Yellow to Yellow-Orange
83.  Ingenhousz , placed some aquatic plants in both ½x4 2
sunlight and darkness.
 In bright sunlight , small bubbles were formed around
the green parts.
 Later these bubbles are identified as oxygen
 He concluded that green part of the plants release
oxygen
84.  Joseph priestley placed burning candle and a mouse ½x4 2
inside a sealed bell jar
 He observed that candle extinguished and mouse
suffocated and died .
 \Then, he placed a mint plant in the same bell jar with
burning candle and a mouse
 He found that the candle continued to burn and the
mouse survived.
85. a. Photosynthesis is a light – dependent reaction in which 1+1 2
hydrogen from a suitable oxidisable compound reduces
CO2 to carbohydrates
b. In green plants, H2O is the hydrogen donor and is

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 oxidized to O2.
H2S is the hydrogen donor for purple and green
sulphur bacteria and oxidized to sulphur or sulphate
depending on the organism
86.  Julius Von Sachs provided evidence for production of ½x4 2
glucose
 Glucose is made in green parts
 Glucose is stored as starch
 Green substances in plants is located in special bodies
within plant cells
87. a. Oxygen released by plants during photosynthesis , 1+1 2
comes from H2O and not from CO2 as previously
believed. Light
b. 6 CO2 +12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 H2O +6 O2
88. a. Julius Von Sachs 1+1 2
b. He prove that chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis
and chlorophyll is necessary for photosynthesis
89.  T.W. Engelmann , split light into its spectral 2 2
componentsusing a prism.
 Illuminated a green alga, Cladophora, placed in a
suspension of aerobic bacteria
 Observation – bacteria accumulated mainly in the
region of blue and red light of the split spectrum
90.  To detect the sites of oxygen evolution during 1+1 2
photosynthesis by observing where the bacteria, which
require oxygen, would accumulate
 Cladophora perform photosynthesis and release
oxygen . The bacteria would concentrate in areas
where oxygen was being produced
91.  C4 plants have evolved a specialized pathway (Hatch- ½x4 2
Slack)to enhance photosynthetic efficiency by
preventing photorespiration.
 Hatch-Slack pathway , a cyclic process begins in
mesophyll cells
 Breakdown of C4 acids in bundlesheath cells results in
increasing the concentration of CO2 around the active
site of RuBisCO present in bundlesheath cells
 Calvin cycle occur in bundlesheath cells
92.  Sunlight is abundant 1+1 2
 Photosynthesis saturates at a relatively low light
intensities( around 10% of full sunlight)
93. a. Facilitate calvin cycle and prevent photorespiration by 1+1 2
increasing intracellular CO2 concentration around the
enzyme RuBisCO
b. The concentration of CO2 at the enzyme (RuBisCO)

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 site enhance photosynthetic efficiency by preventing
photorespiration.
94. a. There is a linear relationship between incident light 1+1 2
and photosynthetic rate at low light intensities. At
higher light intensities, rate does not show further
increase
b. Light saturation – The point at which, an increase in
light intensity does not lead to an increase in the rate of
photosynthesis
95.  CO2 is a major limiting factor for photosynthesis 2 2
 CO2 concentration is very low in the atmosphere
(between 0.03 & 0.04 percent).
 Increase in concentration upto 0.05 percent can cause
an increase in photosynthesis,
 beyond this levels can become damaging.
96. C3 and C4 plants respond differently to CO2 concentration. ½x4 2
 At high light intensities, both C3 and C4 plants show
increase in the rate of photosynthesis. At low light
intensities , neither group responds to high CO 2
conditions.
 CO2 saturation point for C4 plants – 360 μΙL-1
 CO2 saturation point for C3 plants – 450 μΙL-1
 Availability of CO2 level is a limiting factor to C3
plants.
97.  Tomatoes and bell pepper (C3 plants) 1+1 2
 CO2 enriched atmosphere leads to higher yield due to
diffused light in green house
98.  Necessary for photosynthesis & all enzymatic actions. ½x4 2
 Provide electrons to replace those lost by chlorophyll
during light absorption
 Provide protons to synthesize ATP &NADPH
 Release O2 as a byproduct
99.  Water stress causes the stomata to close hence 1+1 2
reducing the CO2 availability.
 Water stress makes leaves wilt , thus reducing the
surface area of the leaves and their metabolic activity
as well.
100. No. 1+1 2
Dark reaction occurs during day. This process does not
directly depend on the presence of light
101.  Mitochondria and chloroplast possess their own DNA, 1+1 2
ribosomes and can replicate independently,
 They can synthesize some of their own proteins

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 102. 2 2

Part .ΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks

103. a. Light intensity – Total; amount of light that plant 1+1+1 3
receives
b. Light quality – Wavelength of light (spectral
distribution of light)
c. Duration of exposure – Length of time a plant is
exposed to light
104. Hatch-Slack pathway :- ½x6 3
 initial CO2 fixation by PEP carboxylase
enzyme – PEP combine with CO2 to form 4-C
compound OAA
 OAA converted to other 4-C forms like malic
acid or aspartic acid in mesophyll cells
 Malic acid or aspartic acid are transported to
bundlesheath cells
 In bundlesheath cells, these C4 acids are
broken down to release CO2 and a 3-C
molecule (pyruvic acid)
 3-C compound is transported back to
mesophyll cells
 In mesophyll cells, that 3-C compound is
converted to PEP.

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 105. 3 3

106. 3 3

107. a. Photolysis of water – Splitting of water molecules in 1+1+1 3

the presence of light
b. Phosphorylation – The process through which ATP is
synthesized by cells (in mitochondria / chloroplast)
c. Photophosphorylation – Synthesis of ATP from ADP
and inorganic phosphate in the presence of light
108. a. To get the optimum quantity of the incident light
b. At the time of lower / optimum light conditions / under
stress conditions to maximize light absorption.
c. During high light intensity to avoid photooxidation
109.  First Action spectrum of photosynthesis is described. 1+1+1 3

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  Photosynthetic pigments absorb light most effectively
in blue and red regions of spectrum / Maximum
photosynthesis occurs in red and blue regions
 Demonstrated that oxygen is produced during
photosynthesis
110. C3 Cycle - Takes place in mesophyll cells / Only mesophyll ½x3 3
cells involved/ Initial carboxylation – in mesophyll cells/
Primary CO2 acceptor – RuBP/ Number of C in the primary
CO2 acceptor -5/ Primary CO2 fixation product – PGA/
Number of C in the Primary CO2 fixation product – 3/
Carboxylase enzyme which catalyse first carboxylation
reaction – RuBisCO/ RuBisCO is present in mesophyll cells/
Optimum temperature is low/ Photorespiration is high/ Leaves
have no kranz anatomy/ Low photosynthetic rate/ less
efficient/ CO2 compensation point is high/18 ATPs are
required for fixing 6 CO2 molecules
C4 Cycle - C3 Cycle takes place in bundlesheath cells/ Both
mesophyll cells & bundlesheath cells involved/ Initial
carboxylation - in Mesophyll cells/ Primary CO2 acceptor – ½x3
PEP/ Number of C in the primary CO2 acceptor-3/ Primary
CO2 fixation product – OAA/ Number of C in the Primary
CO2 fixation product -4/ Carboxylase enzyme which catalyse
first carboxylation reaction – PEP/ RuBisCO present in
bundlesheath cells/ Optimum temperature is high/ No
photorespiration/ Leaves show kranz anatomy/ High
photosynthetic rate / efficient/ CO2 compensation point is
low/30 ATPs are required for fixing 6 CO2 molecules
(any 3 differences)
111.  PSΙ – 1+1+1 3
 absorb light with wavelength greater than
680nm / Reaction centre (Chlorophyll a)–
P700 has an absorption maximum at
700nm
 Participate in both cyclic and non- cyclic
photophosphorylation
 Not associated with photolysis of water
 PSΙΙ –
 absorb shorter wavelengths (less than
680nm)/ Reaction centre (Chlorophyll a)–
P680 has an absorption maximum at
680nm
 Participate in non- cyclic
photophosphorylation.
 Associated with water splitting complex

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 112. Cycic photophosphorylation - Only PS Ι is functional / ½x6 3
Electrons from PS Ι are cycled back/ ATP is synthesized/
Photolysis of water absent/ Location- Stroma lamella/ Found
in bacterial cell /
Non-cyclic photophosphorylation - Ps Ι and PS ΙΙ are
functional/ Electrons are not cycled back/ ATP & NADPH are
synthesized/ Photolysis of water present/ Location -Thylakoid
membrane/ Found in green plants
113. a. Structural & Functional units for photosynthesis / 1+1+1 3
Protein complex that located in the thylakoid
membrane that absorb light energy and convert it into
chemical energy
b. Photosystem Ι (PS Ι) and Photosystem ΙΙ (PS ΙΙ)
c. Photosystem has a reaction centre (chlorophyll a) and
accessory pigments / Hundreds of pigment molecules
bound to proteins to form light harvesting complexes
(LHC) within photosystem.
114. a. (a) Cyclic photophosphorylation (b) Non- cyclic ½x2 3
photophosphorylation
b. Location- ½x2
Cyclic photophosphorylation - Stroma lamella
Non- cyclic photophosphorylation – Thylakoid
membrane
c. Chemiosmotic hypothesis ½
d. Innerside of thylakoid membrane / thylakoid lumen ½
115. a. Mesophyll cells and Bundlesheath cells 1+1+1 3
b. Oxalo Acetic Acid (OAA)
c. PEP carboxylase
116.  Membrane system present in chloroplast (Outer and 1+1+1 3
inner membrane and thylakoid membrane ) bring
partitions within the chloroplast, where different
activities can be carried out
 Thylakoid – Chlorophyll pigment present
 Light reaction take place in the thylakoid
 Photosystems , ATP synthase enzyme and
electrone carrying cytochromes are located on
thylakoid membrane (light absorption and ETC
take place on membrane)
 water splitting complex located in lumen
 Stroma –
 Dark reaction (Carbon dioxide fixation or
glucose formation ) take place
 Some of their own proteins are formed in
stroma
117. a. Photosynthesis is an enzyme mediated process. 1 3
Enzymes work in optimum range of temperature.

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 Above the optimum temperature, enzymes are
denatured and rate of photosynthesis decreases.
b. No. Temperature optimum of different plants depends
on the habitat that they are adapted to. 1+1
 Tropical plants (C4) have higher temperature
optimum than the plants adapted to
temperate climates.
118.  Photosynthesis makes glucose, which is used in 1+1+1 3
respiration for making energy (ATP)
 Photosynthesis uses CO2 and water to produce glucose
and O2, while respiration utilize glucose and O2 to
release energy, water and CO2.
 Photosynthesis and respiration maintain atmospheric
balance of CO2 and O2
119. a. Action spectrum of photosynthesis 1+1+1 3
b. Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll
b
c. Action spectrum of photosynthesis superimposed on
absorption spectrum of chlorophyll a
120.  C4 plants have a mechanism that increases the 1+1+1 3
concentration of CO2 at the enzyme (RuBisCO) site
 Bundlesheath cells possess agranal chloroplast,
so photolysis of H2O does not take place in
bundle sheath cells / Photolysis of water and
release of O2 is take place in mesophyll cells.
 Thick walls of bundle sheath cells are
impermeable to gaseous exchange.
 Bundle sheath cells are rich in an enzyme,
RuBisCO / Mesophyll cells lack RuBisCO
 First carboxylation occur in mesophyll cell. C4 acid
(OAA) from mesophyll is broken down in the
bundlesheath cells to release CO2, so intracellular CO2
concentraion increases
 Then RuBisCO functions as a carboxylase, minimizing
the oxigenase activity
121. a. At high O2 concentration and at low CO2 concentration 1 3
b. By the oxygenase activity of RuBisCO , RuBP binds
with Oxygen to form one molecule of 2
phosphoglycerate and one molecule of
phosphoglycolate in a pathway called photorespiration
/ RuBisCO
RuBP + O2 3PGA + Phosphoglycolate
122. a. ATP synthase enzyme consists of two parts – CF0 and 1+1+1 3
CF1
b. CF0 - embedded in the thylakoid membrane & forms
a trans membrane channel that carries out facilitated

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 diffusion of protons across the membrane.
CF1 – Protrudes on the outer surface of the thylakoid
membrane on the side that faces the stroma.
c. CF1 part
123.  Photolysis of water takes place on the innerside of the 1+1+1 3
thylakoid membrane.
 Energy released during electron transport (from PSΙΙ to
PSΙ) is used to pump protons from stroma to thylakoid
lumen / As electron transfer through photosystems ,
Protons are transported across the membrane into the
thylakoid lumen.
 Protons necessary for the reduction of NADP + to
NADPH +H+ is removed from stroma .

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 124. Dissimilarities 1+1+1 3
 Location
 Photophosphorylation – thylakoid membrane of
chloroplast
 Oxidative phosphorylation – Inner
mitochondrial membrane
 Energy source
 Photophosphorylation – Use light energy to
drive electron transport chain
 Oxidative phosphorylation – Use chemical
energy released from oxidation of NADH &
FADH2
 Final electron acceptor
 Photophosphorylation – NADP+ forming
NADPH
 Oxidative phosphorylation – Oxygen forming
water
 Proton gradient
 Photophosphorylation – between stroma and
thylakoid lumen
 Oxidative phosphorylation – between
mitochondrial matrix and perimitochondrial
space (intermembrane space)
 Electron source
 Photophosphorylation – water
 Oxidative phosphorylation – reduced
coenzymes, NADH & FADH2
 Process
 Photophosphorylation – occurs during
photosynthesis
 Oxidative phosphorylation – occurs during
respiration
 Final product
 Photophosphorylation –ATP & NADPH
 Oxidative phosphorylation – ATP &H2O
125. Similarities – 1+1+1 3
 Processes that generate ATP
 Utilize electron transport chain to facilitate movement
of electron and generate a proton gradient
 Use chemiosmosis to generate ATP
 ATP synthase enzyme present
126. a. Electrons are not cycled back.
Electrons excited by light in PSΙΙ are transferred to a
primary electron acceptor.
Flow through electron transport chain and transferred
to PSΙ.

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 Releasrd electrons from PSΙ , carried by primary
acceptor and finally reduce NADP+ TO NADPH +
H+..
Photolysis of water provide electrons to replace those
lost by PS
PSΙΙ
b.

127. Internal factors ::- ½x3 3

 Number of leaves
 Size of leaves
 age of leaves
 orientation of leaves.
 Orientation
rientation of mesophyll cells
 Orientation of chloroplast
 Internal CO2 concentration
 Amount
mount of chlorophyll
External factors ::-
 Light ½x3
 Temperature
 CO2 concentration
 Water
128.  Development
evelopment of proton gradient across the thylakoid 1+1+1 3
membrane - Protons in the stroma decreases, while in
the lumen there is accumulation of proteins. This
create proton gradient across the membrane .
 Proton fflow
low (diffusion of proton across membrane) -
The gradient is broken down due to the movement of
protons from lumen to stroma through CF0
(transmembrane channel) of ATP synthase enzyme
 conformational change in the CF1 particle -
Breakdown of the gradient pr provides
ovides enoughenergy to
cause conformational change in the CF1 particle, which
makes the enzyme synthesise ATP
129. a. Chemiosmotic hypothesis ½ 3
b. (a) P680 (PSΙΙ) (b) Cytochrome B6f (c) P700 ½x5
(PSΙ) (d) Lumen (thylakoid lumen) (e) Thylakoid

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 membrane)
130. a. Stroma lamella ½x6 3
b. Grana
c. Stroma
d. Ribosome
e. Starch granules
f. Lipid droplets

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 Respiration in higher plants

1 mark questions
1. Name the enzyme which catalyse Oxidative decarboxylation or link reaction
2. First stable compound of Kreb’s Cycle is……………..
3. Choose the correct answer
Name a small protein , which acts as a mobile carrier
(a) Cytochrome b (b) Cytochrome c
(c) Cytochrome c1 (d) Cytochrome a
4. What is the final electron acceptor in ETS during respiration?
5. The number of carbon atoms in Acetyl co-enzyme A which take part in kreb’s cycle
is……….
6. Out of the for statements given below related to respiration, the correct statements are:
i. Though respiration is traditionally been considered as a catabolic process, it would be
better to consider it as an amphibolic pathway
ii. In muscles when oxygen is inadequate, lactic acid is reduced to pyruvic acid
iii. When fats are used in respiration, the RQ is greater than one
iv. In respiration, the energy of oxidation-reduction is utilized for phosphorylation
a. (i) and (ii) (c ) (iii) and (iv)
b. (ii) and (iii) (d) (i) and (iv)
7. The process of breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called……….
8. Name the process which is common for both aerobic and anaerobic respiration
9. The end product of glycolysis is ………….
10. Complete oxidation of organic substance in the presence of oxygen is called……….
11. RQ of carbohydrate is ………….
12. RQ of fat is……….
13. RQ of organic acids are………..
14. RQ of proteins are………..
15. The end product of Oxidative phosphorylation is ………..
a. NADH c. ADP
b. Oxygen d. ATP + H2O
16. Under aerobic condition, Pyruvic acid forms…………
a. Ethanol + CO2
b. Lactic acid
c. Acetyl COA + CO2
d. CO2 + H2O
17. Electron transport system is located in…………..
a. Outer membrane of mitochondria
b. Inter membrane space
c. Cristae of inner mitochondrial membrane
d. Matrix
18. The end product of Oxidative phosphorylation is…………
a. NADH
b. ADP
c. Oxygen
d. ATP + H2O

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19. The product of glycolysis (in the absence of oxygen) in skeletal muscle is…………
20. The products of anaerobic fermentation in yeast are …………… and ………….
21. Name two energy carriers in cell that are oxidized to release energy during respiration
22. Name the important series of event of aerobic respirationthat occur in the matrix of
mitochondria
23. Name the important series of event of aerobic respirationthat occur in the inner
mitochondrial membrane
24. Energy required for life processes is obtained by oxidation of some macromolecules that
we call…………
25. Plants store chemical energy formed by photosynthesis in the bonds of …………..
26. Which type of organisms depend on dead and decaying matters for their food?
27. All carbohydrates are converted to ……………..before they are used for respiration
28. Name the enzyme which convert sucrose into glucose and fructose
29. Glycolysis involves …………..reactions , under the control of different enzymes
30. What are the two enzymes tha catalyse alcoholic fermentation?
31. Which is the reducing agent in alcoholic fermentation and lacti acid fermentation?
32. Name the enzyme that catalyse lactic acid fermentation?
33. How many ATPs are synthesized when one molecule of glucose is fermented to alcohol
or lactic acid?
34. Which are the key coenzymes involved in link reaction?
35. Name an inorganic ion, that act as a cofactor in link reaction.
36. How many times decarboxylation occurs in aerobic respiration?
37. After complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose, ………….molecule of CO 2 are
produced
38. Which enzyme catalyse the condensation of acetyl CoA with oxaloacetic acid and water
to yield citric acid?
39. How many ATP molecules are formed during the complete oxidation of one molecule of
pyruvic acid
40. Oxidation of 1 molecule of NADH gives rise to ……….. molecule of ATP
41. Oxidation of 1 molecule of FADH2 gives rise to ……….. molecule of ATP
42. Ubiquinone is located within the…………..
a. Matrix
b. Inter membrane space
c. Inner mitochondrial membrane
d. Outer mitochondrial membrane
43. Cytochrome c is a small protein attached to the …………
a. Outer mitochondrial membrane
b. Outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane
c. Inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane
d. Mitochondrial matrix

2 mark questions

44. Write about ATP synthase enzyme

45. What would be the maximum concentration of alcohol in beverages that arenaturally
fermented? Why?

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46. Krebs cycle is also known as Citric acid cycle or TCA cycle. Why?
47. If a person is feeling dizzy, glucose or fruit juice is given immediately but not a cheese
sandwich. Explain
48. (a) When does anaerobic respiration occur in man and yeast?
(b)What is meant by muscle fatigue?
49. “Respiration is an energy releasing and enzymatically controlled catabolic process which
involves a step-wise oxidative breakdown of organic substances inside living cells”. In
this statement about respiration, explain the meaning of
a. Step-wise oxidative breakdown
b. Organic substances inside living cells
50. Respiration is an energy yielding process, but ATP is being used in some steps of the
process. Evaluate the statement
51. (a) Intermediate compounds of respiratory pathways are not utilized to synthesize other
compounds . Do you agree? Why?
(b) Glucose is being respired / glucose is the only respiratory substrate. Do you agree?
Why ?
52. Processes like glycolysis, Krebs cycle, ETS are occur in a sequential order & NADH
produced during glycolysis enters into mitochondria to undergo Oxidative
phosphorylation . Do you agree with is statement? Why?
53. (a) Respiration is an amphibolic pathway. Justify
(b) Differentiate between aerobic & anaerobic respiration
54. Observe the figure given below and fill up a, b, c and d

a
b

d
c

55. “There are several reasons why plants can get along without respiratory organs”justify
the statement giving reasons
56. Define Respiratory Quotient. Write the RQ value of Fat
57. Observe the figure of citric acid cycle given below and identify a,b,c and d

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 a
d

c
58. Fermentation is the incomplete oxidation of pyruvic acids. Find the difference between
two types of fermentations in microorganisms
59. Certain compounds formed during kreb’s cycle are given below.Draw kreb’s cycle using
the compounds
(Succinic acid, Acetyl CoA, ἀ-ketoglutaric acid , Oxalo acetic acid, Malic acid, Citric
acid)
60. The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called glycolysis. Where does it occur in a
cell?How many ATP molecules are directly synthesized during this process?
61. Observe the following pathways of anaerobic respiration
a. Identify the products a, b, and c
b. Give an example of organism in which product b is formed

b + c

62. In glycolysis, ATP is utilized at two steps only. Write down these two steps.
63. (a) Why is glycolysis a partial oxidation?
(b) Name the enzyme responsible for conversion of glucose to glucose -6- phosphate
64. Observe the equation showing oxidative decarboxilation of pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid + CoA +NAD Acetyl CoA +CO2 +NADH +H+
a

i. Name the enzyme labeled as ‘a’

ii. Where does this reaction takes place in cells
65. (a) Explain the term “Energy Currency”

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 (b) Which substance acts as energy currency in plants and animals?
66. “Aerobic respiration is more efficient” Evaluate the statement?
67. “Oxygen is an essential requirement for aerobic respiration, but it enters the respiratory
process at the end”. Evaluate the statement
68. How does tree trunk exchange gases with the environment although it lacks stomata?
69. Write any two energy yielding reactions of glycolysis.
70. Differentiate between Oxidative phosphorylation and Substrate level phosphorylation
71. Where does substrate level phosphorylation happen in respiration
72. A process is occurring through out the day in all organisms. Cells are participating in this
process. It is not light dependent process
a. Name the process
b. Define the process
73. What is the advantage of Step-wise release of energy during respiration?
74. Food has to be translocated to all non-green parts of the plant. Evaluate the statement
75. All animals depend on plants for survival. Justify this statement citing example
76. Respiration is a catabolic process. But Krebs cycle shows amphibolic nature. Explain
77. Differentiate between Facultative anaerobs and Obligate anaerobs
78. (a) What is the greek meaning of glycolysis?
(b)What is the other name of glycolysis? Why it is called so?
79. (a) Write the step at which NADH + H+ is formed during glycolysis
(b)Howmany NADH are formed in glycolysis?
80. Write about Terminal oxidation
81. Identify the pathway in which following events occur
1. The complete oxidation of pyruvate by the stepwise removal of all the hydrogen
atoms, leaving three molecules of CO2
2. The passing on of the electrons (removed as part of the hydrogen) to molecular
oxygen with simultaneous synthesis of ATP
82. Differentiate Complex Ι and Complex ΙΙ present in inner mitochondrial membrane
83. Differentiate Complex ΙΙΙ and Complex Ιᴠ present in inner mitochondrial membrane
84. Schematically represent electrone transfer from NADH+H + to ½ O2
85. Schematically represent electrone transfer from FADH2 to ½ O2

3 mark questions

86. Observe the illustration of Electron transport system given below and answer the
following questions.

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 a. What is the role of ETS in respiration
b. ETS is closely linked with Oxidative phosphorylation. Justify
c. What is the role of Oxygen in this process?
87. Observe the equation given below.
2 (C51H98O6) + 145 O2 102 CO2 +98 H2O + Energy
a. Calculate respiratory quotient from the equation
b. What is respiratory substrate?
c. Name any two respiratory substrates used in respiration
88. Mention the fate of pyruvic acid in respiration
89. Observe the figure given below

a b

a. Name the complex

b. Write its function
c. Label a, b and c
90. What are the differences between Aerobic respiration and Anaerobic respiration
91. Observe the incomplete schematic representation given below and answer the questions.

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 Glucose

Glucos 6- phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3 – phosphate DHAP

2 X 1, 3 bisphosphoglyceric acid

2 X 3 phosphoglyceric acid

2 X 2 phosphoglyceric acid

a. Identify the pathway

b. Where does it occur?
c. Fill up the boxes A,B,C and D
92. The complete oxidation of one molecule of pyruvic acid yields three molecules of CO 2 by
a cyclic process in the matrix of mitochondria
a. Who first develop this cycle?
b. How many turns of this cycle are needed for complete oxidation of one molecule of
glucose? Why?
c. Which is the Direct ATP generating step in this cycle
93. “There is a division of labour in mitochondria” Substantiate the statement
94. How is the energy stored and released as when it is needed
95. A list of enzymes are given below. Arrange the enzymes from the list in three columns
based on their involvement in metabolic reactions
(RuBisCO , PEP carboxylase, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, Cytochrome
oxidase, Lactate dehydrogenase)

Involved in photosynthesis Involved in respiration Involved in both photosynthesis and respiration

96. Which are the three steps where substrate level phosphorylation take place during
respiration?
97. (a) Write the chemical reaction where in pyruvic acid dehydrogenase act as a catalyst?\

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 (b) What is the significance of this reaction
(c) Name that reaction
98. (a) Which are the three main steps of aerobic respiration
(b)Name the pathway at which 6molecule of CO2 is released during aerobic respiration.
( c)Name the pathway at which H2O molecules are released during aerobic respiration?
(d)Name the pathway where coenzymes are reduced to release energy
99. How do fats, proteins and sucrose enter the respiratory pathway?
100. Write three steps in aerobic respiration where isomerization reaction occur.
101. Construct respiratory balance sheet
102. Write the three steps in which NADH+H+ molecules are formed during Krebs
cycle

Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score
Part Ι Each carries 1 mark
1. Pyruvic dehydrogenase 1 1
2. Citric acid 1 1
3. b / Cytochrome c 1 1
4. Oxygen 1 1
5. 2 1 1
6. d / (i) and (iv) 1 1
7. Glycolysis 1 1
8. Glycolysis 1 1
9. Pyruvic acid 1 1
10. Aerobic respiration 1 1
11. 1 1 1
12. <1 / less than 1 1 1
13. >1 / greater than 1 1 1
14. <1 / less than 1 1 1
15. d / ATP +H2O 1 1
16. d / CO2 + H2O 1 1
17. c/ Cristae of inner mitochondrial membrane 1 1
18. d/ ATP + H2O 1 1
19. Lactic acid 1 1
20. Ethanol and CO2 ½x2 1
21. NADH+ H+ and FADH2 ½X2 1
22. Krebs cycle 1 1

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 23. Electron Transport System 1 1
24. Food 1 1
25. Carbohydrates (glucose / sucrose / starch) 1 1
26. Saprophytes 1 1
27. Glucose 1 1
28. Invertase 1 1
29. 10 reactions 1 1
30. Pyruvic acid decarboxylase and Alcohol dehydrogenase ½x2 1
+
31. NADH + H 1 1
32. Lactate dehydrogenase 1 1
33. 2 ATP 1 1
+
34. Coenzyme A and NAD ½X2 1
35. Mg2+ 1 1
36. 6 1 1
37. 6 molecule 1 1
38. Citrate synthase 1 1
39. 15 ATP 1 1
40. 3ATP 1 1
41. 2ATP 1 1
42. c/ Inner mitochondrial membrane 1 1
43. d/ Outer surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane 1 1
Part ΙΙ Each carries 2 marks
44.  Complex V in the ETS 2 2
 Two components :-
 F1 headpiece – peripheral membrane protein
complex/ contain the site for ATP synthesis
from ADP and inorganic phosphate
 F0 part – integral membrane protein complex /
forms channel through which protons cross
the inner membrane
 Passage of protons through F0 channel is coupled to
the catalytic site of F1 component for ATP production
 4H+ passes through F0 from the intermembrane space
to the matrix – electrochemical proton gradient
broken – 1 ATP formed
45. 13% 1+1 2
Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of
alcohol reaches about 13%

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46. Citricacid cycle – First stable product is citric acid 1+1 2
TCA cycle – Citric acid contains three carboxyl groups
47.  Glucose and fruit juice provide instant energy (readily 1+1 2
absorbable sugar)
 Cheese sandwich requires more time for digestion and
absorption
48. a. When oxygen is not available 1+1 2
b. Muscle fatigue – Accumulation of lactic acid in
muscles
49. a. The energy will be released in a stepwise manner 1+1 2
during cellular respiration which is controlled by
various enzymes
b. Organic substances like carbohydrates, fats and
proteins are used as respiratory substrates
50. ATP is utilized in the initial stages of glycolysis 1+1 2
 Conversion of glucose into glucose 6-phosphate utilize
ATP
 Conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-
diphosphate utilize ATP
51. a. No. because, Substrates enter the pathways & are ½x2 2
withdrawn from it as and when necessary .
b. No. Proteins, fats & organic acids are also being ½x2
respired.
52. No. because, ½x4 2
 All pathways work simultaneously & do not takes
place one after another.
 Substrates enter the pathways & are withdrawn from it
as and when necessary.
 ATP is utilised as & when needed.
 Enzymatic rates controlled by multiple means.
53. a. In respiration, both anabolism (synthesis) & 1 2
catabolism (breaking down) are involved.
b. Aerobic respiration – Respiration in the presence of
oxygen ½x2
Anaerobic respiration – Respiration in the absence of
oxygen
54. a. Cytochrome b ½x4 2
b. Cytochrome c1
c. Cytochrme a
d. Cytochrme a3
55.  Unlike animals , plants have no specialized organs for ½x4 2
gaseous exchange
 Plants have stomata & lenticels for gaseous exchange
 Each plant part takes care of its own gas exchange

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 needs . There is very little transport of gases from one
plant part to another.
 Plants do not have great demands for gaseous
exchange, the rate of respiration is far lower than that
of animals.
 Availability of O2 is not a problem, because O2 is
released within the cell during photosynthesis.
 Diffusion helps the movement of gases.
56. Respiratory quotient :- Ratio of volume of CO 2 evolved to the 1+1 2
volume of O2 consumed in respiration
RQ depends upon the respiratory substrate used.
If respiratory substrate is fat - RQ = <1 (less than 1)
57. a. Acetyl COA ½x4 2
b. ἀ-keto glutaric acid
c. Succinic acid
d. Oxalo Acetic acid
58. Alcoholic fermentation :- ½x2 2
 Pyruvic acid undergo decarboxylation and reduction to
release CO2 and ethanol.
 Pyruvic acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase
enzymes catalyse these reactions.
 Occur in prokaryotes & unicellular eukaryotes like
yeast
Lactic acid fermentation :-
 Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid. ½x2
 Occur in some bacterial cells and in muscle cells (
during exercise, when O2 is inadequate for aerobic
respiration)
59. 2 2

60. Cytoplasm 1+1 2

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 2 ATP molecules are directly synthesized (4 ATP formed and
2 ATP used. So net ATP formed - 2)
61. a. (a) Lactic acid. (b) Ethyl alcohol (c) CO 2 ½x3 2
b. Prokaryotes (bacteria) / yeast (any 1) ½
62. 1. Phosphorylation of glucse to glucose -6-phosphate – 1+1 2
ATP utilized
2. Phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose
1,6 diphosphate . ATP utilized
63. a. Partial oxidation of glucose into 2 molecules of 1+1 2
Pyruvic acid / 1 molecule of glucose partially broken
down into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
b. Hexokinase.
64. (i) Pyruvic dehydrogenase 1+1 2
(ii) Cytoplasm
65. a. Energy Currency - Energy stored in the bonds between 1+1 2
phosphate groups. When this bond is broken, energy
is released. Released energy is used by cell for various
life activities
b. ATP
66. Aerobic respiration is more efficient. 1+1 2
 Aerobic respiration yield 38 ATP /1 molecule of
glucose, while anaerobic respiration yield 2 ATP
molecules / 1 molecule of glucose
 Aerobic respiration use oxygen for complete oxidation
of respiratory substrate, while in anaerobic respiration
partial oxidation of glucose takes place without using
oxygen
 Aerobic respiration – byproducts – CO2 and H2O
Anaerobic respiration – byproducts – Lactic acid or
Ethanol
67.  Oxygen act as the final electron acceptor. At the same 1+1 2
time oxygen accept 2 hydrogen atoms to form water.
 Oxygen is essential for continuing electron flow
through electron transport chain
 Oxygen enters the pathway at the very end to
facilitate ATP synthesis
68.  Tree trunks exchange gases through lenticels. 1+1 2
 Lenticels are breathing pores in the woody bark for
gas exchange .
69. 1. Transfer of Phopsphate group from 1,3, BPGA to 1+1 2
ADP .3- PGA formed and ATP are formed.
2. Transfer of phosphate group from PEP to ADP and .
Enzyme kinase. Pyruvic acid and ATP are formed.
70. Oxidative phosphorylation –ATP synthesis through 1+1 2

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 oxidation / Energy of oxidation-reduction is used for ATP
synthesis.
Substrate level phosphorylation – Directly transfers a
phosphate group from a substrate to ADP to form GTP
71. During respiration, Substrate level phosphorylation occurs 1+1 2
 In the cytoplasm of cell (glycolysis)
 1,3- biPGA converted to 3-PG. ATP formed
 PEP converted to pyruvic acid
 In the mitochondrial matrix (Krebs cycle)
 Succinyl COA converted to Succinic acid .
ATP formed
72. a. Cellular Respiration 1+1 2
b. Metabolic pathway that breaks down glucose to
release energy / Oxidative breakdown of glucose into
CO2, water & energy / Equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
73. Step-wise release of energy allows 1+1 2
 Efficient energy storage and utilization
 Prevent sudden release of energy as heat
 Enable the formation of ATP
74.  Photosynthesis mainly occurs in the green parts of the 1+1 2
plant.
 Non-green parts lack chlorophyll pigment and cannot
synthesize food. So food needs to be transported to all
parts of the plant
75.  All animals directly or indirectly depend on plants for 1+1 2
their food , because plants are the primary producers in
most ecosystems
 Herbivores obtain food directly from plants , but
carnivores get food indirectly from plants
76. Both catabolism and anabolism are involved in krebs cycle 1+1 2
 Catabolic role – Oxidation of Acetyl COA to release
energy
 Anabolic role – Carbon skeletons (intermediate
biomolecules) like ἀ-ketoglutaric acid, OAA, Succinyl
COA , Citric acid etc serve as precursors for the
synthesis of other molecules
77. Facultative anaerobs – can survive with or without oxygen / 1+1 2
grow and perform life activities in the presence or absence of
oxygen/ They can perform aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Obligate anaerobs – Organisms can only survive in the
absence of oxygen/ They cannot perform aerobic respiration/
They are highly sensitive to oxygen
78. a. Glycolysis has originated from two greek words- 1+1 2
glycos and lysis. Glycose meaning – sugar. Lysis

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 meaning – splitting
b. EMP pathway. Because , this pathway was discovered
by three scientists Gustav Embden , Otto Meyerhof
and J. Parnas
79. a. 6th step – During oxidation of 3- PGAL into 1,3 bi 1+1 2
PGA
b. 2 molecules of NADH
80. Terminal oxidation :- 1+1 2
 Final step in aerobic respiration which involves the
passage of electrons & protons to Oxygen, the final
acceptor
 It involves two processes – Electron transport &
Oxidative phosphorylation
81. 1. Krebs cycle / Citric acid cycle / TCA cycle 1+1 2
2. Electron transport system
82. Complex Ι – NADH dehydrogenase enzyme complex / 1+1 2
Involved in the oxidation of NADH +H+ / Transfer electrons
from oxidized NADH to ubiquinone through FMN and Fe-S
Complex ΙΙ – Succinate dehydrogenase enzyme complex/
Involved in the oxidation of FADH2/ Transfer electrons from
oxidized FADH2 to ubiquinone through Fe-S
83. Complex ΙΙΙ – Cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex / involved in 1+1 2
the oxidation of both NADH and FADH2 / Transfer electrons
from oxidized ubiquinone to cytochrome c
Complex ΙV – Cytochrome c oxidase complex containing
cytochrome a and cytochrome a3 / Two copper centres are
present in this complex/ Involved in the oxidation of both
NADH and FADH2 / Transfer electrons to molecular oxygen
84. NADH++H+ → FMN → FeS → Ubiquinone → Cyt b → FeS 2 2
→ Cyt c1 → Cyt c → Cyt a → Cyt a3 → ½ O2
85. FADH2 → Ubiquinone → Cyt b →Fes → Cyt c1 → Cyt c → Cyt a 2 2
→ Cyt a3 → ½ O2
Part ΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks
86. a. Release and utilize energy stored in NADH and 1+1+1 3
FADH2 and synthesize ATP and H2O
b. Electron flow through the ETS generate a proton
gradient to drive the synthesis of ATP by ATP
synthase enzyme
c. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor / Oxygen accept
electrons from ETS and 2 protons from matrix and
form water
87. a. 0.7 1+1+1 3
b. Compounds that are oxidised during the process of
cellular respiration.
c. Glucose (any carbohydrate) / Fat / Proteins/ Organic
acids (any two example)

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88. Fate of pyruvic acid 1+1+1 3
 Alcoholic fermentation (Anaerobic respiration) -
Pyruvic acid undergo reduction and decarboxylated to
release ethanol and CO2 in some microorganisms
 Lactic acid fermentation (Anaerobic respiration) –
Pyruvic acidvreduced to lactic acid
 Aerobic respiration – Pyruvic acid undergo oxidation
and decarboxylation to form acetyl COA and enter into
Kreb’s cycle and continue aerobic respiration to
release CO2 and H2O
89. a. Complex ᴠ / ATP synthase enzyme ½ 3
b. ATP synthesis ½
c. (a) Inner mitochondrial membrane (b) ADP (c) ATP ½x4
(d) H+
90. Aerobic respiration - Complete oxidation of glucose/ ½x3 3
Presence of Oxygen/ Produce 38 ATP/ Oxidation is very
vigorous
Anaerobic respiration - Incomplete oxidation of glucose/
Absence of Oxygen/ Produce 2 ATP/ Oxidation is slow ½x3
process
91. a. Glycolysis ½ 3
b. Cytoplasm ½
c. (A) Fructose 6- phosphate (B) Fructose 1,6- ½x4
diphosphate (C) PEP (d) Pyruvic acid
92. a. Hans Krebs 1 3
b. 2. Because glycolysis produces 2 pyruvic acids, which
are then converted to 2 acetyl COA. Each molecule ½x2
enters krebs cycle once
c. Conversion of succiny COA into Succinic acid 1
93.  Double membrane bound cell organelle - Outer & 1+1+1 3
Inner membrane divide its lumen into outer and inner
compartments.
 Matrix ( Inner compartment)
 Site of krebs cycle
 Some of their proteins are formed in matrix
 Peri mitochondrial space (Outer compartment) –
Important role in ETS and Oxidative phosphorylation
 Cristae (Infoldings of inner membrane towards matrix)
- It Increase the surface area for ATP production. Site
of ETS and Oxidative phosphorylation
94.  Energy released during respiration is stored in the form 1+1 2
of ATP (Energy currency)
 Whenever energy is needed, ATP is broken down to
release energy. Released energy is used for various life
activities

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95. Enzymes involved in photosynthesis – RuBisCO , PEP ½x6 3
carboxylase,
Enzymes involved in respiration – Pyruvate dehydrogenase,
Lactate dehydrogenase
Enzymes involved in both photosynthesis and respiration –
ATP synthase , Cytochrome Oxidase
96. 1. 1,3 biPGA converted to 3- PGA (in glycolysis) 1+1+1 3
2. PEP converted to Pyruvic acid (in glycolysis)
3. Succinyl COA converted to Succinic acid (in krebs
cycle)
97. a. 1+1+1 3

b. Links glycolysis to krebs cycle

c. Oxidative decarboxylation
98. a. Glycolysis , Krebs cycle and Electron Transport ½x3 3
System
b. Krebs cycle ½
c. Electron Transport System ½
d. Electron Transport System ½
99.  If fat is the respiratory substrate:- 1+1+1 3
 At first , fat broken down into fatty acid and
glycerol
 fatty acids broken dow into acetyl CoA and
enter into respiratory pathway
 glycerol is transformed into PGAL and enter
into pathway
 If proteins are the respiratory substrate:-
 Proteins broken down into aminoacids
 Some aminoacids can be converted to pyruvic
acid and some others into acetal CoA
 If sucrose is the substrate :-
 Sucrose is converted to glucose and fructose by
enzyme invertase
 Glucose and fructose enter into glycolysis
100. 1. Glucose 6-phosphate isomerised to fructose 6- 1+1+1 3
phosphate ( glycolysis -2nd step)
2. DHAP isomerised to 3PGAL (glycolysis -5th step)
3. Citric acid isomerised to isocitric acid (krebs cycle 2nd
step)
101.  Glycolysis 3 3
 Direct ATP – 2ATP
+
 2 NADH + H - 2X 3=6ATP

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  Total ATP - 6+2 = 8 ATP
 Link reaction (2 turn)
 2 NADH +H+ - 2X 3 = 6 ATP
 Krebs cycle (2 turn)
 Direct ATP - 2 ATP
 6 NADH + H+ - 6X 3 = 18 ATP
 2 FADH2 - 2X2 = 4 ATP
 Total ATP - 2+18+4 = 24 ATP
 Total ATP production in aerobic respiration
24 +6+8 = 38 ATP
102. 1. Iso citric acid oxidized to ἀ- ketoglutaric acid 1+1+1 3
2. ἀ- ketoglutaric acid oxidized to Succinyl CoA
3. Malic acid oxidized to OAA

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 Plant growth and development

1 mark questions
1. Observe the relationship between the first pair and fill up the blanks using appropriate
terms.
a. Differentiation : Formation of permanent tissues from meristem
---------------------- : Formation of secondary meristems
b. Auxin : Initiate rooting in stem cutting
----------------------- : Shoot initiation
2. All changes that an organism goes through during its life cycle from germination of the
seed to senescence is called …………………
3. Ability of a plant to follow different pathways in response to environment to form
different types of structures is called ------------
4. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks
a. Ripening of fruit : Ethylene
Bolting in Cabbage : …………
b. Cell division : Cytokinin
Abscission of leaves : …………
5. Observe the given relation and fill in the blanks
a. Auxin : Induce parthenocarpy
………… : Fruit ripening
b. Gibberellin : E. Kurosawa
………… : Skoog &Miller
6. Name the plant hormone known as ‘stress hormone’
7. Name the plant hormone which helps to the ripening of fruits
8. Coconut water contains
a. ABA b. Auxin c. Gibberellin d. Cytokinin
9. A farmer grows cucumber plants in his field. He was to increase the number of female
flowers in them. Which plant growth regulator can be applied to achieve this?
10. Increased growth per unit time is termed as…………
11. The first step in the process of plant growth is ………………..
12. What kind of a growth curve is found in a tree showing seasonal activities
13. Name the scientist who isolated auxin from coleoptiles of Oat seedling
14. Name the scientist who confirmed the release of a volatile substance from ripened
oranges that hastened the ripening of stored unripened bananas
15. What is the meaning of greek word Auxein?
16. Which hormone was first isolated from human urine?
17. Name a fungal pathogen which cause bakanae disease of rice seedling
18. A mass of undifferentiated cells formed as a result of cell division is called……..
19. Rise in the rate of respiration during fruit ripening is called……………
20. The most commonly used compound as a source of ethylene is…………..
2 mark questions

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21. Ethylene promote (a) rapid internode/petiole elongation in deep water rice plants and (b) root
growth and root hair formation in plants. What is the significance of these two actions
22. Differentiate between Kinetin and Zeatin
23. Many plants show plasticity during their lifespan.
a. What is plasticity?
b. Give one example
24. Apical dominance and Bolting are two physiological phenomena shown by the plants due
to the activity of two growth regulators.
a. Name the concerned growth regulators
b. Distinguish between Apical dominance and Bolting
25. Observe the given figures a and b.
a. Which leaf shows higher relative growth rate? Why?
b. Which leaf shows larger absolute growth?

a b
26. (a ) Name a gaseous hormone
(b) List any two physiological response of that hormone
27. Draw the given flow chart in your answer sheet. Fill in the blank columns

Auxins

Synthetic auxins Natural auxins

 ……………  …………
 …………….  …………

28. Artificial phytohormones are widely used in agriculture.

a. Name any two artificial phytohormones
b. Mention their importance in agriculture
29. Match the following
Gibberellin Initiate flowering & synchronise fruit set in pineapple.
Auxin Stomata closure

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 Cytokinin Root initiation
Ethylene Speed up malting process in brewing industry
Overcome apical dominance
30. Observe the graph given below and answer the questions
a. Name the growth curve
b. Name the different phases of growth represented as a, b and c

a
31. When the tip of cassava plant is lost, a number of lateral branches grow from the nodes
below.
a. Name the phenomenon
b. Explain the phenomenon
c. Specify the hormone responsible for this.
32. What is ethephone? Write one function of ethephone
33. (a) Name the scientist who discover Giberellin
(b)Which property of Gibberellin caused foolish seedling disease in rice?
34. In botanical gardens and tea gardens, gardners trim the plants regularly so that they
remain bushy. Does this practice have any scientific explanation?
35. The role of ethylene is both positive and negative. Justify the statement
36. The role of ABA is both positive and negative. Justify the statement
37. It is difficult to assign specific plant growt effect to a single hormone. Justify the
statement
38. (a) What is the mechanism underlying the phenomenon by which the terminal or apical
bud suppresses the growth of lateral buds?
(b) Suggest measures to overcome this phenomenon
39. In animals there are special glands secreting hormones, whereas there are no glands in
plants.
a. Where are plant hormones formed?
b. How are the plant hormones translocated to the site of activity?
40. Many discoveries in science have an accidental. This is true for plant hormones also.
a. Justify the statement by citing any two examples
41. Growth and differentiation in plants is open and not so in animals? Justify
42. Define parthenocarpy. Name the plant hormone used to induce parthenocarpy.
43. While eating watermelons, all of us wish it was seedless. As a botany student, can you
suggest any method by which this can be achieved
44. What are the characteristics of meristemmatic cells
45. A gardener finds some broad-leaved dicot weeds growing in his lawns. What can be done
to getrid of the weeds efficiently?

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46. Differentiate between growth and development.
47. Plant growth is unique. Justfy the statement
48. Differentiate between primary growth and secondary growth of plant
49. Growth is measurable. Justify the statement
50. Identify and explain the growth curve

51. What are the necessary conditions required for growth?

52. Differentiate between absolute growth rate and relative growth rate.
53. Identify the following figures a and b

b
54. Differentiate between growt promoters and growth inhibitors
55. Plant growth and development are under the control of both intrinsic and extrinsic
factors. Evaluate the statement
56. Differentiate heterophylly in larkspur and buttercup

3 mark questions
57. The functions of different plant growth regulators are given, Arrange them into
respective columns.

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 a. Increase the tolerance of plants to various kinds of stresses
b. Promote female flowers in cucumbers & thus increase the yield.
c. Increase the length of stem & Increase the yield in sugarcane
d. Fruit ripening
e. Promote Bolting
f. Promote Abscission
Gibberellin Abscisic acid Ethylene

58. The plant growth regulators are divided into growth promoters and growth inhibitors.
a. Name a growth inhibitor which is known as stress hormone.
b. Write any two roles of stress hormone.
c. Name the growth promoter, which present in corncorn-kernels
kernels and coconut milk.
59. Plant growth regulators play important roles in growth promoting & inhibiting activities.
a. Name a gaseous hormone
b. Name the hormone which is responsible for closure of stomata
c. Which hormone is responsible for bolting in rosette plants?
d. Name the hormone responsible for apical dominance
e. Name two hormones which are antagonistic in their actions
60. Observe the figure given below and answer the questions.

a. Source of which plant hormone is indicated in the figure?

b. Write any two roles of above identified hormone.
c. Name a hormone which has antagonistic action to above identified hormone
61. Write any 6 agricultural applications of auxin
62. Writee any 6 agricultural applications of Gibberellin
63. Write any 6 agricultural applications of Cytokinin
64. Write any 6 agricultural applications of Ethylene
65. Write any 6 agricultural applications of Abscisic acid
66. Explain following terms with the help of examples taken from different plant tissues
a. Differentiation
b. Dedifferentiation
c. Redifferentiation
67. What are the phases of growth? E Explain.

Answer Key
Category Question Answer key / Value points Split Total
No: score score
Part Ι Each carries 1 mark

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 1. a. Dedifferentiation ½x2 1
b. Cytokinin
2. Development 1 1
3. Plasticity 1 1
4. a. Gibberellin ½x2 1
b. ABA /Abscisic acid
5. a. Ethylene ½x2 1
b. Cytokinin
6. ABA /Abscisic acid 1 1
7. Ethylene 1 1
8. d / Cytokinin 1 1
9. Ethylene 1 1
10. Growth rate 1 1
11. Seed germination 1 1
12. Sigmoid growt / S shaped growth/ geometric growth 1 1
13. F.W.Went 1 1
14. H.H.Cousins 1 1
15. To grow 1 1
16. Auxin 1 1
17. Gibberella fujikuroi 1 1
18. Callus 1 1
19. Respiratory climactic 1 1
20. Ethephon
Part ΙΙ Each carries 2 marks
21. a. Rapid internode/ petiole elongation in deep water rice 1+1 2
plants – helps leaves / upper parts of the shoot to
remain above water
b. Root growth and root hair formation – helping plants
to increase their absorption surface
22. kinetin :- first cytokinin discovered from the autoclaved 1+1 2
herring sperm DNA. Kinetin does not occur naturally in
plants.
Zeatin :- Natural cytokinin present in corn-kernels and
coconut milk.
23. a. Ability of a plant to follow different pathways in 1+1 2
response to environment to form different types of
structures.
b. heterophylly in cotton / heterophylly in coriander /
heterophylly in larkspur (any 1)
24. a. Apical dominance – Auxin. Bolting – Gibberellin ½x2 2

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 b. Apical dominance - Inhibition of growth of lateral
buds by the terminal bud due to the presence of auxin. ½x2
Bolting - Internode elongation before flowering.
25. a. Leaf ‘a’ shows higher relative growth rate ,because its 1+1 2
initial size is smaller
b. Leaf b has larger absolute growth
26. a. Ethylene 1 1
b. Fruit ripening / Enhance Respiratory climactic /
Enhance rise in rate of respiration during ripening of ½x2
fruit / Breaks seed & bud dormancy / initiate
germination in peanut seeds, sprouting of potato tubers
/ Initiate flowering & synchronise fruit set in pineapple
/ Induce flowering in mango/ Promote female flowers
in cucumbers & thus increase the yield./ Promote
senescence & abscission of leaves , flowers & fruits./
Promote root &root hair formation, thus helping plants
to increase absorptive surface / Promote rapid
internode /petiole elongation in deep water rice plants
(So leaves & upper part of shoot remain above water)
(any two response)
27. Synthetic auxin :- NAA ( Naphthalein acetic acid), & 2, 4-D 1+1 2
(2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
Natural auxins (derived from plants) :- IAA (indole-3-acetic
acid) & IBA (indole butyric acid)
28. a. NAA ( Naphthalein acetic acid), & 2, 4-D (2,4- ½x2 2
dichlorophenoxyacetic acid)
b. 2,4-D - used to kill dicot weeds, & does not affect ½x2
monocot plants /used to prepare weed-free lawns by
gardners.
NAA – Used in agricultural and horticultural practices
29. Gibberellin – Speed up malting process in brewing industry ½x4 2
Auxin – Root initiation
Cytokinin - Overcome apical dominance
Ethylene - Initiate flowering and synchronize fruit set in
pineapple
30. a. Sigmoid curve / ‘S’ shaped curve / Geometric growth ½ 2
curve
b. (a) Lag phase. (b) Log phase / Exponential phase
(c) Stationary phase / steady phase ½x3
31. a. Apical dominance ½ 2
b. Inhibition of growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud 1
due to the presence of auxin.
c. Auxin ½
32. Ethephon :- Aquous solution which is readily absorbed and 1+1 2
transported within the plant & release ethylene slowly
Function :-

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  Hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes
 Hastens the fruit ripening in apples
 Accelerates abscission in flowers and fruits (Thinning
of cotton , cherry, walnut)
 Promote female flowers in cucumbers thereby
increasing the yield(any 1 function)
33. a. E. Kurosawa 1+1 2
b. Elongation of stem
34.  Apical dominance in thease plants prevent the growth 1+1 2
of lateral branches.
 Due to the removal of shoot apex (apical meristem),
effect of auxin decreases and lateral bud grows .
35. Ethylene:- 1+1 2
 Positive roles –
 Fruit ripening
 Abscission ican be beneficial in certain
contexts
 Promot natural senescence of plant tissues
 Negative roles
 Promote premature leaf falling
 Premature aging and death of plant tissues
 Inhibit dormancy I lateral buds
36. ABA /Abscisic acid:- 1+1 2
 Positive roles
 Helps to Tolerate various stresses
 Induce seed dormancy and prevent premature
germination
 Stomatal closure to reduce water loss during
drought
 Negative roles
 Inhibit seed germination
 Promote senescence and abscission
 Growth inhibition
37.  Plant hormones often work synergistically (together) or 1+1 2
antagonistically (opposingly)
 Single hormone can have multiple effects, while More
than 1 hormones can target a single effect
38. a. Phenomenon is apical dominance - Inhibition of 1 2
growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud due to the
presence of auxin
b. Decapitation (removal of apical bud) / Apply
cytokinin ½x2
39. a. Plant growth hormones are synthesized in various parts 1+1 2
of plants like growing apices of stem, root aswellas in
young leavesyoung fruits, buds etc.

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 b. Plant hormones are translocated to the site of activity
by vascular tissues, xylem and phloem
40.  Discovery of auxin- Charles Darwin and his son 1+1 2
Francis Darwin’s observation on the bending of
coleoptiles towards light led to the concept of a factor
influencing growth, later identified as auxin
 Discovery of gibberellins :- E. Kurosawa noticed
unusual elongation of rice seedlings infected with a
fungus Giberella fujikuroi
 Discovery of Abscisic acid (ABA) :- Three
independent researches reported the purification &
chemical characterization of three different kinds of
inhibitors , inhibitor-B, abscission –ΙΙ & domain. Later
all three were proved to be chemically identical, named
ABA
 Discovery of other hormones also had an accidental
origin (any 2)
41.  Plants retain the capacity for continuous growth 1+1 2
and differentiation throughout their life due to
the presence of meristems.
 Plants can grow indefinitely, while animals have
predetermined growth period
42.  Parthenocarpy :- Development of fruit without 1+1 2
fertilization / Seeless fruit formation
 Auxins induce parthenocarpy
43.  Parthenocarpy :- Development of fruit without 1+1 2
fertilization / Seeless fruit formation
 We can induce parthenocarpy by spraying auxin
44.  Cells are rich in protoplasm ½x4 2
 Possess large, conspicuous nuclei
 Cell walls are primary in nature
 Young, thin , cellulosic cell wall
 Abundant plasmodesmatic connections
45.  Spray 2,4-D 1 2
 2,4-D is a weedicide used to kill dicot weeds, & does 1
not affect monocot plants / used to prepare weed-free
lawns by gardners.
46. Growth :- ½x2 2
 Irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ / its
parts /of an individual cell.
 Growth is accompanied by metabolic processes occur
at the expense of energy.
 Growth is measurable
 Growth is quantitative

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 Development :-
 All changes from germination to senescence.
 Development= Growth+differentiation ½x2
 Develoment is qualitative
47.  Plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth 1+1 2
throughout their life
 This ability of plant is due to the presence of meristems
at certain locations in their body
48. Primary growth :- 1+1 2
 Root and shoot apical meristems are responsible for
primary growth
 Primary growth leads to the elongation of plant along
their axis
Secondary growth :-
 Lateral meristems (Vascular cambium and cork
cambium) appear later in the life of dicots and
gymnosperms and responsible for secondary growth
 Lateral meristems cause the increase in the girth of the
organs
49.  Growth is measured by a variety of parameters like 2 2
increase in fresh weight, dry weight, length , area,
volume & cell number.
 Examples :-
 one single root apical meristem can give rise to
more than 17,500 new cell/hour (increase in
cell number)
 Cells in a watermelon increase in size upto
3,50,000 times (increase in cell size)
 growth of pollen tube is measured in terms of
its length
50. Arithmetic growth curve :- 2 2
 Following mitotic cell division, one daughter cell
continues to divide .
 The other daughter cell differentiates and matures.
 Equation- Lt=L0+rt . Lt - length at time t, L0 – length
at time 0, r- growth rate
51.  Water, oxygen , nutrients & optimum temperature are 1+1 2
essential for growth.
 Environmental signals such as light & gravity also
affect certain stages of growth.
52. Absolute growth rate :- Measurement & the comparison of 1+1 2
total growth / unit time
Relative growth rate :- Growth of given system / unit time
expressed on a common basis.

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 53. a. Heterospory in lurkspur 1+1 2
b. Heterospory in buttercup
54. Plant growth promoters :- involved in growth promoting 1+1 2
activities like cell division, cell enlargement, tropic growth,
flowering, fruiting ,seed formation etc. eg., auxin, giberellin,
cytokinin.
Plant growth inhibitors :- important role in plant responses
to wound & stresses. Also involved in inhibiting activities like
dormancy & abscission. eg., ABA & ethylene .

55. Plant growth and development are controlled by both intrinsic 1+1 2
and extrinsic factors
 Intracellular , intrinsic factors - chemical substances
called plant growt hormones
 Extrinsic factors or external factors - light,
temperature, nutrition, oxygen status, gravity
56. Heterophyll in lurkspur – The leaves o juvenile plant are 1+1 2
different in shape from those inmature plants
Heterophylly in buttercup – Shape of leaves produced in air is
different from those produced in water
Part ΙΙΙ Each carries 3 marks
57. Gibberellin - Increase the length of stem & Increase the yield ½x6 3
in sugarcane / Promote Bolting
Abscisic acid - Increase the tolerance of plants to various
kinds of stresses / Promote Abscission
Ethylene - Promote female flowers in cucumbers & thus
increase the yield / Fruit ripening
58. a. ABA / Abscisic acid 1 3
b. Promote Abscission ( leaf fall) / Inhibit seed
germination / Induce dormancy /help seeds to ½x2
withstand desiccation & other factors unfavourable
for growth / ABA act as an Antagonist to giberellin /
Important role in seed development, maturation and
dormancy (any 2 role)
c. Cytokinin 1
59. a. Ethylene ½x6 3
b. ABA / Abscisic acid
c. Gibberellin
d. Auxin
e. Auxin & Cytokinin or Gibberellin & Abscisic acid
60. a. Auxin 1 3
b. Apical dominance / Inhibition of growth of lateral buds
by the terminal bud /Initiate rooting in stem cutting/
Promote flowering in pineapple / Prevent fruit & leaf ½x2
drop at early stages but promote the abscission of older
mature leaves & fruits / Induce Parthenocarpy. eg., in

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 tomatoes / Weedicide(2,4-D used to kill dicot weeds,
& does not affect monocot plants) / 2,4-D used to
prepare weed-free lawns by gardners / Auxin control
xylem differentiation & helps in cell division (any 2
role)
c. Cytokinin 1
61.  Apical dominance ½x6 3
 Inhibition of growth of lateral buds by the terminal bud
 Initiate rooting in stem cutting
 Promote flowering in pineapple
 Prevent fruit & leaf drop at early stages but promote
the abscission of older mature leaves & fruits
 Induce Parthenocarpy. eg., in tomatoes
 Weedicide (2,4-D used to kill dicot weeds, & does not
affect monocot plants)
 2,4-D used to prepare weed-free lawns by gardners
 Auxin control xylem differentiation & helps in cell
division (any 6 role)
62.  Promote Bolting (Internode elongation before ½x6 3
flowering) in beet, cabbage etc.
 Increase the length of stem & Increase the yield in
sugarcane.
 Speed up maturity period of juvenile conifers & leads
to early seed production
 Speed up malting process in brewing industry.
 Delay senescence.
 Increase the length of grapes stalks.
63.  Overcome apical dominance ½x6 3
 Shoot initiation
 Cell division & differentiation
 Promote nutrient mobilisation.
 Delay senescence.
 Produce new leaves & chloroplasts in leaves
64.  Fruit ripening . ½x6 3
 Enhance Respiratory climactic
 Breaks seed & bud dormancy
 initiate germination in peanut seeds, sprouting of
potato tubers
 Initiate flowering & synchronise fruit set in pineapple.
 Induce flowering in mango
 Promote female flowers in cucumbers & thus increase
the yield.
 Promote senescence & abscission of leaves , flowers &
fruits.

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  Promote root &root hair formation, thus helping plants
to increase absorptive surface.
 Promote rapid internode /petiole elongation in deep
water rice plants (So leaves & upper part of shoot
remain above water) (any 6 role)
65.  Stimulate the closure of stomata & increase the ½x6 3
tolerance of plants to various kinds of stresses.
 Promote Abscission ( leaf fall).
 Inhibit seed germination.
 Induce dormancy
 Help seeds to withstand desiccation & other factors
unfavourable for growth
 ABA act as an Antagonist to giberellin
 Important role in seed development, maturation and
dormancy. (any 6 role)
66. Differentiation :- Cells mature to perform specific 1+1+1 3
functions. Differentiated tissues lost the capacity of division.
eg. Formation of permanent tissues from meristem.
Dedifferentiation :- Living differentiated tissues (permanent
tissues) regain the capacity of division under certain
conditions. eg., Formation of secondary meristems ( vascular
cambium & Cork cambium) from differentiated parenchyma
cells.
Redifferentiation :- Secondary meristem divide and produce
secondary permanent tissues which again lost their capacity of
division & mature to perform specific functions. eg.,
formation of secondary xylem & phloem and periderm
formation.
67. Meristemmatic phase :- Root & shoot apical meristem 1+1+1 3
represent this phase. Cells divide constantly.
Elongation phase :- Cells just next to meristemmatic zone.
Characteristics - Cell enlargement, increased vacoulation,
new cell wall deposition
Maturation phase :- Just next to elongation phase. Cells
attain maximum size in terms of wall thickening &
protoplasmic modifications

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