Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)

Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Experiment - 1
Name: Pawan Roll No: 30

Subject: IOT(Internet of Things) Class/Batch: Final Year CSE – Batch 2

Date of Performance: 20/08/2024 Date of Submission: 27/08/2024

AIM

Controlling the Light Emitting Diode (LED) with a push button.

Theory

Push-button is a very simple mechanism which is used to control electronic signal either by blocking
it or allowing it to pass. This happens when mechanical pressure is applied to connect two points of
the switch together. Push buttons or switches connect two points in a circuit when pressed. When the
push-button is released, there is no connection between the two legs of the push-button. Here it turns
on the built-in LED on pin 11 when the button is pressed. The LED stays ON as long as the button is
being pressed.

LED Specifications
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Pin definition

Long pin +5V

Short pin GND

Push Button

Specifications:

Size 6 x 6 x 5mm

Temperature -30 ~ +70 Centigrade

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

LED 1

Push Button 1
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

220Ω resistor 1

10KΩ resistor 1

USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires Several

Connection Diagram:

Steps of working:
1. Insert the push button into your breadboard and connect it to the digital pin 7(D7) which act
as INPUT.
2. Insert the LED into the breadboard. Attach the positive leg (the longer leg) to digital pin 11
of the Arduino Uno, and the negative leg via the 220-ohm resistor to GND. The pin D11 is
taken as OUTPUT.
3. The 10kΩ resistor used as PULL-UP resistor and 220 Ω resistors is used to limit the current
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

through the LED.

4. Upload the code as given below.
5. Press the push-button to control the ON state of LED.

The Sketch

 This sketch works by setting pin D7 as for the push button as INPUT and pin
11 as an OUTPUT to power the LED.
 The initial state of the button is set to OFF.
 After that the run a loop that continually reads the state from the pushbutton
and sends that value as voltage to the LED. The LED will be ON accordingly.

/****************Pressing Button LED*****/

const int buttonPin = 7; // choose the pin for the pushbutton const int
ledPin = 11; // choose the pin for a LED
int buttonState = 0; // variable for reading the pushbutton pin status
void setup()
{
pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare LED as output
pinMode(buttonPin, INPUT); // declare pushbutton as input
}

void loop()

{
buttonState = digitalRead(button Pin); // read input value if
(buttonState == HIGH)
{ // check if the input is HIGH (button pressed)
digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH); // turn LED ON
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

}
else
{
digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW); // turn LED OFF}}

Observation Table:

Sr no. Push button State LED State

1 Pressed ON

2 Pressed (Momentary) OFF

3 Released OFF

4 Pressed (Held) ON (Constant)

Precautions:
1. The pushbutton is square so it is important to set it appropriately on
breadboard.
2. While making the connections make sure to use a pull-down resistor because
directly connecting two points of a switch to the circuit will leave the input pin
in floating condition and circuit may not work according to the program.
3. It is very important to set pinMode() as OUTPUT first before using
digitalWrite() function on that pin.
If you do not set the pinMode() to OUTPUT, and connect an LED to a pin, when calling
digitalWrite(HIGH), the LED may appear dim.
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Conclusion

In conclusion, this project effectively demonstrates how a simple push button can be used to
control an LED when interfaced with an Arduino. By pressing the button, the LED can be toggled
on or off, showcasing basic input-output interaction. This project provides a practical
understanding of how digital inputs like push buttons can be used to control outputs in various
electronic applications. It forms the foundation for more complex systems where multiple inputs
and outputs are integrated, such as interactive devices, user interfaces, or automation systems.

Assessment

Timely
Presentation Understanding Total
Submission Sign
(06) (12) (25)
(7)
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Experiment - 5
Name: Pawan Roll No: 30

Subject: IOT(Internet Of Things) Class/Batch: Final Year CSE – Batch 2

Date of Performance: 17/09/2024 Date of Submission: 24/09/2024

AIM

Interfacing the RGB LED with the Arduino.

Theory

There are actually two types of RGB LED’s; the common cathode one and the common anode one.
In the common cathode RGB led, the cathode of all the LED’s is common and we give PWM signals
to the anode of LED’s while in the common anode RGB led, the anode of all the LED’s is common
and we give PWM signals to the cathode of LED’s. Inside the RGB led, there are three more
LED’s. So, by changing the brightness of these LED’s, we can obtain many other colors. To change
brightness of RGB led, we can use the PWM pins of Arduino. The PWM pins will give signal
different duty cycles to the RGB led to obtain different colors.
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

RGB LED 1

220Ω/330Ω resistor 3

USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires several

Connection Diagram:
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Steps of working
1. Insert the RGB LED into your breadboard and connect its cathode pin to the GND
of the Arduino.
2. Insert the LED into the breadboard. Attach Red pin to pin 8, Green pin to pin 9 and
Blue pin to pin 10 of the Arduino via the 220-ohm resistor, and the negative leg to
GND.
3. Upload the code as given below.
4. Observe the changes in the color of the RGB LED.
The Sketch

This sketch works by setting pinsD8, D9, D10 as for the different legs of RGB LED. After
that the run a loop that continually reads the value from the pins and sends that value as
voltage to the LED. The voltage value is between 0–5 volts, and the blinking of the LED
will vary accordingly.
/************RGB LED Blink*******/ void
setup() {
// put your setup code here, to run once:
pinMode(8,OUTPUT); pinMode(9,OUTPUT);
pinMode(10,OUTPUT);
}
void loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly: digitalWrite
(8,HIGH);
digitalWrite (10,LOW);
delay(1000); digitalWrite
(9,HIGH);
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

digitalWrite (8,LOW);
delay(1000); digitalWrite
(10,HIGH); digitalWrite
(9,LOW); delay(1000);
}

Observations:

Sr. No. Time(ms) Color of LED

1 0 - 1000 RED

2 1000 - 2000 GREEN

3 2000 - 3000 BLUE

4 3000 - 4000 RED & BLUE MIX

 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Conclusion

In conclusion, the project successfully demonstrates the interfacing of an RGB LED with an
Arduino, allowing control over the LED’s color by adjusting the intensity of red, green, and blue
light. Through PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals, we can create a wide range of colors by
varying the brightness of each component. This project showcases the versatility of RGB LEDs
in lighting and display applications, offering an interactive and flexible way to create colorful
visual effects. It also provides a solid foundation for more complex projects involving dynamic
lighting, such as mood lighting or visual indicators in smart systems.

Assessment

Timely Submission Presentation (06) Understanding Total

Sign
(7) (12) (25)
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Experiment - 6
Name: Pawan Roll No: 30

Subject: IOT(Internet of Things) Class/Batch: Final Year CSE – Batch 2

Date of Performance: 24/09/2024 Date of Submission: 1/10/2024

AIM

Interfacing Servo Motor with the Arduino.

Theory

A Servo Motor is a small device that has an output shaft. This shaft can be positioned to
specific angular positions by sending the servo a coded signal. As long as the coded
signal exists on the input line, the servo will maintain the angular position of the shaft. If
the coded signal changes, the angular position of the shaft changes. Servo motors have
three terminals – power, ground, and signal. The power wire is typically red, and should
be connected to the 5V pin on the Arduino. The ground wire is typically black or brown
as shown in figure:
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Specifications:

GND common ground for both the motor and logic.

5V positive voltage that powers the servo.

Control Input for the control system.

The control wire is used to communicate the angle. The angle is determined by the duration
of a pulse that is applied to the control wire. This is called Pulse Coded Modulation. The
servo expects to see a pulse every 20 milliseconds (.02 seconds). The length of the pulse
will determine how far the motor turns. A 1.5 millisecond pulse, for example, will make the
motor turn to the 90-degree position (often called as the neutral position). If the pulse is
shorter than 1.5 milliseconds, then the motor will turn the shaft closer to 0 degrees. If the
pulse is longer than 1.5 milliseconds, the shaft turns closer to 180 degrees.

Hardware Required:
Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

Servo motor 1

USB Cable 1
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires several

Connection Diagram:

Steps of working:
1. The servo motor has a female connector with three pins. The darkest or even black
one is usually the ground. Connect this to the Arduino GND.
2. Connect the power cable that in all standards should be red to 5V on the Arduino.
3. Connect the remaining line on the servo connector to a digital pin on the Arduino.
4. Upload the code
5. Observe the position of the shaft.
The Sketch

This sketch works by setting pin D9 as for the control of servo motor. After that the
run a loop that continually increment the value of the index of rotation angle and
sends that value as voltage to the D9. The voltage value is between 0–5 volts, and
the rotation angle of the servo motor will vary accordingly.
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

/******** Servo Motor Rotation******/ #include<Servo.h> Servo

myservo; int pos=0; void setup()
{
// put your setup code here, to run once: myservo.attach(7);} void
loop() {
// put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
for(pos=0;pos<=180;pos++)
{
myservo.write(pos); delay
(15);
}
delay (1000);
for (pos=180; pos>=0;pos--)
{
myservo.write (pos);

delay (15);
}
delay(1000);
}

Observation Table:
Sr. no. Voltage Position of Shaft

1 0 - 0.5 V 0° (Initial Position)

2 0.5 - 1.5 V 45°

3 1.5 - 2.5 V 90°

4 2.5 - 3.5 V 135°

5 3.5 - 4.5 V 180°

 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Conclusion

In conclusion, the project successfully demonstrates the interfacing of a servo motor with an
Arduino, allowing precise control over the motor's position. By using the PWM (Pulse Width
Modulation) signal from the Arduino, the servo motor can be rotated to specific angles,
showcasing its utility in various real-world applications like robotics, automation, and control
systems. This project provides a fundamental understanding of servo motor control, offering a
solid foundation for integrating more complex systems involving multiple servos or other
components in automation and motion control projects.

Assessment

Timely
Presentation Understandin Total
Submissi Sign
(06) g (12) (25)
on (7)
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Experiment - 7
Name: Pawan Roll No: 30

Subject: IOT(Internet Of Things) Class/Batch: Final Year CSE – Batch 2

Date of Performance: 01/10/2024 Date of Submission: 8/10/2024

AIM

Controlling the LED blink rate with the potentiometer interfacing with Arduino.

Theory

A potentiometer is a variable resistor with a knob that allows altering the resistance of the
potentiometer. The potentiometer manipulates a continuous analog signal, which
represents physical measurements. The potentiometer is used with Arduino to control the
blink rate of the LED. The potentiometer is an adjustable resistor, and its operating
principle is shown in the following figure:
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Hardware Required:

Component Quantity
Arduino Uno 1

Bread board 1
220Ω current limiting resistor 1

5mm LED 1

10KΩ Potentiometer 1
Jumper Wires Several
Supporting USB data cable 1

Working Diagram:
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Steps of working

1. Insert the potentiometer into your breadboard and connect its center pin to the analog
pin A2 and the remaining pin to GND on the breadboard.

2. Insert the LED into the breadboard. Attach the positive leg (the longer leg) to pin 13
of the Arduino via the 220-ohm resistor, and the negative leg to GND.

3. Upload the code as given below.

4. Turn the potentiometer to control the brightness of the LED and move the
position of pin 2 by rotating the knob, changing the resistance value from pin 2 to
both ends.
5. Observe the changes in the blinking rate of the LED.

The Sketch

This sketch works by setting pin A2 as for the potentiometer and pin 9 as an OUTPUT
to power the LED. After that the run a loop that continually reads the value from the
potentiometer and sends that value as voltage to the LED. The voltage value is
between 0–5 volts, and the brightness of the LED will vary accordingly.

Observation Table:

Sr. no. Voltage Light Intensity

1 0 - 1V Very low (barely lit)

2 1 – 2V Low

3 2 – 3V Medium

4 3 – 4V High

5 4 – 5V Very high
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Conclusion

In conclusion, this project successfully demonstrates how a potentiometer can be used

to control the blink rate of an LED when interfaced with an Arduino. By varying the
resistance of the potentiometer, we can adjust the delay in the LED’s blinking pattern,
showcasing an effective method for real-time control of electronic outputs. This project
highlights the simplicity and flexibility of using analog inputs like potentiometers for
interactive control in various applications. The setup provides a foundation for more
advanced control systems and can be extended to regulate other outputs, such as
motor speed or brightness levels.

Assessment

Timely Submission Presentation Understanding Total

Sign
(7) (06) (12) (25)
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Experiment - 8
Name: Pawan Roll No: 30

Subject: IOT(Internet Of Things) Class/Batch: Final Year CSE – Batch 2

Date of Performance: Date of Submission:

AIM

Detection of the light using photo resistor.

Theory

A photo resistor or photocell is a light-controlled variable resistor made of a high

resistance semiconductor. The resistance of a photo resistor decreases with increasing
incident light intensity. A photo resistor can be applied in light-sensitive detector circuits,
and light- and dark-activated switching circuits. It's also called light-dependent resistor
(LDR).
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1
LED 1
Photo Resistor 1
10KΩ Resistor 1
220Ω Resistor 1
USB Cable 1
Breadboard 1
Jumper wires several

Connection diagram:

Steps of working
1. Insert the photo resistor into your breadboard and connect its pin to the analog pin A0
and the remaining pin to supply on the breadboard.

2. Insert the LED into the breadboard. Attach the positive leg (the longer leg) to pin 9 of
the Arduino via the 220-ohm resistor, and the negative leg to GND.

3. Insert the 10K-ohm resistor

4. Upload the code

5. Turn the photo resistor to ON the LED

 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

6. Observe the changes in the state of the LED.

The Sketch

This sketch works by setting pin A0 as for the photo sensor and pin 9 as an OUTPUT to
power the LED. After that the run a loop that continually reads the value from the photo
resistor and sends that value as voltage to the LED. The LED will vary accordingly.
/****************Photo Resistor to LED*****/
const int sensorPin = A0; // choose the pin for the Photo resistor const int
ledPin = 9; // choose the pin for a LED
int lightCal; // variable for reading the initial state of photo sensor int
lightVal; // variable for reading the current state photo sensor void
setup()
{

pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT); // declare LED as output lightCal =

analogRead(sensorPin);

}
void loop() {
lightVal =analogRead(sensorPin); // read input value
if(lightVal < lightCal-50) { // check if the input is less than threshold
digitalWrite(9,HIGH); // turn LED ON}

else { digitalWrite(9, LOW); // turn LED OFF

}
}
Observation Table:
Sr. no. Light detected LED state

Bright light OFF (LOW)

1
2 Moderate light OFF (LOW)

3 Dim light ON (HIGH)

4 No light ON (HIGH)
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Conclusion

In conclusion, the project successfully demonstrates the use of a photoresistor to detect

light intensity. The photoresistor's ability to change resistance based on the amount of
light allows for efficient and accurate detection of varying light levels. This simple yet
effective system can be applied in a wide range of real-world applications, such as
automatic lighting systems, ambient light sensors, or energy-saving devices. The project
highlights the versatility and practicality of using photoresistors in light-sensing
technologies, providing a foundation for further exploration and integration into more
complex systems.

Assessment

Timely Submission Presentation Understanding Total

Sign
(7) (06) (12) (25)
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Experiment - 9
Name: Pawan Roll No: 30

Subject: IOT(Internet Of Things) Class/Batch: Final Year CSE – Batch 2

Date of Performance: Date of Submission:

AIM

Building Intrusion Detection System with Arduino and Ultrasonic Sensor.

Theory

An intrusion detection system (IDS) is a device or software application that monitors a

network or systems for malicious activity
Ultrasonic Sensors: The HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor uses SONAR to determine

the distance of an object just like the bats do. It offers excellent non-contact range
detection with high accuracy and stable readings in an easy- to-use package from 2 cm to
400 cm or 1” to 13 feet. It comes complete with ultrasonic transmitter and receiver
module. The ultrasonic sensor uses the reflection of sound in obtaining the time between
the wave sent and the wave received. It usually sent a wave at the transmission terminal
and receives the reflected waves. The time taken is used together with the normal speed
of sound in air (340ms-1) to determine the distance between the sensor and the obstacle.
The Ultrasonic sensor is used here for the intruder detection. The sound via a buzzer
occurs when an object comes near to the sensor. The distance to which the sensor will
respond can be easily adjusted in the program.
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Hardware Required:

Component Name Quantity

Arduino UNO 1

Red LED 1
Green LED 1

HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor 1

Buzzer 1

USB Cable 1

Breadboard 1

Jumper wires several

 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Connection Diagram:

Steps of working

1. Insert the Ultrasonic sensor into your breadboard and connect its Echo pin
to the digital pin 2 and the Trigger pin to digital pin 3 of the Arduino.
2. Insert the RED and Green LED into the breadboard. Attach the positive leg
(the longer leg) of red LED to signal pin of the Buzzer via the 220- ohm
resistor, and the negative leg to GND. The green LED is connected to digital
pin 8 of the Arduino.
3. Upload the code.
4. Observe the LEDs and take some object in front of ultrasonic sensor.
5. Observe the changes in the LED and buzzer sound.
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

The Sketch

This sketch works by setting pin 2 as for the ultrasonic sensors and pin 8, pin9 &
pin 10 as an OUTPUT to power the LEDs and buzzer. After that the run a loop
that continually reads the value from the echo pin and sends that value as
voltage to the LEDs. The color of the LED which glows will vary accordingly to
the detection of object in the given range.
/**********Intrusion Detection******/ #define echo 2
#define trig 3
#define outA 8 // Red LED
#define outB 9 // Green LED
#define outC 10 // Buzzer
float duration; // time taken by the pulse to return back float
distance; // one way distance travelled by the pulse
const int intruderDistance = 10; // the minimum distance up to which the sensor is able to sense
any object
void setup() { pinMode(trig,
OUTPUT); pinMode(echo,
INPUT);
pinMode(outA, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(outA,
LOW); pinMode(outB, OUTPUT);
digitalWrite(outB, LOW);
pinMode(outC, OUTPUT); digitalWrite(outC, LOW);
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
time_Measurement();
distance = (float)duration * (0.0343) / 2;
// calculate the one way distance travelled by the pulse Serial.println(distance);

alarm_condition();
}
void time_Measurement()
{ // function to measure the time taken by the pulse to return back
digitalWrite(trig, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2); digitalWrite(trig, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trig, LOW); duration =
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

pulseIn(echo, HIGH);
}

void alarm_condition()
{ //function to execute the output commands based on the sensor input
if(distance<=intruderDistance)
{
digitalWrite(outA,HIGH);
digitalWrite(outB,LOW);
analogWrite(outC,200);} else
{
digitalWrite(outA,LOW); digitalWrite
(outB, HIGH); analogWrite (outC,0);
}
}

Observation Table:

Sr no. Object Detected LED Buzzer

1 No object (Distance >10 GREEN LED ON OFF (0)
cm)
2 Object within range (<= 10 RED LED ON ON (Analog value 200)
cm)
 Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University)
Department of Engineering and Technology, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Conclusion

In conclusion, the project successfully demonstrates the effectiveness of using an

Arduino microcontroller and ultrasonic sensor to create a basic intrusion detection
system. By leveraging the sensor’s ability to detect changes in distance and movement,
this system provides an affordable, easy-to-build security solution for detecting
unauthorized access. The integration of additional components, such as alarms or
notifications, further enhances the system's practicality. This project serves as a
foundation for more advanced systems, where additional sensors or connectivity (like
IoT integration) can be incorporated for enhanced functionality and broader applications
in real-world security scenarios.

Assessment

Timely Submission Presentation Understanding Total

Sign
(7) (06) (12) (25)