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CSE-391--02--ATmega32-basics

The document provides an overview of the ATmega32 microcontroller, including its architecture, programming process, and digital I/O capabilities. It highlights the importance of understanding the microcontroller's architecture for optimizing performance and efficient hardware interaction. Additionally, it covers programming in C and assembly, along with practical examples and exercises for using the digital I/O ports.

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Mir Mashrafi Ahasan
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
7 views

CSE-391--02--ATmega32-basics

The document provides an overview of the ATmega32 microcontroller, including its architecture, programming process, and digital I/O capabilities. It highlights the importance of understanding the microcontroller's architecture for optimizing performance and efficient hardware interaction. Additionally, it covers programming in C and assembly, along with practical examples and exercises for using the digital I/O ports.

Uploaded by

Mir Mashrafi Ahasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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GETTING STARTED

WITH ATmega32
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
▪ Brief overview of ATmega32 architecture
▪ Introduction to Programming ATmega32
▪ Review on C
▪ Programming the digital IO ports of ATmega32
ARCHITECTURE
WHY ARCHITECTURE?
▪ ATmega32 is a 8-bit microcontroller
▪ Registers and memory accesses are in 8-bit chunks

▪ Use of 2 byte variables will result in


▪ Larger executable files
▪ Slower execution of program
▪ More memory usage

▪ So we need to learn architecture to


▪ Optimize performance
▪ Efficiently interact with resident hardware
SUMMARY
▪ Register-based Harvard Architecture coupled with the RISC-based
instruction set
▪ Enables fast and efficient program execution
Von Neumann vs Harvard
REGISTER-BASED ARCHITECTURE
▪ 32 8-bit registers coupled with ALU within CPU
▪ Both operands of an operation are stored in registers
▪ Before an operation is performed,
CPU loads all necessary data for the operation
▪ The result of the operation is also stored in a register
RISC
▪ Reduced Instruction Set Computer
▪ Equipped with very simple and efficient basic operations

▪ ATmega32 is equipped with 131 RISC-type instructions


▪ Most can be executed in a single clock cycle
AVR MEMORIES
▪ 3 main memory sections
▪ in-System Re-programmable nonvolatile Flash Memory, 32 KB
▪ Machine instructions go here
▪ contains Bootloader
▪ volatile SRAM to feature stack and data memory, 2 KB
▪ For runtime data
▪ nonvolatile EEPROM, 1 KB

▪ EEPROM and Flash memories have a limited lifetime of erase/write cycles


BLOCK DIAGRAM
HARVARD ARCHITECTURE
▪ Separate, dedicated memories and
buses for instruction and data
▪ Advantages?

● simultaneous fetch & execution (SLP)


● read-only instruction memory

Dr. Tim Margush - Assembly Language Programming 6/30/19 12


SINGLE LEVEL PIPELINING
▪ Single Level Pipelining
▪ Next instruction is fetched while the current one is executing
SOME MEMBERS OF THE ATmega FAMILY
PROGRAMMING
COMPLETE PROCESS
1. Writing the code
2. Compiling it to a .hex file
3. Inserting the .hex file into the microcontroller using a
programming software and a programming device
4. Setting the microcontroller in the working circuit and turning the
power on
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
▪ ATmega32 CPU has 131 machine instructions
▪ Assembly language should be used for
▪ the most efficient and fast execution
▪ Smaller executable program

▪ We would use C language for some conveniences


▪ So what do we need?
▪ A Compiler
▪ Several third-party companies develop C compilers for the AVR microcontroller
▪ We would use AVR GCC compiler integrated with Atmel Studio IDE
SOFTWARE TOOLS
▪ IDE: Atmel Studio
▪ Simulator: Proteus
▪ Burner: Extreme Burner
REVIEW ON C
DATA TYPE
REPRESENTATION OF 8-BIT DATA
Decimal Binary Hexadecimal
0 0b00000000 0x00

255 0b11111111 0xFF

170 0b10101010 0xAA


BIT-WISE LOGIC OPERATORS
BIT-WISE SHIFT OPERATORS
DIGITAL I/O
DIGITAL I/O
▪ Atmega32 has fours 8-bit digital IO ports:
▪ PORT A
▪ PORT B
▪ PORT C
▪ PORT D

▪ Each port has 8 data pins


▪ Used for simple I/O

▪ Every port is bi-directional. Each of the 8 pins can be individually


configured as
▪ input (receiving data into microcontroller) or
▪ output (sending data from microcontroller)
I/O PORTS
PORT REGISTERS
REGISTERS & PINS
PORT CONFIGURATION

▪ DDRA = 0b11111111;
▪ Sets each pin of port A as output

▪ DDRB = 0b00000000;
▪ Sets each pin of port B as input

▪ DDRC = 0b01010101;
▪ ???
READING FROM/WRITING TO PORT
What about unused pins
● the internal pull-up resistor should be activated

If PORTxn is written logic one when the pin is configured as an input


pin, the pull-up resistor is activated.

● in PORT A
- PA0 and PA3 are used as input pins
- PA2 and PA5 are used as output pins, both initialized as 0

DDRA = 0b00100100;
PORTA = 0b11011011;
LET'S WRITE A CODE
▪ Suppose we want to a led glow for 500 ms and remain off for 500 ms
and repeat
▪ The led is connected to PORTA.0
CODE
#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header
#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)
{

DDRA = 0b11111111; //configure PORTA as output

PORTA = 0b00000001; //output logic 1 to PORTA.0


_delay_ms(500); //delay for 500 ms
PORTA = 0b00000000;
_delay_ms(500);

}
CODE
#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header
#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)
{
DDRA = 0b11111111; //configure PORTA as output
while(1)
{
PORTA = 0b00000001; //output logic 1 to PORTA.0
_delay_ms(500); //delay for 500 ms
PORTA = 0b00000000;
_delay_ms(500);
}
}
GENERAL STRUCTURE
#include <avr/io.h>
//Necessary headers

int main(void)
{
//Initialization
while(1)
{
//Continuous processing
}
}
PRACTICE
▪ Toggle only the 4th bit of Port B continuously without disturbing the
rest of the pins of Port B.
▪ Use bitwise operator
PRACTICE
▪ Connect 8 LEDs with PORTA and glow the LEDs one at a time in a
rotating fashion
▪ Many alternatives
CODE
#include <avr/io.h> //standard AVR header
#define F_CPU 1000000 //Clock Frequency
#include <util/delay.h>
int main(void)
{
DDRA = 0xFF; //configure PORTA as output
PORTA = 0;
while(1)
{
if(PORTA == 0)
PORTA = 1;
else
PORTA = PORTA << 1;
_delay_ms(500);
}
}
PRACTICE
▪ Write a program to read a byte from PORTA and write it to PORTB
CODE
int main(void)
{
DDRA = 0x00;
DDRB = 0xFF;

while(1)
{
PORTB = PINA;
}
}
SIMPLE COUNTER
▪ PORTA.0 is connected with push button
▪ 1 when pressed

▪ PORT B connected to 8 LEDs


▪ Increment count when pressed the push button
CODE
int main(void)
{
DDRA = 0xFE;
DDRB = 0xFF;
PORTB = 0;
while(1)
{
if(PINA & 1)
{
PORTB++;
}
}
}
CODE
int main(void)
{
DDRA = 0xFE;
DDRB = 0xFF;
PORTB = 0;
while(1)
{
if(PINA & 1)
{
PORTB++;
_delay_ms(500);
}
}
}
PERIPHERAL
FEATURES
OTHER BUILT-IN FEATURES
▪ Clock
▪ Timer
▪ Pulse Width Modulator
▪ Serial Communications
▪ Analog-to-Digital Converter
▪ Interrupt
CLOCK
▪ Internal clock
▪ operating frequency of 1, 2, 4, or 8 MHz

▪ external clock source


▪ More precise than internal clock
TIMER
▪ Generate precision output signal
▪ Measure incoming digital signal characteristics
▪ period
▪ duty cycle
▪ frequency

▪ Count external events


PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
▪ Control the position of servo motor
▪ Control the speed of DC motor
SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS
▪ communication with other devices
▪ wireless data transmission
ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
▪ Most of the sensors produce analogue signal
▪ Sound
▪ Temperature
▪ Pressure
INTERRUPTS
▪ High priority event management
▪ Both internal and external interrupts
RESOURCES
▪ Atmel AVR Microcontroller Primer: Programming and Interfacing
▪ Chapter 1

▪ The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems


▪ Chapter 2
▪ Chapter 4
▪ Chapter 7

▪ ATmega32 Datasheet
THANKS TO
▪ Abdus Salam Azad
▪ Tanvir Ahmed Khan
▪ Muhammad Ali Nayeem

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