IF =

ma

IF-ma = O

Liquid Mass Subjected to Uniform Linear Horizontal Acceleration

motion
If a mass of fluid moves horizontally along
W
a straight line at constant acceleration a,
REF the liquid surface assume an angle θ with
θ A the horizontal.
wo
N
The angle θ can be found by considering
Vθ>
REF
a fluid particle of mass m on the surface.
The forces acting on the particle are the
weight W = mg, inertia force or reverse
Relative Equilibrium in effective force REF = ma, and the normal
Accelerated Liquids force N which is the perpendicular

CEP10 HYDRAULICS θ tan θ = REF / W !

reaction at the surface.

W N tan θ = ma / mg applied/unbalanced force

Engr. SiddArtha Valle | AY 2022-23 1st Sem tan θ = a / g

REF
CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

Liquid Mass Subjected to Uniform Linear Vertical Acceleration Acceleration of a Fluid Mass along a Slope:

ΣFV = F - W ± REF = 0
The figure shows a tank containing a liquid sing aH
ΣFV = pA - γV ± ma = 0 aV
= av

θ a
a θ
accelerated vertically upwards. In this case the
𝛽 𝛽
surface of the liquid will remain horizontal. pA = γVol ± ma aH an a
=
a
cost aV
pA = γVol ± [(γVol / g) a]
The forces acting to a liquid column of depth h pA = γVol (1 ± a/g)
from the surface are weight of the liquid W = γVol,
pA = γ(A h) (1 ± a/g) 𝛽 𝛽
the inertia force REF = ma, and the pressure F = pA Upward Downward
at the bottom of the column.
p = γh (1 ± a/g)
aH . aH .
tan θ = tan θ =
(+) upward (-) downward g + aV g - aV
W W
motion motion
h h
REF REF Consider a mass of fluid being accelerated up an incline α
from horizontal. The horizontal and vertical components of
inertia force REF would be respectively, x = ma H and y = maV.
F = pA F = pA
CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 Rotating Vessel Rotating Vessel : Paraboloid Formulas

When a mass of liquid is rotated about a vertical axis at constant angular velocity ω
radian per second, it will assume the surface ABC which is parabolic. Every particle is
subjected to centripetal force or centrifugal force CF = mω 2x which produces centripetal Volume of a Paraboloid: By squared property of a parabola:
acceleration towards the center of rotation. Vol = ½ 𝜋 r2 h x12 = x22 .
y1 y 1 + y 2
For a cylindrical vessel
⍵ ⍵ of radius r revolved
about its vertical axis,
xa ≠ x the height h of xa ≠ x2
paraboloid is
0 0
h/2 ⍵2x2 h/2
h/2 h= h/2
h/2 2g . h/2 y2
x1
h/2 h/2
y1

Rotation Rotation Rotation Rotation

Static Static
Without Spillage With Spillage Without Spillage With Spillage

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

An open tank has a 3 m square horizontal section and weighs 3.5 kN. It
REF
contains waters to a depth of 1.0 m. An unbalanced force of 15 kN is
EXAMPLE 1 applied parallel to the tank. a) What is the minimum height to prevent
spillage? b) What is the amount of spillage if the acceleration is
The surface of a liquid mass subjected to uniform horizontal increased to 2m/s
= 2
?
acceleration a is at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal,

a
boad
where θ = tan-1 (a / g).
NTOT =
Ww + Wrani =
[Uw (3m) (1m)]
<
+ 3 .
5kN = 91 . 79kN
tree
A liquid mass subjected to uniform vertical acceleration a
exerts a pressure p = γh (1 ± a/g) on the bottom of the vessel.
aV is positive (+) upwards, while negative (-) downwards. =R Yo
1m

The surface of a liquid mass subjected to uniform acceleration

a along slope 𝛽 is at an angle θ with respect to the horizontal,
where θ = tan-1 [aH / (g ± aV)]. aH and aV are the horizontal and
Dy = I (1 5 m) .
= 0 . 245m
3m
vertical components of the acceleration respectively. aV is
positive (+) upslope, while negative (-) downslope.

Did
H 1m 245m
Xy
=
+ = 1 .

The surface of a liquid mass rotated about a vertical axis at

constant angular velocity ω is assumed parabolic with its height
120cm/ >
-

estimated at ⍵2 x2 / 2g. spillage

:
max al before

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 An open tank has a 3 m square horizontal section and weighs 3.5 kN. It
If the tank in Example 1 is filled with water then closed and
contains waters to a depth of 1.0 m. An unbalanced force of 15 kN is
EXAMPLE 1 applied parallel to the tank. a) What is the minimum height to prevent EXAMPLE 2 accelerated horizontally at 3 m/s2, what are the maximum and
minimum pressure of the bottom?
spillage? b) What is the amount of spillage if the acceleration is
increased to 2m/s2?
3m 1.5 m

: m = W
∆y θ X
tano =
h
=

a ; Ah =
0 a is
.
An
o

θ 1.25 m
1m b.
(w(1 25m) 12 263 KPA
X =
0 612m 1 25

3)
=
. .
=

Pmin =
Peront =
.
.

· ·
D2 =
1 25m -

0 612m =
0 .
638m

Un (1 25 Ah)
. .

21 258KPC
+
=
Pack 3m Peront
Pmax Pack
.

496m3 h
638m) (3m) (3m)
3m = = .
=
8
Yolvem = (1
=

a
+ 0
15 kN
25m
.
.
.

V Olspill =
Volo-Volem = 9m3-8 496m3 .
= 0 .
504m vol(3mI Fbottom = (Pmin + m
Pmax) = 150 .
845kN

Yolremaining

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

The tank shown is accelerated to the right. The width of the tank is 1 m. The tank shown is accelerated to the right. The width of the tank is 1 m.
a) Determine the acceleration needed to cause the free surface to a) Determine the acceleration needed to cause the free surface to
EXAMPLE 3 touch point b) Determine the pressure at B. c) Determine the total EXAMPLE 3 touch point. b) Determine the pressure at B. c) Determine the total
force acting on the bottom of the tank. force acting on the bottom of the tank.

(m)

!
x
Volair = 0 . 2 m +
>m + Im = 0 . 4m5 = (1 .

2 m) x
X = 0 667m
. & 0.2 m θ 0.2 m
HB Volair
Ah 1 . 2m

Xand 1m 1m
=
=
; &H = 17 658 m/s2
g
.

O
RuP : B A B A
By
2m 2m

AHIRm ; H
= .
3
a

PB
=
Unh =
35 316kN .

Foot =
Pave Abottom
=

(35
.

310kPato) (2m2) = 35 .
32

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 The tank is accelerated to the right at 10 m/s 2. Find the pressure at A, B The tank is accelerated to the right at 10 m/s 2. Find the pressure at A, B
EXAMPLE 4 and C. EXAMPLE 4 and C.
Atriangle <
Aair
Atriangle >
Aair x’
A A
0.5 m θ 0.5 m

2m 2m

B C B C
8m 8m
10 m/s2

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

An unbalanced vertical force of 270 N upward accelerates a volume

The tank is accelerated to the right at 10 m/s 2. Find the pressure at A, B of 0.044 m3 of water. If the water is 0.9 m deep in a cylindrical tank, a)
EXAMPLE 4 and C. EXAMPLE 5 what is the acceleration of the tank? b) What is the pressure at the
bottom of the tank? c) What is the force acting at the bottom of the
tank?
∆y 2.83 m
A
θ 0.5 m

2m
0.37 m

B C
8m
10 m/s2

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 B
An open vessel of water accelerates up a 30° plane at 2 m/s 2. a) What An open vessel of water accelerates up a 30° plane at 2 m/s 2. a) What
is the horizontal component of the acceleration? b) What is the is the horizontal component of the acceleration? b) What is the
EXAMPLE 6 vertical component of the acceleration? c) What is the angle that the EXAMPLE 6 vertical component of the acceleration? c) What is the angle that the
water surface makes with the horizontal? water surface makes with the horizontal?

an
=
220530 = 1 . 732 m /s?
aV
θ a = 2 m/s2
av
= 1 m/s2 aH
𝛽

CH
tant
=

g + AV
𝛽 = 30°

0 =
9 . 100

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

An open tank moves up an inclined plane with constant acceleration. An open cylindrical vessel 1 meter in diameter contains water at a
a) Compute the angle that the water surface makes with the depth of 3.56 m. a) If it is rotated at a speed of 80 rpm about its vertical
EXAMPLE 7 horizontal. b) Calculate the acceleration required for the water EXAMPLE 8 axis, determine the least depth of the vessel so that no water will be
surface to move to the position indicated. c) Compute the vertical spilled out? b) If the vessel is rotated by 120 rpm, how much water will
component of the acceleration. be spilled out?
⍵

B
= tan" (i) =
14 04
.
:

2m
aV
a
∆y

θ
aH
tan (0 +
B) =
Im ; D =

12
𝛽
3.56 m
m 1
acos 1
tand =

ga =

g + asin & (𝛽
4
1m

a =
2 .
38 M/s

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 Irey trad Iminas a
An open cylindrical vessel 1 meter in diameter contains water at a An open cylindrical vessel 1 meter in diameter contains water at a
depth of 3.56 m. a) If it is rotated at a speed of 80 rpm about its vertical depth of 3.56 m. a) If it is rotated at a speed of 80 rpm about its vertical
EXAMPLE 8 axis, determine the least depth of the vessel so that no water will be EXAMPLE 8 axis, determine the least depth of the vessel so that no water will be
spilled out? b) If the vessel is rotated by 120 rpm, how much water will spilled out? b) If the vessel is rotated by 120 rpm, how much water will
be spilled out? be spilled out?
⍵ = 80 rpm
a ≠ 0 5 ⍵ = 120 rpm
(120rpm) 10 a ≠ 0

wex(00rpm wax
0.5 m
50
.

h jh =
2 01m 0.5 m
∆y
.
= - .

h/2
h =
2g
h/2
2g Volremaining
= Volcontainer -
Volparaboloid

"Gosum
h
3.56 m 4.00 m

Ay =
hy = 0 . 447m
In (0 5m)(4m)) [2
=
.
-
+ 10 5m) (2
. .

01m) =
2 .
352ms
1m

H =
3 56m
.
+
Ay
=
4 . 007m
Volspill =
Volo-Volvem =

[
+ (0 . 5 m) (3 .
56m)) -

2 .
352m3 = 0 .
445ms

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20
m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast
EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure
with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0
⍵ ⍵

0.30 m w
=
x h/2
n(2 =
0.30 m
h =

29 h/2
0.90 m 0.90 m
we (0 .
3m)
0 6m.
=

0.30 m 0.30 m
29

W =
11 44
.

rad (3) = 109 .

2Brp-

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20
m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast
EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure EXAMPLE 9 will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure
with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated
about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0 about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0
⍵ ⍵
wa X

Xi x
n= Xz =
0.30 m 0.30 m
29
0.30 m
w
=
(0 3m)
.

2 16 m
1.2 m h
.
=

3m)
10 .

2m)2 10 .
29 Y2
=
h
0.20 m XI 0.90 m

YI
n = 1 . 2m +
y ,
z =
21 70 rad/s (207 .
22 rpm)
y
.

YI
= 0 96m + 1 2
y1
. .

h =
2 .
I'm

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

An open cylindrical tank having a radius of 0.30 m and a height of 1.20 A closed tank 2 m in diameter and 3 m high is filled with water and
m is filled with water at a depth of 0.90 m. a) How fast will it be rotated rotates about its axis at 100 rpm. A pressure gage at the center of the

EXAMPLE 9
about its vertical axis so that no water will be spilled out? b) How fast EXAMPLE 10 top reads 30 kPa during the rotation. a) Determine the equivalent
will it be rotated about its vertical axis so as to produce a zero pressure height of fluid above the top of its periphery. b) Determine the pressure
with 0.20 m from the center of the tank? c) How fast will it be rotated at the bottom of the tank at the center and side of the tank.

(an-
about its vertical axis if half its volume is spilled out? a ≠ 0
Prop =
30kpa = Un Ah
⍵

Meriphery .
Ah 3 050m
0.30 m
= .

(100rpm (im) 589m p = 30 kPa

hara 5
=

1.2 m
.
=

h 2g 3m
x1

y1 43kPa
Uw (3m + xh) = 59 .

Pride
Pcenter 2 m center
=

Pside
=
Un (3m + hperiphery) = 114 .
26 kpa

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 A closed cylinder is rotated about its vertical axis. The diameter of the A closed cylinder is rotated about its vertical axis. The diameter of the
cylinder is 0.20 m and has a height of 0.12 m. It is filled with water at a cylinder is 0.20 m and has a height of 0.12 m. It is filled with water at a
depth of 0.10 m and the rest is filled up with air. a) What rotational depth of 0.10 m and the rest is filled up with air. a) What rotational
EXAMPLE 11 speed is necessary for the water to just touch the bottom of the center EXAMPLE 11 speed is necessary for the water to just touch the bottom of the center
of the tank in rpm? b) What is the pressure at the bottom of the of the tank in rpm? b) What is the pressure at the bottom of the
periphery of the tank? periphery of the tank?

∆h
x1

0.12 m 0.12 m

0.2 m 0.1 m

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

The capillary tube contains water and the water level is at a depth of
The capillary tube contains water and the water level is at a depth of
40 mm when at rest. If it rotates at a speed of 250 rpm, a) determine
40 mm when at rest. If it rotates at a speed of 250 rpm, a) determine
EXAMPLE 12 the remaining depth at the center capillary tube. b) What is the EXAMPLE 12 the remaining depth at the center capillary tube. b) What is the
increase in height of water at the outer capillary tube? c) What is the
increase in height of water at the outer capillary tube? c) What is the
total height that the water will reach in the outer tubes?
total height that the water will reach in the outer tubes?
⍵ = 250 rpm
⍵ = 26.18 rad/s

∆h/2
h
∆h
40 mm 40 mm

d1

40 mm 40 mm 40 mm 40 mm

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle
 a) How fast must the U-tube shown be rotated about y-axis so that the A hemispherical bowl having a radius of 1 m is full of water. If the
difference of water levels in the tubes is 30 cm? b) What is the original hemispherical bowl is made to rotate uniformly about the vertical axis
EXAMPLE 13 height of the water when at rest? c) What is the maximum pressure at
EXAMPLE 14 at the rate of 30 rpm, a) determine the remaining volume of water,
the bottom of the tube on the right side when it was rotated about the and b) determine the maximum pressure at the bottom of the bowl at
y-axis? this instance.

1m

30 cm
y1
y2 1m

20 cm 40 cm

CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle CEP10: Relative Equilibrium in Accelerated Liquids | Engr. S. Valle

Any
Questions?

s.valle
ning :)
u for liste
Thank yo