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4.2 Mean Value Theorems

The document discusses the applications of derivatives, focusing on Rolle's Theorem, the Mean Value Theorem, and Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem. It outlines the conditions and proofs for these theorems, as well as their mathematical consequences, such as functions with zero derivatives being constant. The content is supported by various mathematical textbooks and resources.

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9 views

4.2 Mean Value Theorems

The document discusses the applications of derivatives, focusing on Rolle's Theorem, the Mean Value Theorem, and Cauchy's Mean Value Theorem. It outlines the conditions and proofs for these theorems, as well as their mathematical consequences, such as functions with zero derivatives being constant. The content is supported by various mathematical textbooks and resources.

Uploaded by

2cyrilletchouantchom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Applications of Derivatives

The Mean Value Theorem


The resources used in this course are from internet and the following materials：
1. Accomplishments by advanced mathematics teaching and research team of Northwestern
Polytechnical University.
2. G.B. Thomas, M.D. Weir, J. Hass, F.R. Giordano (2004). Thomas’s Calculus (11th edition). Addison
Wesley.
3. J. Stewart (2015). Calculus (8th edition). Brooks Cole Cengage Learning.
4. R. Larson, B. Edwards (2017). Calculus (11th edition). Brooks Cole Cengage Learning.

Chapter 4 Hongchan ZHENG


目
1 Rolle’s Theorem
录
C O N T E N T S

2 The Mean Value Theorem

3 Mathematical Consequences of the Mean Value Theorem

4 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem


Introduction
Drawing the graph of a function gives strong geometric evidence
that between any two points where a differentiable function
crosses a horizontal line there is at least one point on the curve
where the tangent is horizontal.

y y
y=f (x) y=f (x)

O a x0 b x O a x0 b x

Rolle’s Theorem
Introduction
Drawing the graph of a function gives strong geometric evidence
that between any two points there is at least one point on the
curve where the tangent is parallel to chord AB.
y
ƒ′(x0) maximum or
If ƒ(x) has a local y=f (x)
minimum value at an interior point x0
A
of its domain, and if is definedBat x0,
then ƒ′(x0) = 0.
O a x0 b x

The Mean Value Theorem


Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem
Introduction

In this section we discuss Rolle’s Theorem.

Then we discuss the Mean Value Theorem and its consequences (corollaries).

We also discuss Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem.


Part One

Rolle’s Theorem
1 Rolle’s Theorem
Theorem
Suppose that f (x)

(1) is continuous at every point of the closed interval [a, b],

(2) is differentiable at every point of its interior (a, b),

(3) f ( a ) = f ( b ).

then there is at least one number x0 in (a, b) at which ƒ′(x0) = 0.


1 Review of Fermat’s Theorem
Theorem
Fermat’s Theorem

If ƒ(x) has a local maximum or minimum value at an interior


point x0 of its domain, and if ƒ′ is defined at x0, then ƒ′(x0) = 0.

y
y=f (x)
ƒ′(x0) = 0 critical point

O x0 x
1 Proof of Rolle’s Theorem
Proof. Since ƒ is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], by the Extreme
Value Theorem, ƒ attains both an absolute maximum value and an absolute
minimum value in [a, b].

(1) If both the absolute maximum and the absolute minimum occur at
the endpoints, then ƒ is a constant function. Therefore

  (a, b), f ( ) = 0.

(2) If either the maximum or the minimum occurs at a point x0 between


a and b, then from Fermat’s Theorem we have
ƒ′(x0) = 0.
1 Remark about Rolle’s Theorem

Remark

The hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem are essential. If they fail at even one
point, the graph may not have a horizontal tangent.

y y y

O 1 x O 1 x O 1 x
1 Example of Rolle’s Theorem

Example
Show that f (x) = x2–1 satisfies Rolle’s Theorem on [ – 1, 1].
Solution

ƒ(x) ∈ C[– 1, 1 ], is differentiable at every point of its interior (– 1, 1),

and ƒ(– 1) = 0, ƒ(1) = 0.

By Rolle’s Theorem ƒ′ must be zero at least once in the open


interval （– 1, 1） and In fact, ƒ′(0) = 0, 0∈ (– 1, 1) .
Part Two

The Mean Value Theorem


2 The Mean Value Theorem
Theorem Suppose that f (x)

(1) is continuous at every point of the closed interval [a, b],

(2) is differentiable at every point of its interior (a, b),

then there is at least one number x0 in (a, b) at which


f (b) − f (a )
f ( x0 ) = ,
b−a
Or, equivalently
f (b) − f (a ) = f ( x0 )(b − a ), x0  (a, b).
2 Proof of the Mean Value Theorem y
we have ƒ′(x 0)
y=for(x)
If ƒ(x) has a local maximum
Proof minimum value at an interior point x0
A
of its domain, and if is definedBat x0,
The chord is the graph of the function then ƒ′(x0) = 0.
f (b) − f (a ) O a x0 b x
g ( x) = f (a) + ( x − a ).
b−a
The vertical difference between the graphs of ƒ and g at x is
f (b) − f (a )
h( x ) = f ( x ) − g ( x ) = f ( x ) − [ f ( a ) + ( x − a )].
b−a
The function h satisfies the hypotheses of Rolle’s Theorem on [a, b]. It is
continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a, b) because both ƒ and g are.
Also, h(a) = h(b) = 0 because the graphs of ƒ and g both pass through A
and B. Therefore at some point h′(x0) = 0, x0∈(a, b) .
2 Proof of the Mean Value Theorem
Since
f (b) − f (a )
h( x) = f ( x) − ,
b−a
f (b) − f (a )
h( x0 ) = 0  f ( x0 ) = , x0  (a, b).
b−a
2 Remarks about the Mean Value Theorem

Remarks f (b) − f (a ) = f ( x0 )(b − a ), x0  (a, b).

The main significance of the Mean Value Theorem is that it enables us


to obtain information about a function from information about its
derivative.

The Mean Value Theorem can be used to establish some of the basic
facts of differential calculus.
Part Three

Mathematical Consequences of the Mean


Value Theorem
3 Mathematical Consequences of the Mean Value Theorem
Corollary 1 (Functions with Zero Derivatives Are Constants)

If f ′(x) = 0 at each point x of an open interval (a, b),

then there exists a constant C such that for f (x) = C for all x ∈(a, b).
3 Mathematical Consequences of the Mean Value Theorem

Corollary 2 (Functions with the Same Derivative Differ by a Constant)


If f ′(x) = g ′(x) at each point x of an open interval (a, b),
then there exists a constant C such that f (x) = g (x) +C for all x
∈(a, b). That is, f (x) – g (x) is a constant on (a, b).

By Corollary 1 y
Remark
Corollary 2 says that if two functions have
the same derivatives on an interval, then
their graphs must be vertical translations
of each other there. In other words, the
graphs have the same shape, but could be
shifted up or down.
o x
Part Four

Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem


4 Review of the Geometric evidence

Drawing the graph of a function gives strong geometric evidence


that between any two points there is at least one point on the
curve where the tangent is parallel to chord AB.
dY f (b) − f (a )
A( g (a ), f (a )) B ( g (b), f (b)) slope: k = =
dX x = x0 g (b) − g (a )
dY Y = f ( x)
Y  dY f ( x)
dX =
x = x0
 X = gor( x)
If ƒ(x) has a local maximum
dX g ( x)
minimum value at an interior point x0
A
of its domain, and if is definedBat x0,
dY f ( x) f ( x0 ) f (b) − f (a )
then ƒ′(x0) = 0. = = =
O g(a) g(x0) g(b) X dX x = x0 g ( x) x = x0
g ( x0 ) g (b) − g (a )
4 Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem
Theorem
Suppose that f (x) and g(x) satisfy

(1) they are continuous at every point of the closed interval [a, b],

(2) they are differentiable at every point of its interior (a, b), and g′(x) ≠0,

then there is at least one number x0 in (a, b) at which


f ( x0 ) f (b) − f (a )
= .
g ( x0 ) g (b) − g (a)
4 Remarks about Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem
f ( x0 ) f (b) − f (a )
Remarks = .
g ( x0 ) g (b) − g (a)

If g(x) = x, there is at least one number x0 in (a, b) at which


f (b) − f (a )
f ( x0 ) = . The Mean Value Theorem
b−a

If g(x) = x, f ( a ) = f ( b ), there is at least one number x0 in (a, b) at which

f ( x0 ) = 0. Rolle’s Theorem
Summary
4.2 Summary

Rolle’s Theorem

The Mean Value Theorem

Mathematical Consequences of the Mean Value Theorem

Cauchy’s Mean Value Theorem


Hongchan ZHENG

THANK YOU

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