Such equilibrium is established in physical reactions.

The chemical reactions which takes place in both Chemical equilibrium approaches from both forward & backward direction
It is dynamic in nature.
directions are called reversible reactions Chemical equilibrium is dynamic in nature.
Equilibrium is the end state of a reversible reaction.
Gaseous Equilibrium is established only in a closed container. Here vapour pressure is constant at a constant temp for given. For a general reversible reaction
At equilibrium, the rate of forward and backward aA + bB cC+ dD
reactions are equal. C d
[C] [D]
Established only at a constant temparature Kc =
At equilibrium, the concentration of reactants & o [A]a [B]b
products becomes constant. Ice-water equilibrium established at 0 C (at1atm)

At any time during the reaction aA+bB cc+dD

Established only in a Saturated solution the ratio [C]C [D]d is known as concentration quotient, Qc.
Equilibrium eg: Saturated sugar solution. [A]a [B]b
fforward product Sugar (dissolved) Sugar (undissolved)
equilibrium At equilibrium Qc = Kc
Rate Conc
reactant
backward Here solubility depends upon pressure (Henry’s law)
Time Time eg: Soda water 1. Value of K does not depends upon initial concentration of
reactants and products.
CO (dissolved) CO (undissolved)
2. Value of K does not depends upon the direction from which
equilibrium is attained.
Q. For the equilibrium A B, the variation of the rate of the forward (a)
& reverse (b) reaction with time is given by
Q. Which of the given statements does not elucidate the equilibrium state
precisely? Q. In the given reaction: A+2B 2C, 2 moles each of A & B present in 10 L
(A) The equilibrium can be approached from either direction. of solution combine to form 1 mole of C. Calculate Kc for the reaction.
(B) The equilibrium can be attained only if the system is an isolated system. (A) 1.5 (B) 6.67 (C) 0.15 (D) 2.3
(C) The free energy change at constant pressure and temperature is zero.
(D) It is dynamic in nature.

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CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Applications of K & Q

• Value of K depends only on temperature. According to Le-chatelier's principle, if a system at equilibrium is

If they are in solid or liquid phase(or aqueous), K can be represented as Kc. subjected to a change in concentration, temperature or pressure,
• If K for the reaction aA + bB cC+dD is K, then the equilibrium will shifts automatically in one direction which will
K for the reaction cC+dD aA+ bB will be K1 If they are in gaseous phase, K can be represented as Kp nullify the effect of the change.
For a general reaction
• If K for the reaction aA + bB cC+dD is K, then 1. Conc. of reactant increases shift towards forward reaction.
aA + bB cC + dD
K for the reaction naA+ nbB ncC + ndD will be (K)n 2. Conc. of product decreases shift towards forward reaction.
[C]C [D]d PCc PDd
• During the addition of two reactions having equilibrium Kc = & Kp = 3. Conc. of reactant decreases shift towards backward reaction.
[A]a [B]b PAa PBb
constants K & K2, then the net Constant K = K x K 4. Conc. of product increases shift towards backward reaction.
Kp = Kc (RT) n g ng = np - nR 5. Pressure increases shift towards lesser number of gaseous moles
• During the subtraction of a reaction having constant K from a
reaction having constant K , then the net constant K = K /K 6. Pressure decreases shift towards higher number of gaseous moles
7. No. of gaseous moles of reactants & products are equal, pressure has no effect.
• If Q<K, the reaction will proceed in forward direction Unit of Kc = (mol/L)
ng
8. If temperature increases shift towards endothermic
• If Q>K, the reaction will proceed in backward direction Unit of Kp = (atm)
ng
9. If temperature decreases shift towards exothermic
• If Q=K, the system is in equilibrium. If ng= 0, equilibrium constant has no unit
10. Catalyst helps to attain eqm state easily.
• If K >103, the reaction is almost complete in forward direction. After the establishment of eqm, catalyst has no effect.

• If K <10-3, the reaction is in backward direction. In heterogeneous equilibrium, concentration of pure solid & 11. Addition of inert gas at constant volume, no effect.
pure liquid is taken as one
12. Addition of inert gas at constant pressure shift towards
• If K is in b/w 10³ & 10 -3, almost same reaction takes place eg : CaCO3(s) CaO (s)+ CO2 (g) higher number of gaseous moles
in both forward and backward direction
2
Kp = PCo
Q At a given temperature, the equilibrium constants for the reactions,
Q Q Which one of the following conditions will favour maximum formation
1 X2(g) . rH = -XkJ/mol?
NO(g) + O2(g) NO2 (g) & 2NO2 (g) 2NO(g) +O 2 (g) of the product in the reaction A2(g)+ B2(g)
2
-3 (A) Low temperature and high pressure (B) High temperature and high pressure
are K1 and K2 respectively. If K1 is 4 x 10 . then K2 will be
(A) 8x10- 3 (B) 16x10- 3 (C) 6.25x104 (D) 6.25x106 (C) Low temperature and low pressure (D) High temperature and low pressure