Chapter 1 ➢ Computers can do the same task repetitively with

same accuracy.
Computer - “compute” means to calculate ➢ Computers do not get tired or bored.
 It is an electronic device that can accept, store and ➢ Productivity
process the information by performing calculations and ➢ Reduces workloads
operations on it to produce the required result. It ➢ Communication
performs both
simple and complex operations, with speed and Disadvantages of Using Computer
accuracy. ➢ Computers have no intelligence; they follow the
instructions
CHARACTERISTICS: blindly without considering the outcome.
 Speed - carry out 3-4 million instructions per second. ➢ Regular electric supply is necessary to make
 Accuracy - a very high degree of accuracy computers work, which could prove difficult everywhere
- inaccurate data especially in
- wrong instructions or bug in chips developing nations.
- human errors ➢ It can lead to misuse of information
 Reliability - carry out same type of work repeatedly ➢ Potential of loss of privacy
without ➢ Distractions/disruptions
throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom. ➢ Health hazards
 Versatility - carry out a wide range of work from
data entry and ticket booking to complex Green Computing - involves reducing the electricity
mathematical calculations and continuous consumed and environmental waste generated when
astronomical observations. using a computer.
 Storage Capacity - store a very large amount of
data at a fraction of cost of traditional storage of files. Where Do We Apply Computers?
Also, data is safe from normal wear and tear Airlines and Shipping Industry
associated with paper.  Aircraft engineers, developers, and designers are
using
Advantages of Using Computer
computer-aided design (CAD) software to design, to blend music with digital sound effects and liveaction
test, computer-controlled instruments to monitor aircraft band.
systems.
- Computerized air traffic control systems Factory
- Computerized reservation system  Robots are computer-controlled machines designed
to perform specific manual jobs.
Medicine  Tracking inventory
 Computer-aided Tomography (CAT) scans to see  Control the quality of production
cross-sectional slices of human bodies.  Computer-assisted CD manufacturing
 Ultrasound
 Magnetic resonance imaging Telecommuting
 Laser eye surgical devices  a new way to work at home or at the road
 Robotic surgical devices - the new virtual-reality  refers to a work that can do while traveling using a
technologies are being used to train new surgeons in Computer
cutting-edge techniques without cutting an actual  Information workers
patient.
Business Management
Banking Industry  DSS (decision support system)
 ATM (automated teller machine)  Effective tool to aid the decision-making of the
 EFT(electronic fund transfer) – process of managers
transferring money between banking accounts.  MIS (management information system) –
planning, directing,
TV and Movies organizing and controlling the company’s different
 Word-processing soft wares activities
 Graphics workstations  Project Management Software (MS Project) –
 Computer-controlled mixers – used by sound helps schedule, coordinate and track the progress of
editors the project.
School the user. Information is result after data has been
 Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI) - software processed.
combines tutorial materials with drill and practice
questions Two types of processes that can be applied to
 contains simulation and games explore artificial data are:
environments, imaginary or based on reality.  Arithmetic operations − examples include
calculations like addition, subtraction, differentials,
Components of Computer square root, etc.
 Hardware  Logical operations − examples include comparison
 Software operations like greater than, less than, equal to,
 Peopleware (a.k.a. “end user”) opposite, etc.

Basic Parts of Computer

 Input Devices - input data and instructions to the

computer
 Output Devices - provide or gives out information to
the user in desired format
 Storage Devices - hold information
 Processing Devices - processes and controls the
flow of information; it actually does the work.
 CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Data are the raw facts may not make much meaning to
 Activities carried out in Output are:
 Decoding - Encoded data are converted into a form
that is easier to understand.
 Communication - Generated output is sent to
different places to be used by individuals.
 Retrieval - Output stored on the storage media can
be retrieved at any time.
Data Processing - an operation that performs upon
raw facts (data), whether or not by automatic means, Chapter 2
such as collection, recording, organization, storage or
alteration to convert it into useful information. Abacus - the first instrument used in calculating
arithmetic problems.
Activities carried out in Data are as follows:
1. Data Collection
2. Data Encoding
3. Data Transmission
4. Data Communication

Classification - When the data is classified into

different groups and subgroups so that each data can be
handled properly.

Storing - Data is arranged into an order so that it can

be accessed quickly when its required.

Calculation - The operations are performed on the

numeric data to get the required results.
First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes
 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer)
 UNIVAC I
 First generation computers were programmed using
binary number system (0’s and 1’s). In 1952, Dr.
Grace Hopper from the University of Pennsylvania
developed the first program translators.

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

 The second generation saw the development of high-
level programming languages such as FORTRAN
(Formula Translator) in 1957 and COBOL
 (Common Business Oriented Language) in 1961.  The cost of purchasing a computer unit dropped
Operating systems and compilers were developed. significantly.
 Notable improvements in data communications,
operating systems, compilers and utility programs
which expanded the use of computers

Third Generation (1964-1971) integrated Circuits

 IBM 360.
 Significant improvements in computer development Fifth Generation (1980-onwards) Artificial
marked this generation in terms of processing speed, Intelligence
accuracy, integration of hardware and software,  It aims to make device which could respond to natural
processing performance and data communications. language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
 It is more reliable and works faster in different sizes
and unique features.

Fourth Generation (1972-1980) Microprocessor

 Large Scale Integration (LSI) and the
development of microprocessors and
microcomputers.
 2. Digital Computer
 As its name suggests, a digital computer represents
the digital computer’s letters, numerical values, or
any other special symbols. This computer is the
computer that calculates the number for processing
the data.They run on electronic signs, and the binary
numeral method Binary System 0 or 1 is used for
Computers on the Basis of Hardware Design and calculation. Their speed is fast.
Data Handling:

1. Analog Computer - performs tasks using continuous

data (the physical amount that changes continuously).
Analog computers are used primarily to measure
physical units like the voltage, pressure, electric current,
temperature, and convert them into digits.

3, Hybrid Computer - is a combined complex

computer unit built using both analog and digital
properties and united by a single control system. The
purpose of designing hybrid computers is to provide
functions and features that can be found on both analog
and digital devices.
Computers on the Basis of Size and Capacity storage, and speed of minicomputers are large but
less than the mainframe and supercomputers.
1. SuperComputer- is the very fastest and powerful,
and expensive type of computer for processing data. 4. Micro Computer
Supercomputers’ size and storage capacity are also  Today we are using many computers at home is also
huge (can occupy huge premises) designed to process the most common microcomputer. With this invention
vast amounts of data in a short time with high of the microprocessors in the year 1970, it became
productivity. possible to use computers for people personally at a
 These are specially made to perform multi-specific low cost and reasonable price known as Digital
tasks. Therefore, many CPUs work in parallel order on Personal Computer.
these supercomputers. This function of a
Supercomputer is called Multiprocessing or  Types of Micro Computer
Parallel Processing. 1. Desktop
2. Laptop
3. Smartphone
2. Mainframe Computer are multi-programming, high- 4. Tablet
performance computers, and multi-user, which means 5. Workstation
they can handle the workload of thousand users at a 6. Server
time on the computer. 7. PDA
8. Palmtop
3. Mini Computer - is a digital and multi-user
computer system with the connection of more than one Chapter 3: Computer Hardware Basics
CPU. Thus, many people can work on these computers
simultaneously instead of a single person. Also, it can Hardware - any physical device or equipment used in
process with other accessories like a printer, plotter, etc. or with a computer system (anything you can see and
 Minicomputers are the medium type of computers touch).
that have more functionality power and are expensive
than microcomputers. On the other hand, the size,
External hardware devices (peripherals) - any
device that is located outside the computer.

Input Device - a piece of hardware device which is

used to enter information to computer for processing.
Example: keyboard, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad),
touchscreen, joystick, microphone, light pen, webcam,
speech input, etc.

Output Device - a piece of hardware device that

receives information from a computer.
Example: monitor, printer, scanner, speaker, display
screen (tablet, phone…), projector, headphone, etc.

Internal Hardware Devices (or Internal Hardware

Components) - any piece of hardware device that is
located inside the computer.
Example: CPU, hard disk drive, ROM, RAM, etc.
System Software - is designed to run a computer’s
hardware and application software, and make the
computer system available for use. It serves as the
interface between hardware, application software and
the user.
Online Communication - refers to the sharing of
information or communication over a computer network
(the Internet).

Some popular types of online communication:

 Email (electronic mail) - an Internet service that
allows the users who have an email email account
(for address) to send and receive messages anywhere
in the world.
- As email may contain attachments (files, photos,
etc.)
- Some free email accounts and service providers:
Gmail, AOL, Mail, Outlook, Zoho Mail, PhotoMail, Mail,
GMX Mail, etc. Security Issues - Although internet led to many
benefits, it also poses a greater potential for security
threats. Below are a number of common Internet
Security Issues:
Chapter 4