Citation Style Guide

Reference is important for a research paper. It must be consistent and

easy to read across different papers. There are predefined styles stating how to psychology for learning and
set them - out - these are called citation styles. Different subjects prefer to use teaching (2nd ed). South If used first time then in
different subjects prefer to use different styles. Referencing is a method used to Melbourne, Vic., Australia: subsequent citation, (Krause et
demonstrate to the readers that you have conducted a thorough and appropriate Thompson. al., 2006)
literature search, and reading.
A. APA (American Psychological Association) - APA is an author / date 4. Book or report by a corporate
- based style. This means emphasis is placed on the author and the date of a author e.g. organization (University of Waikato, 1967)
piece of work to uniquely identify it. association, government
a. In - text Citations department.
The University of Waikato released a handout on how to use the APA University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of
reference format.
residence (Information series No.
3). Hamilton, New Zealand
b. Direct quotation - use quotation marks around the quote and
include the page number. Author.
Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that “Language involves
attaching meaning to symbols” (p.188). Alternatively, “Language
involves attaching meaning to symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997, 5. Book chapter in edited book
p. 188) Helber, L E. (1995). Redeveloping (Helber, 1995) or Helber (1995)
c. Indirect quotation / paraphrasing - no quotation marks Attaching mature resort for new markets. In compares luxury resort….
meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language M. V Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.),
(Samovar & Porter, 1997).
Island tourism: Management
d. Citations from a secondary source
As hall (1977) asserts, “culture also defines boundaries of
principles and practice (pp. 105 -
different groups” (as cited in Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 14). 113). Chichester, England: John
Wiley
APA Examples of References Type
6. Conference paper online
In a reference list In-text Citation Bochner, S. (1996, November). Bochner, 1996) or According to
Mentoring in higher education: Bochner (1996)…
1. Book with one author Issues to be addressed in
King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: (King, 2000) or King (2000) developing a mentoring program.
A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, compares Frame ……. Paper presented at the Australian
New Zealand: Viking. Association of Research in
Education Conference,
2. Book with two authors Singapore. Retrieved from
Dancey, C. P., & Reidy, J (2004). (Dancey & Reidy, 2004) or http://www.aare.edu.au?96pap/b
Statistics without math’s for Dancey and Reidy (2004) och96018.txt
psychology: Using SPSS for said….
Windows (3rd ed.) Harlow, 7. Course handout/lecture notes
England: Pearson / Prentice Hall. Salter, G (2007). Lecture 3:SPLS205-07 (Salter, 2007)
A [PowerPoint slides]. Hamilton,
3. Book with three to five authors
Krause, K. L. , Bochner, S & Duchesne , (Krause, Bochner, & Duchesne,
S. (2006). Educational 2006)
 New Zealand: University of 12. Journal Article - academically /
Waikato. scholarly (Internet only - no
print version) (Snell & Hodgetts, n.d) or
8. Film (see Library APA Snell, D. & Hodgetts, D. (n.d). The Snell and Hodgetts (n.d)
referencing webpage for music (Zhang, 2000) psychology of heavy metal suggest”…” (para.3)
and other media) communities and white
Zhang, Y. (Producer/Director). (2000). supremacy. Te kura kate Aronui,
Not one less [Motion picture]. 1. Retrieved from
China: Columbia Pictures. http://www.waikato.ac.nz?wfasss
/tkka
9. Journal article -
academic/scholarly (electronic 13. Magazine article -
version) with DOI popular/trade/general interest (Goodwin, 2002) or Goodwin
Hohepa, M., Schofield, G., & Kolt, G. S. Goodwin, D. K, (2002, February 4). How (2002) defends….
(2006). Physical Activiity: What I caused that story. Time, 159 (5),
do high school student think? 69.
Journal of Adolescent Health,39
(30, 326. Doi: 10.1016/j 14. Newspaper article - (Print
jadohealth.2005,12.024 version) (Hartevelt, 2007)
Hartevelt, J. (2007, December 20). Boy
10. Journal article - academic. racers. The Press, p. 3.
/scholarly (electronic version)
with no DOI. (Harrison & Papa, 2005) or 15. Newspaper article (Database
Harrison, B., & Papa, R (2005). The Harrison and Papa (2005) like Newztext Plus) (also see
development of an indigenous recommend… Library referencing webpage (Cumming, 2003)
knowledge program in a New for Internet version)
Zealand Maori - Language Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that
immersion school. Anthropology shook the world. The New
and Education Quarterly, 36 (1), Zealand Herald. Retrieved from
57 -72. Retrieved from ProQuest Newztext Plus database.
Education Journal database.
16. Newspaper article with no
11. Journal article - academic / author (‘Report Casts Shadow,”2007)
scholarly (print version) (Gibbs, 2005) or Gibbs (2005) Report casts shadow on biofuel crops.
Gibbs, M (2005). The right to contradicts… (2007, October 16). Waikato, p.
development and indigenous 21.
peoples: Lessons from New
Zealand. World Development. 17. Personal Communication (H. Clarke, personal
33(8), 1365-1378. (Letter, telephone communication, March
19,2004)
 conversations, emails,
interviews) b. List of Works Cited
• The recommended heading for the reference list is work cited,
18. Thesis - Institutional or which should be centered.
personal webpage - outside (Dewstow, 2006) or Dewstow • Each reference should be formatted with double - spacing
the US *(2006) identified… and a hanging indent.
Dewstow, R. A (2006). Using the internet • Capitalize the first word of the title or subtitle, and all other
to enhance teaching at the significant words.
University of Waikato (Master’s
• Author’s names should be listed with full forenames if known.
thesis, University of Waikato,
Hamilton, New Zealand). • The name of the first author is inverted to list the family name
Retrieved from first. If there are additional authors their names are not
http:/researchcommons.waikato. inverted.
ac.nz/handle/10289/2241 • If you cite more than one work by the same author, give the
names in the first entry only. Thereafter, use three hyphens
B. MLA (Modern Language Association) - MLA is most often applied by instead of the name.
the arts and humanities, particularly in the USA. It is arguably the best • If a reference does not have an author, list it by title, ignore
used of all the citation styles. The MLA system uses in - text citations the leading article (A, The etc.) when inserting the reference
rather than footnotes or endnotes. The citations in text are very brief, into the alphabetical cited list.
usually just the author’s family name and the relevant page number.
• If you cannot validate a reference’s authorship, date of
These citations correspond to the full references in the list of works cited
publication or its authoritative instead.
at the end of the document (Monash University)
a. In - text Citations • For a journal article in an online database (e.g via the library
• If the author’s name is mentioned in the sentence, only cite website) include the name of the database (italicized), the
the page number. medium of publication (web) and the date of access.
• If the author’s name is not mentioned in the sentence, cite • When the title page list two or more publishers which are not
both the name and the page number. just more offices of the same publisher, include all of them, in
• Font and capitalization must match that in the reference list. the order as part of the publication information, putting a
• Long quotations must match that in the reference list. semicolon after the name of each publisher but the last.
• If you are citing more than one reference at the same point in
a document, separate the references with a semicolon C. Chicago and Turabian - These are two separate styles but are very
(Example: Faltado 1110; Pogoy 101). similar, just like APA. These are widely used for history and economics.
• If you are citing two works by the same author, put a comma Most of the education researches and social science researches used
after the author’s name and add title words. (Boholano, APA referencing. APA requires that information be cited in 2 different
“Fractality” 23) to distinguish between them in the in - text ways - within the text and in a reference list at the end of the paper. The
citation. Do this when citing each of the sources throughout reference list should be on a new page, double spaced, and use the
hanging indent method (all lines after the first one is indented).
the piece of writing.
According to Chicago manual of style online, it presents two
• If two authors have the same surname, use their first initial documentation systems: (1) Notes and bibliography and (2) author - date.
(H. Boholano 65). Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and the nature
of sources cited, as each system is favored by different groups of scholars. Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 Kossinets and Watts,
The notes and bibliography and the arts. This style presents bibliographic (2009): 411, assessed February 28, 2010, “Origin of
information in notes, often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of doi: 10.1086/599247. Homolophily,” 439.
sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to the author - date system. Book review
David Kamp, “Deconstructing Dinner,” review
of The Omnivore’s Dillema: A Natural History Kamp, “Deconstructing
Chicago Style Examples of References Type of Four Meals, by Michael Pollan, New York Dinner,”
Times, April 23, 2006, Sunday Book review,
In a reference list In - text citation http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/23/book/rev
iew/23kamp.
Book: single author Pollan, Omnivore’s Thesis or dissertation
Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Dilemma, 3. Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaries in Death
Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty Choi,
Penguin, 2006), 99 -100. (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008).
Paper presented at a meeting or
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A conference
Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Rachel Adelman, “Such Stuff as Dreams Are Adelam, “Such Stuff as
Peguin, 2006. Made On: God’s Footstool in the Aramaic Dreams.”
Book: Two or more authors Tangumim and Midrashic Tradition” (paper
Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: presented at the annual meeting for the
An Intimate History, 1994 -1995 (New York: Ward and Burns, War, Society of Biblical Literature, New Orleans,
Knoof, 2007), 52. 59 -61. Lousiana, November 21 -24,2009).

Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War:

An Intimate History, 1941 -1945. New York:
Knopf, 2007.
Book: Four or more authors, list all of the
authors in the bibliography, in the note, list Barnes et al.,
only the first author, followed by et al (“and Plastics…
other’)
Book published electronically
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Austen, Pride and
Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle Edition. Prejudice.
Journal Article in a print journal. Weinstein “Plato’s
Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” 452 -53.
Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009):
440.
Article in an online journal
Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts,
“Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social