ROYAL VIDYALAYA CBSE

MATHS PROJECT
SESSION: 2024-25
TOPIC:
“RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS”

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMITTED TO:

R.SHARVESWARAN Ms.M.KAVITHA
XII -A M.Sc.,B.Ed.,
 CERTIFICATION
ROYAL VIDYALAYA CBSE
This is hereby to certify that the original and genuine
investigation about the subject matter and the related
data collection and investigation has been completed
solely, sincerely, and satisfactorily. The project title
“RELATION &FUNCTION” submitted by R.Sharveswaran
is the record of the student work carried by him under
supervision as the part of MATHEMATICS project
during academic session 2024-2025. This is further to
satisfy that he has worked genuinely. This project is the
output of his own efforts.

Principal Teacher in-charge

ROYAL VIDYALAYA CBSE
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Ms.R.Jayanthi Ramasubramanian for
providing the necessary resources and environment conducive
to learning, which enabled me to undertake this project.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my project
guide Ms. Kavitha for her invaluable guidance and support
throughout the completion of this project. Her expertise and
encouragement have been instrumental in shaping my
understanding of the subject matter.
Additionally, I extend my appreciation to my classmates and
friends for their assistance and cooperation during the course
of this project. Their insights and feedback have greatly
contributed to its overall quality.
Finally, I would like to acknowledge the support of my family
for their patience and understanding during this endeavour.
Thank you all for your support, guidance and contributions to
this project.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

 INTRODUCTION
 WHAT IS RELATION &FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATION OF RELATION &FUNCTION
 TERMS RELATED TO RELATION& FUNCTION
 TYPES OF RELATION
 TYPES OF FUNCTION
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELATION &FUNCTION
 RELATION &FUNCTION EXAMPLE
 CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

Relations and Functions in real life give us the link between

any two entities. In our daily life, we come across many
patterns and links that characterize relations such as a relation
between a father and a son, brother and sister, etc. In
mathematics also, we come across many relations between
numbers such as a number x is less than y, line l is parallel to
line m, etc. Relation and function map elements of one set
(domain) to the elements of another set (co-domain).
Functions are nothing but special types of relations that define
the precise correspondence between one quantity with the
other. In this article, we will study how to link pairs of
elements from two sets and then define a relation between
them, different types of relations and functions, and the
difference between relation and function.
 WHAT IS RELATION &FUNCTION
Relation and Functions are the ways of mapping the
establishing link between two entities in mathematics. They
are used to establish mathematical relations between two
terms. Relation and Function are studied under algebra and
also used in calculus to find integration and differentiation.

Relation Definition
Relation is defined as a relationship between a non-empty set

of Cartesian Product of A and B i.e. R ⊆ A × B.

A to no-empty set B such that Relation from A to B is a subset

Relation is represented as a R b for all (a, b) ∈R (a, b) ∈R,

we often write a R b which denotes that a is related to b by R.
For Example, if A = {a, b, c} and B = {p, q, r},
Then A × B = {(a, p), (a, q), (a, r), (b, p), (b, q), (b, r), (c, p),
(c, q), (c, r)}.
If there is another set are that is defined as R = {(a, p), (b, q),
(c, r)} then we see that R is a subset of A × B.
Hence, R is a relation from set A to set B.
Function Definition
Function is a special type of relation in which the two entities
are exclusively related to each other only. A relation from set
A to set B is defined as function if all the elements of set A are
related to at least one element of B and no two elements of B
are related to a single element of A.
A function is represented as
f:A→Bf:A→Bindicates that f is a function from set A (domain)
to set B (co-domain).
In other words a function in a mapping from a non- empty set
A to another non- empty se B where each element of B
Here, the element of set A are called pre-image and the
element of set B are called image. Hence a function from A to
B is defined only when each pre-image in set A has an image
in B and no two different images in B has a single pre-image
in A.
 REPRESENTATION OF RELATION
&FUNCTION
Relation and Function are in general the same with some basic
difference. They both take input, process it and relates to
output. They can be represented in the following forms:
Roster Form
In roster form the elements of two sets among which relation
is defined are written in the form of ordered pair.
Example: Rooster Form
A = {-1, 0, 1, 2 }
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
and set A is related to set B as f:A→Bf:A→B defined by
f(x)=x2f(x)=x2 where a2=ba2=b ,a is an element of set A and
b is an element of set B then
R = {(-1, 1), (0, 0), (1, 1), (2, 4)}.
Set Builder Form
In set builder form the relation is not written in expanded pair
form rather it is written in compressed form using an algebraic
expression to define the relation between two sets.
Example: Set Builder Form
A = {-1, 0, 1, 2}
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}
and set A is related to set B as f:A→Bf:A→B defined by
f(x)=x2f(x)=x2 where a2=ba2=b ,a is an element of set A and
b is an element of set B then
R={(a, b):a ϵ A, b ϵ B and b=a2}R={(a, b):a ϵ A, b ϵ
B and b=a2}
Arrow Diagram
In arrow diagram the relation is shown using connecting the
elements of the sets which are contained in the box using
arrows. For Example, if A = {-1, 0, 1, 2} and B = {0, 1, 2, 3,
4} and set A is related to set B as a2 = b where a is an element
of set A and b is an element of set B then Relation in Arrow
Diagram is given as follows:

Lattice Diagram
In lattice diagrams the elements which are linked to each other
by a relation are plotted on Cartesian plane.
For Example, if A = {-1, 0, 1, -2, 3} and B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9}
and set A is related to set B as a2 = b where a is an element of
set A and b is an element of set B then Relation in Lattice
Diagram is given as follows.
TERMS RELATED TO RELATION& FUNCTION
Some of the commonly used terms associated with Relation
and Function are discussed below:
Domain
Domain of Relation or a function is the set of inputs for which
the outputs are obtained. For Example, in A = {-1, 0, 1, 2} and
B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and set A is related to set B as a2 = b, the
set A is the domain of the relation.
Co-domain
Co-domain is the set of outputs or the image of the relation
and function. Co-domain may contain exact or more number
of elements than the output. For Example, in A = {-1, 0, 1, 2}
and B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} and set A is related to set B as a2 = b,
set B is the co-domain. In set B there is element 3 which is not
a perfect square hence it will not have a pre-image.
Range
Range is the set of all outputs which has a pre image. In range
all elements are related. Hence, it has exact number of
elements for which relation is defined. Thus, Range is subset
of co-domain. For Example, in A = {-1, 0, 1, 2} and B = {0, 1,
2, 3, 4} and set A is related to set B as a2 = b, Range is {0, 1,
2, 4}.
Cartesian product

ordered pairs (x, y) where x ∈ A and y ∈ B is called a

Let’s assume A and B to be two non-empty sets, the sets of all

Cartesian product of the sets. A × B = {(x, y) | x ∈ A and y ∈

B}
 TYPES OF RELATION
Relation and Function are classified on the basis of the input it
take and output it gives for a given relation. The different
types of Relation and Function are discussed separately
below:
Types of Relation
There are eight different types of relations which are listed
below:
 Empty Relation- There is no relation between any
elements of a set.
 Universal Relation- Every element of the set is related
to each other.
 Identity Relation- In an identity relation, every element
of a set is related to itself only.
 Inverse Relation- Inverse relation is seen when a set has
elements that are inverse pairs of another set.
 Reflexive Relation- In a reflexive relation, every
element maps to itself.
 Symmetric Relation- In asymmetric relation, if a=b is
true then b=a is also true.
Transitive Relation- For transitive relation, if (x, y) ∈
R, (y, z) ∈ R, then (x, z) ∈ R.


 Equivalence Relation- A relation that is symmetric,

transitive, and reflexive at the same time.
 TYPES OF FUNCTION
We know that in a function no two images can have one
common pre-image and all the pre-images must have an
image. A function ‘f’ defined from A × B is classified as
follows
 One-One Function (Injection): A function ‘f’ from A to
B is said to be One-One or Injection if each element of A
is mapped with a different element in B. One-One
Function is also called an Injective Function.
 Many-One Function: A function ‘f’ from A to B is said
to be Many-One or Injection if two or more elements of
A is mapped with a common element in B. It means two
elements in A can have common image in B.
 Onto Function(Surjection): A function ‘f’ from A to B
is said to be Onto Function if all the elements of set B
has a pre-image in set A i.e. no element in set B remains
unmapped.
 Into Function: A function ‘f’ from A to B is said to be
Into Function if at least one image in set B does not have
a pre-image in set A i.e. one element of set B remains
unmapped.
 One-One Onto Function: A function ‘f’ from A to B is
said to be One-One Onto function if all the elements of
set A has a unique image in set B and all the elements of
set B has a pre-image in set A. This type of function
exhibits characteristics of One One Function and Onto
Function. One-One Onto Function is also called
Bijection Function.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RELATION
&FUNCTION
Relation and Function are basically the same but they differ
from each other in some manner. Let’s understand the
difference between them from the table given below:

Relation Function

Function is a special type of

Relation is defined a
relation from set A to set B where
non-empty set A to non-
all the elements of set A are related
empty set B such that
to some or all elements of set B
Relation from A to B is
and no two elements of set B is
⊆A×B
a subset of A × B i.e. R
related to a common element in set
A.

In case of relation of
In case of function all pre-image
the pre-image may or
must have an image
may not have an image

In case of relation a
In case of function no two image
pre-image can have two
can have a common pre-image
or more image

A relation can or can

A function is always a relation.
not be a function
 RELATION &FUNCTION EXAMPLE
Example 1: Find the Cartesian products of set A = {1, 2, 3}
and B={3, 4, 5}.
Solution:
Following the above definition let Cartesian product be R,
R=A⨯B
= {(1,3), (1,4), (1,5), (2,3), (2,4), (2,5), (3,3), (3,4), (3,5)}
Example 2: Verify if ƒ(x) = x2 is a function or not.
Solution:
Here, the function takes a number as input. So its domain is
all real numbers and in the output it gives the square of that
number as output. So the co-domain will be all the positive
numbers.
Now, according to the definition of Function for each element
of domain, it should give a unique output but vice versa is not
true.
For example: here, x = -2 and 2 both give the same output 4.
Since the condition is not violated, it will be considered as a
function.
Example 3: A relation is given in the table below, find out
whether this relation is a function or not.
X 2 3 5 7
Y 1 4 6 8
Answer: In the above relation, each input has only one
corresponding range value. So, this relation is a function.
Example 4: Find out the range of function: ƒ(x) = 16–x2
Solution:
Since the value inside the root cannot be negative, x 2 should

That means x ∈ [-4, 4]. This is domain of the function.

be less than 16.

For the range, let y=16–x2 then y2 = 16 – x2 Or x2= 16 – y2

Since x ∈ [– 4, 4]
Thus range of f = [0, 4]
Example 5: Plot the graph of function f(x) = |x|.
Solution:
The above function is a modulus function. In case of modulus
function, f(x) = x if x > 0 and -x otherwise. The graph for the
same is given below:

It can be noticed that in this, there are multiple inputs

mapping to same value of the function. For Example: x = -2
and x = 2 both give f(x) = 2.
 CONCLUSION

Relations and functions are fundamental concepts in

mathematics that help establish connections between different
sets. While a relation defines a general link between elements
of two sets, a function is a specific type of relation where each
input has a unique output. Understanding these concepts,
along with their types, representation methods, and
associated terms such as domain, co-domain, and range,
forms the foundation for more advanced mathematical
studies. Mastery of relations and functions is essential for
exploring higher-level algebra, calculus, and various
applications in mathematical analysis.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
 CLASS 12 NCERT MATHEMATICS
TEXTBOOK PART-1
 https://allen.in/jee/maths/relations-and-functions
 https://www.pw.live/exams/school/cbse
 https://byjus.com/cbse-notes/cbse-
 http://wikipedia.org