DISEASE MANAGEMENT IN

ORGANIC VEGETABLE
PRODUCTION
Source : Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development. Organic agriculture in the Philippines: A training manual. Los Baños,
Laguna: PCAARRDDOST, 2012. 443p. - (PCAARRD Training Module No 4/2012
Chapter Authors : Dr Marilyn G Patricio
 PLANT DISEASE : DEFINED

•any abnormal change in the plant toward reduced vigor,

growth, color of foliage, fruit development and yield, and
poor quality produce
CATEGORIES OF DISEASES
 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

• transmitted from one plant to the other (PCAARRD Training Module No 4/2012)
• caused by a pathogenic organism
• fungus, bacterium, mycoplasma, virus, viroid, nematode, or parasitic
flowering plant (britannica.com)
• capable of reproducing within or on its host (britannica.com)
 NON- INFECTIOUS DISEASES

• cannot be transmitted, plant disorders (PCAARRD Training Module

No 4/2012)
• caused by unfavourable growing conditions, including extremes of
temperature, disadvantageous relationships between moisture
and oxygen, toxic substances in the soil or atmosphere, and an
excess or deficiency of an essential mineral (britannica.com)
• noninfectious causal agents are not organisms capable of
reproducing within a host (britannica.com)
CAUSES OF DISEASES
 FUNGI

• simple plants commonly called molds

• obtain their food from plants that they attack or from decaying
organic matter in the soil
• have threadlike vegetative growths called mycelium/hypha from
which seed-like bodies known as spores are produced
• capable of surviving adverse conditions through special structures
(sclerotia) and re-infect under favorable condition
 CATEGORIES OF FUNGAL DISEASES

•caused by fungi that live in

the soil and attack roots of
plants
•caused by fungi whose
spores are dispersed in the
air and attack aboveground
parts of plants. Source : PCAARD Module 4/2012
 SYMPTOMS OF FUNGAL DISEASES

• damping off,
• root rots,
• wilts,
• leaf spots,
• blights,
• mildews, and
• rusts.
 MODE OF INFECTION

• Spores are spread by wind, rain, drainage water, insects, seeds,

planting materials, contaminated tools, and persons working on plants
• infect plants by entering wounds caused by pruning, careless use of
equipment, animal feeding, and rough handling by the grower.
• enter through natural openings such as stomata and hydathodes or by
direct penetration of the epidermis.
 BACTERIA

•very small, one-cell organisms that can only be seen through

a microscope
•often multiply by cell division, splitting themselves into two.
•need wounds on plants to incite disease development.
•do not form spores.
•pathogenic bacterial cells are elongated or rod-like.
 BACTERIAL OCCURRENCE AND SURVIVAL

•can survive for a long time by

surrounding themselves with
protective coating.
•occur on the surface of
diseased plants either as
exudates or as the results of
breaking open of the diseased Source : PCAARD Module 4/2012

tissue
 BACTERIAL DISEASE SYMPTOMS AND
OCCURRENCE, MODE OF ENTRY

•include soft rots, wilts, scabs, canker, and leaf spots.

•usually affect the stem and roots of the plant.
•readily spread to other plants by splashing rainwater,
running water, insects, animals, farm equipment, and people.
•Enter the host through natural openings or wounds.
 VIRUSES

• smaller than fungi and bacteria.

• only visible under the electron
microscope
• need a host tissue for food and
reproduction.
• particle consists of only nucleic
acid (the infective part) enclosed Source : PCAARD Module 4/2012
in a protein coat.
 VIRAL SYMPTOMS

•take long time to be recognized or identified, as often the

only effect on the crops is a gradual loss of vigor.
•depend on environmental conditions such as temperature.
•include mosaic (light-green yellow, or white mingled with
normal green), ring spot, leaf curling, and stunted growth.
 VIRAL DISEASE SPREAD

•not spread by wind or water.

•transmitted by sucking insects such as aphids,
planthoppers, thrips, and whiteflies
•Farm workers who smoke can transmit virus particles.
•through infected seeds or seed tubers.
 NEMATODES
•tiny, slender, and thread-like round worms (about 1 mm
long)
•usually present in large numbers in the soil
•mouth is equipped with a spear or stylet that punctures plant
cells to feed on the contents.
•have life cycle like insects; with eggs and several larval
stages.
 FEEDING HABITS

•vary, depending on the

species.
•feed on the external part of
the plant,
•burrow into plant. Source : PCAARD Module 4/2012
 DAMAGE CAUSED BY NEMATODES
• sucking plant roots.
• roots may form galls (root-knot nematodes), excessive root
branching, retardation of root elongation, and overall reduction in
root mass.
• facilitate the entry of root-rot organisms through punctures they
make.
• transmit viruses.
• spread through movement of infested soil and plant materials.
DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT DISEASES
 PATHOSYSTEM

• A plant disease develops as product of the

combined interactions between the causal
pathogen, the host plant, and their
environment
• “disease triangle” or the pathosystem
within the ecosystem
• A fourth factor, time can be added to the Source : PCAARD Module 4/2012
disease triangle when the progress of the
disease in the population is considered.
 DISEASE DEVELOPMENT AND
TRANSMISSION
https://www.britannica.com/science/plant-disease/Definitions-of-p
lant-disease
 PATHOGENESIS
• Pathogenesis is the stage of disease in which the pathogen is
in intimate association with living host tissue. Three fairly distinct stages are
involved:
• Inoculation: transfer of the pathogen to the infection court, or area in which
invasion of the plant occurs (the infection court may be the unbroken plant
surface, a variety of wounds, or natural openings—e.g., stomata [microscopic
pores in leaf surfaces], hydathodes [stomata-like openings that secrete
water], or lenticels [small openings in tree bark])
• Incubation: the period of time between the arrival of the pathogen in the
infection court and the appearance of symptoms
• Infection: the appearance of disease symptoms accompanied by the
establishment and spread of the pathogen.
 SAPHROGENESIS

•part of the pathogen’s life cycle when it is not in vital

association with living host tissue and either
continues to grow in dead host tissue or becomes
dormant
 PANDEMIC, EPIDEMIC AND ENDEMIC
DISEASES
• Pandemic – disease prevalent over a whole country or the world
• Epidemic - When the number of individuals a disease affects
increases dramatically,
• Epiphytotic – epidemic (plants)
• Epizootic - epidemic (animals)
• Endemic - diseases occur at relatively constant levels in the same
area each year and generally cause little concern.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT MAY
AFFECT DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT
DISEASES
determine whether they become epiphytotic
 TEMPERATURE
• Each pathogen has an optimum temperature for growth.
• Different growth stages of fungimay have slightly different optimum
temperatures.
• Storage temperatures for certain fruits, vegetables, and
nursery stock are manipulated to control fungi and bacteria that cause
storage decay, provided the temperature does not change the quality
of the products.
• greenhouse temperatures can be regulated to check disease
development
 RELATIVE HUMIDITY
• RH is very critical in fungal spore germination and the development of storage rots.
• Rhizopus soft rot of sweet potato (Rhizopus stolonifer) is an example of a storage disease that does not
develop if relative humidity is maintained at 85 to 90 percent, even if the storage temperature is optimum
for growth of the pathogen. Under these conditions, the sweet potato root produces suberized (corky)
tissues that wall off the Rhizopus fungus.

• High humidity favours development of the great majority of leaf and fruit diseases caused by
fungi, water molds, and bacteria.
• Moisture is generally needed for spore germination, the multiplication and penetration of
bacteria, and the initiation of infection.
• Germination of powdery mildew spores occurs best at 90 to 95 percent relative humidity.
• Diseases in greenhouse crops—such as leaf mold of tomato (Cladosporium fulvum) and decay of
flowers, leaves, stems, and seedlings of flowering plants, caused by Botrytis species—are
controlled by lowering air humidity or by avoiding spraying plants with water.
 SOIL MOISTURE
• High or low soil moisture may be a limiting factor in the development of certain
root rot diseases.
• High soil-moisture levels favour development of destructive water mold fungi,
such as species of Aphanomyces, Pythium, and Phytophthora.
• Excessive watering of houseplants is a common problem. Overwatering, by
decreasing oxygen and raising carbon dioxide levels in the soil, makes roots
more susceptible to root-rotting organisms.
• Diseases such as take-all of cereals (Ophiobolus graminis); charcoal rot of
corn, sorghum, and soybean (Macrophomina phaseoli); common scab of potato
(Streptomyces scabies); and onion white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) are most
severe under low soil-moisture levels.
 SOIL PH

• Soil pH, a measure of acidity or alkalinity, markedly influences a few

diseases, such as common scab of potato and clubroot of crucifers
(Plasmodiophora brassicae).
• Growth of the potato scab organism is suppressed at a pH of 5.2 or slightly
below
• Some farmers add sulfur to their potato soil to keep the pH about 5.0.
• Clubroot of crucifers (members of the mustard family,
including cabbage, cauliflower, and turnips) can usually be controlled by
thoroughly mixing lime into the soil until the pH becomes 7.2 or higher.
 SOIL TYPE

• Certain pathogens are favoured by loam soils and others by clay

soils.
• Phymatotrichum fungus is serious only in black alkaline soils—pH 7.3
or above—that are low in organic matter. Fusarium wilt disease, which
attacks a wide range of cultivated plants, causes more damage in
lighter and higher (topographically) soils.
• Nematodes are also most damaging in lighter soils that warm up
quickly.
 SOIL FERTILITY

• raising or lowering the levels of certain nutrient elements required

by plants frequently influences the development of some infectious
diseases that are more destructive after application of excessive
amounts of nitrogen fertilizer.
• can often be counteracted by adding adequate amounts of potassium
containing fertilizers
 DEGREE OF DISEASE OCCURRENCE
.

• small amount of causal pathogen may multiply rapidly and

become established if the host is very susceptible and the
environment is favorable (e.g., humidity, temperature, moisture, and
wind for dispersal of spores over distances
• large amount of pathogen on a plant under unfavorable environment
may cause only minimal pathogenic effect or none at all
 DISEASE MANAGEMENT

management is focused on manipulating one of the three factors of the

triangle to prevent the disease from infecting the crop plant.
• Plant resistant variety (host)
• Removing infected plants (removing pathogen)
• Apply furrow irrigation rather than overhead irrigation because high
humidity stimulates spore formation and spread of the disease
 DIAGNOSING PLANT DISEASE
Diagnosis is the identification of a plant disease through its
characteristic symptoms, signs, and other factors related to disease
progress.
 SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS

•Symptoms are the manifestation of the diseased condition of

the plant (e.g., wilt, spot, gall, mosaic).
•Signs are the visible structures produced by the pathogen in
the host associated with the disease (e.g., spores, mycelium,
bacterial cells).
 DISEASE MONITORING

• Monitoring must be a regular activity in the farm.

• information collected will provide the grower an idea which pests
and diseases will most likely to build-up.
• if the disease symptoms are recognized early, there may still be time
to prevent it from reaching a high level of infection and causing
economic loss to the crop
 FIELD SURVEY
• Diagnosing plant diseases is difficult because the causal organisms
cannot be seen
• the plants can be infected with more than one disease
• Symptoms look slightly different in wet and dry seasons.
• there is a need for a grower to be trained in the identification of early
symptoms of the plant disease
• experiences and a thorough knowledge of field’s recent history are
necessary to find the cause for specific plant symptoms.
 STEPS IN DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS IN THE
FIELD
• The following are suggested steps that can be used to diagnose problems in the field:
• 1. Examine the distribution of the disease in the field and identify the infected plants. Use reference
materials to determine symptoms and signs. Determine what plant is affected. Some control products used,
such as organic sprays and horticultural oil, might injure the foliage of certain plant species.
• 2. Examine and observe the symptoms and signs. When making diagnosis, don’t be too quick to assume
that the problem is a disease. Examine the symptoms and signs in detail. For example, if leaves are
covered with yellow spots, they may be suffering from a bacterial or fungal infection. However, if a closer
look at the leaves may find webbing and tiny black specks as well, then the plants are infested with spider
mites.
• 3. If diseases very common in the area are known, then the symptoms and sign observed may be
typical of one of those problems. For example, the leaf spot on tomato and downy mildew on cucurbit
generally appear every year in the farm. Other diseases may appear only sporadically in the farm.
 STEPS IN DIAGNOSING PROBLEMS IN THE
FIELD
• 4. If the problem is not one of those ever-present, common diseases, then research can be
conducted. Various reference materials such as disease guides published by agencies and
institutions are available or can be found in the Internet.
• 5. Once familiar with the symptoms caused by different pathogens, following the diagnosis
process may no longer be needed. Instead, apply the appropriate measures to make the
environment less favorable for build –up of the pathogens.
• 6. If a serious disease problem in the farm is observed and cannot be diagnosed, then private and
government technicians or contact specialist from state university near the area can be consulted
or given a diseased plant or plant part for identification.
DISEASE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
 DISEASE MANAGEMENT APPROACHES
• Strategic practices are primarily aimed at preventing disease
problems in the whole farm system.
• promoting soil fertility, using crop varieties resistant to
diseases, promoting biodiversity, using crop rotations, and
sanitizing to prevent the spread of pathogens
• Tactical practices can be curative or preventative and aimed at
specific disease and crop combinations, usually to anticipate serious
crop loss that may occur.
• cultural, biological, and bio-fungicidal techniques.
 STRATEGIC OR PREVENTIVE PRACTICES
• • Promote Soil Fertility
• Plants suffering from nutrient deficiencies are weak and likely candidates for
disease infection.
• nutrient excesses can encourage disease
• high levels of nitrogen promote succulent plant growth, which increases
susceptibility to blight and incidence of rust and powdery mildew on some
plants
• best approach is balanced fertility
• abundant supply of organic matter
 STRATEGIC OR PREVENTIVE PRACTICES
• Use Resistant Varieties
• Plant varieties differ in their susceptibility to pathogens
- Select cultivars with resistance to the disease common in the farm
- Collect seed only from the healthiest and most vigorous varieties that
naturally resist or tolerate disease infection.
- Check cultivars recommended for the area because plant resistance works
better in some localities than in others.
- As much as possible, refrain from using hybrid.
- Use traditional indigenous breed of plants that are genetically varied, and
thus less susceptible to fungal infection.
 STRATEGIC OR PREVENTIVE PRACTICES

• Promote Biodiversity
• Biodiversity is the sum of species in a given area.
• It is reflected in the number of species present and the variety of interactions
that occur among them.
• Mixtures of varieties, intercropping, or and companion planting (using
different crop species and herbs) increase the complexity and diversity that
benefit disease management in the farm
• Tolerating at least some weeds can be important for promoting diversity
within crops.
 STRATEGIC OR PREVENTIVE PRACTICES
• Practice Crop Rotation
• one of the most effective ways to manage diseases in an organic farm.
• done by growing crops in different parts of the farm each year.
• sound rotation can help promote the health of plants and help them resist the attacks of plant pathogens.
• more essential in reducing disease carry-over between crops such as soil-borne diseases.
• mechanism involves the pathogen’s simple starvation or lack of plant host.
• means that the disease causing organism loses when competing with other soil organisms.
• has a direct bio-fumigant effect on causal organisms.
• For example, when brassicas decompose in soil, they release various compounds that affect the
population of microorganisms and can also eliminate plant pathogens in the soil such as those
causing bacterial wilt.
 STRATEGIC OR PREVENTIVE PRACTICES

• Practice Hygiene and Sanitation

• crucial step in keeping most pests under control.
• Thoroughly clean shovels, tiller parts, digging forks, especially if soil-borne
pathogens are present in sections of the farm.
• Disinfect pruners between cuts when working among diseased plants.
• Removing crop debris and destruction of diseased plants help prevent spread
of disease.
 TACTICAL MANAGEMENT OR
INTERVENTION AGAINST DISEASES
Cultural Practices
• Various cultural practices can be adapted to manage specific pathogen. Some
ways that may be useful in organic-vegetable production systems are:
- Manipulating the time of sowing and crop density. Generally, more open canopies
(wider spacing between rows) will reduce spread of plant diseases as leaves dry more
quickly, the air can freely circulate, and humidity is reduced.
- Shallow sowing of seeds. This technique promotes rapid seedling emergence that can
help reduce occurrence of disease such as stem or root rot.
 TACTICAL MANAGEMENT OR
INTERVENTION AGAINST DISEASES
• Cultural Practices
• Preparing raised beds and mulches. These are well known methods that
indirectly manipulate pathogen attack by modifying soil conditions, generally
warming it up and drying it out.
• Time of weeding can also be important. Weeds although having detrimental
effects on crop yield, can also provide alternative food for pathogens.
• Manual removal of diseased tissues of plants. This is usually a stop gap measure
that will reduce but not prevent spread of disease.
 TACTICAL MANAGEMENT OR
INTERVENTION AGAINST DISEASES
• Biological Control
• Use of friendly microorganisms to control plant pathogens.
• The aim of biological control is to shift the balance of competition between the pathogen and the
crop in favor of the crop.
• Beneficial fungi or antagonist could be used to attack or inhibit the growth of pathogens that
cause plant disease.
 TACTICAL MANAGEMENT OR
INTERVENTION AGAINST DISEASES
Biological Control
• The antagonistic fungus, Trichoderma sp. can suppress soil-borne plant
pathogens in vegetables.
• Other biocontrol agents that may be used to control some airborne diseases
include Bacillus subtilis, and Streptomyces spp.
• Addition of compost to soil can help in competing against disease by raising the
level of organic matter.
• Compost encourages large populations of beneficial, disease suppressing
organisms in the soil.
 TACTICAL MANAGEMENT OR
INTERVENTION AGAINST DISEASES
• Chemical Control
• covers the application of a diverse range of products, normally in
liquid form and based on natural plant products, compost teas from
vermicompost, manure-based compost and inorganic salts. They
are generally used to reduce disease infection or eliminate the
pathogens.
• Plant extracts and compost teas affect the pathogen either directly
or indirectly by stimulating the plant to resist the pathogen’s attack.
 TACTICAL MANAGEMENT OR
INTERVENTION AGAINST DISEA
• Chemical Control
• The compost teas rely on placing a diverse mixture of microorganisms on the plant, which
either directly work to exclude plant pathogens or boost the plant’s reaction to invasion.
• These can be applied as seed treatments or sprays.
• Simple inorganic chemicals such as bicarbonate of soda have been used against plant
diseases with some success.
• there are restrictions on the use of some of these inorganic chemicals.
• The use of organic sprays extracted from plants, horticultural oil, and soft soap are used
against the vector of viral diseases such as the aphids, whiteflies, and thrips.
• Soft soap can be effective as long as the aphids are in direct contact with the solution.
 RECOGNIZING DISEASES OF
VEGETABLES
https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-plant-diseases-2033263
activity
PLANTS THAT CAN BE PREPARED INTO
CRUDE EXTRACTS AS BIOFUNGICIDES
Source: Ecological Gardening with Focus on the Philippines, Vol 2.
Let nature handle our pest and disease problems, 2008.
 'ACAPULCO' (CASSIA ALATA)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice and Alternaria Cercospora fruit rot, early blight, purple
to spray at a rate of 1 Colletotrichum blotch, leaf spot leaf mold, leaf
cup juice/liter Diplodia Fusarium spot, early blight, frog eye, leaf
water. Helminthosporium spot, anthracnose, fruit rot,
Pestalotia smudge fruit and stem rot
damping-off, stem and root rot,
early blight, wilt, leaf blight
leaf spot
Source: pinterest, com
©Top tropical.com
 AMARANTH (AMARANTHUS GRACITIS)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 kg Alternaria Cercospora fruit rot, early blight, purple
leaves, then mix Colletotrichum blotch, leaf spot leaf mold, leaf
juice with 3 liters of Curvularia spot, early blight, frog-eye leaf
water and spray Helminthosporium spot, anthracnose, fruit rot,
Pestaloti smudge leaf spot, leaf blight
leaf blight leaf spo

https://www.purdue.e
du/hla/sites/famine-fo
ods/famine_food/amar
anthus-gracilis-3/
 'DAMONG MARIA' (ARTEMISIA VULGARIS)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice and Alternaria fruit rot, early blight, purple
use as spray at the blotch, leaf spot
rate of 2–5
tablespoon
juice/liter water.

https://www.bimbim
a.com/health/artemi
/
sia-vulgaris/3726/
 GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

cloves Chop finely to Alternaria Cercospora fruit rot, early blight, purple
extract the pure Colletotrichum blotch, leaf spot leaf mold, leaf
juice. Mix 1 part of Curvularia Diplodia spot, early blight, frog-eye leaf
juice with 100 parts Fusarium spot, anthracnose, fruit rot,
of water to form Helminthosporium smudge leaf spot, leaf blight
stock solution ready Pestalotia fruit and stem rot damping-off,
for spraying. stem and root rot, early blight,
https://www.globaltr
ademag.com/how-th Alternaria wilt leaf blight leaf spot
/
e-coronavirus-outbr Cercospora mildew on solanaceous plants
eak-in-china-may-aff Colletotrichum
ect-the-u-s-garlic-ma Curvularia Diplodia
rket// Fusarium .
 GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

rhizome Extract juice and Cercospora leaf mold, leaf spot, early
use as spray blight, frog-eye

https://www.medicalne
wstoday.com/articles/2
65990
/
 HORSERADISH OR DRUMSTICK (MORINGA

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Alternaria fruit rot, early blight, purple

kg leaves, then mix Colletotrichum blotch, leaf spot leaf spot,
juice with 3 liters of Diplodia Pestalotia anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
water, and use as fruit and stem rot leaf spot
spray

https://www.researchg
/
ate.net/figure/Moringa-
oleifera-tree_fig8_3177
98415
 'IPIL-IPIL' (LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Alternaria fruit rot, early blight, purple

kg leaves, mix with Cercospora blotch, leaf spot leaf mold, leaf
1 liter of water and Colletotrichum spot, early blight, frog-eye leaf
use infusion as Curvularia spot, anthracnose, fruit rot,
spray Helminthosporium smudge leaf spot, leaf blight
Pestaloti leaf blight leaf spot

https://keys.lucidcentra
/
l.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/
weeds/key/weeds/Med
ia/Html/Leucaena_leuc
ocephala_(Leucaena).ht
m
 'KAKAWATE' (GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Cercospora leaf mold, leaf spot, early

kg leaves, then mix blight, frog-eye
juice with 3 liters of
water, and use as
spray

https://www.pinterest.
ph/pin/3735173628364
87753/
 'KAMANTIGUE' (IMPATIENS BALSAMINA)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Alternaria fruit rot, early blight, purple

kg leaves, then mix Cercospora blotch, leaf spot leaf mold, leaf
juice with 3 liters of Helminthosporium spot, early blight, frog-eye leaf
water, and use as blight
spray.

https://www.pinterest.
ph/pin/4862487096379
4162/
 'LAGUNDI' (VITEX NEGUNDO)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Cercospora leaf mold, leaf spot, early

kg leaves, then mix blight, frog-ey
juice with 3 liters of
water, and use as
spray.

https://www.pinteres
/
t.ph/pin/6068601185
18874288/
 'MAKAHIYA' (MIMOSA PUDICA

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

Whole Pound 2 kg of the Diplodia Pestalotia fruit and stem rot leaf spot
plant plant, soak in 1 liter
of water for 1 day
and use as spray

/https://en.wiki
pedia.org/wiki/
/Mimosa_pudica
 'MANA' (JATROPHA MULTIFIDA)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Diplodia fruit and stem rot damping-off,

kg leaves, then mix Fusarium stem and root rot, early blight,
juice with 3 liters of wilt
water, and use as
spray

http://www.plantthis.c
om.au/plant-informatio
n.asp?gardener=16963
 'MAYANA' (COLEUS SCUTELLARIOIDES

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Cercospora l leaf mold, leaf spot, early

kg leaves, then mix blight, frog-eye
juice with 3 liters of
water, and use as
spray

https://gardenbeast.c
om/coleus-plant-guide
/
 ONION (RED) (ALLIUM CEPA)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

bulb Chop finely to Alternaria fruit rot, early blight, purple

extract the pure Colletotrichum blotch, leaf spot leaf spot,
juice, mix 2 Curvularia Fusarium anthracnose, fruit rot, smudge
teaspoon of pure Helminthosporium leaf spot, leaf blight
juice with liter of Pestalotia damping-off, stem and root rot,
water to form your early blight, wilt leaf blight leaf
stock solution. To spot
https://www.sciencedi
rect.com/topics/agricu use as spray, mix 1
ltural-and-biological-s part of solution
ciences/allium-cepa with 20 parts of
water.
 PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Preparation Target Diseases Controlled

Used and Application(*) Pest(s)/Pathoge
n

leaves Pound 2 kg of leaves, Cercospora leaf mold, leaf spot, early

soak in liter of water Diplodia blight, frog-eye fruit and stem
for 2 days and use as rot
spray.

https://simple.wikipe
dia.org/wiki/Papaya
 'SAMBONG' (BLUMEA BALSAMIFERA)

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice and Cercospora leaf mold, leaf spot, early
spray at a blight, frog-eye
proportion of 1 part
juice and 1 part
water.

https://www.pinterest.
ph/pin/4829407600239
07718/
 'TAKIP-KUHOL' (CENTELLA ASIATICA

Picture of Plant Part(s) Mode of Target Diseases Controlled

Used Preparation and Pest(s)/Pathogen
Application(*)

leaves Extract juice of 1 Fusarium damping-off, stem and root rot,

kg leaves, then mix Helminthosporium early blight, wilt leaf blight
juice with 3 liters of
water, and use as
spray

https://www.goodho
usekeeping.com/bea
uty/anti-aging/a2796
5336/what-is-cica/
 REFERENCES

• Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development. Organic agriculture in the Philippines: A training manual. Los Baños,
Laguna: PCAARRDDOST, 2012. 443p. - (PCAARRD Training Module No 4/2012
• Ecological Gardening with Focus on the Philippines, Vol 2. Let nature handle our pest
and disease problems, 2008.
• https://www.britannica.com/science/plant-disease/Definitions-of-plant-disease
• https://www.britannica.com/topic/list-of-plant-diseases-2033263
 PHOTO CREDITS

• Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic and Natural Resources Research and
Development. Organic agriculture in the Philippines: A training manual. Los Baños,
Laguna: PCAARRDDOST, 2012. 443p. - (PCAARRD Training Module No 4/2012
• pinterest, com ©Top tropical.com
• https://www.purdue.edu/hla/sites/famine-foods/famine_food/amaranthus-gracilis-3
• https://www.bimbima.com/health/artemisia-vulgaris/3726
• https://www.globaltrademag.com/how-the-coronavirus-outbreak-in-china-may-affec
t-the-u-s-garlic-market/
 PHOTO CREDITS

• https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/265990https://www.medicalnewstoday
.com/articles/265990
• https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Moringa-oleifera-tree_fig8_317798415
• https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Leuc
aena_leucocephala_(Leucaena).htm
• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/373517362836487753/
• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/48624870963794162
• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/606860118518874288
 PHOTO CREDITS

• /https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mimosa_pudica
• http://www.plantthis.com.au/plant-information.asp?gardener=16963
• https://gardenbeast.com/coleus-plant-guide/
• https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/allium-c
epa
• https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaya
• https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/482940760023907718/
• https://www.goodhousekeeping.com/beauty/anti-aging/a27965336/what-is-cica