STRUCTURES ANALYSIS MANUAL SAM VOLUME II Ruan 2 10.43 GENERAL DYNAMICS SPACE SYSTEMS DiVISIONSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL, GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION PREFACE This Structures Manual has been prepared by Convair and Space Systems Division Structures Analysis Groups as a reference source of data and procedures for use in the analysis and design of aerospace and ground handling structures. The manual has been compiled largely from material presented in the General Dynamics Fort Worth Structures Manual, Vol. 1. cover current materials and These data have been updated and expanded construction methods. In general, the source data reference numbers within the individual sections of the manual have been retained. This will enable the reader to easily locate any additional material that may be required from the original data source. Comments and suggestions are welcome, and should be addressed to the Structural Analysis Group. )RT_WORTH DIVISION ‘The Fort Worth Division Structures Technology department endorses the Convair and Space System Division Structures Analysis Manual as a reference source of data and procedures for structural analysis at the Fort Worth Division. The data and procedures contained in Volumes I and IT are recommended for use at the Fort Worth Division at the discretion of each structural analysis group Engineering Chief considering individual program guidelines. Use of all data and procedures including those contained herein and from other sources must be approved by the structural analysis group Engineering Chief and documented sufficiently to support customer approval. A. L. Stratton Engineering Manager for Structures Technology General Dynamics/Fort Worth Division page 1.0.1GENERAL DYNAMICS DATE 371788 TSSUE T ‘Space Systems Division PAGE 1 of 1 TY |srmuctures AMuysts MANUAL — NO. 10.43, DEPARTMENTAL INSTRUCTION APPROVED REVISION RECORD E,W. WOLF MANAGER STRUCTURAL ANy REVISION RECORD CHAPTER REVISION DESCRIPTION DATE an = 1 Original Issue 3/88 As noted Deleted: Pages 14.9.2, 10/89 14, 14.15; 11.24, 14.1.84, 14.9.1, 17.4.5, 17.5.27, 17.6.10, 17.617, 17.6.18, 17.6.19, a...GENERAL DYNAMICS Convair Division and Space Systems Division STRUCTURES ANALYSIS MANUAL VOLUME 2 OF 2 Chewitnw~ £) GENERAL DYNAMICS PROPRIETARY DATA RESTRICTIONS This document contains proprietary information of General Dynami trade secrets and/or privileged or sensitive commercial or finan information. Distribution within General Dynamics shall be restricted to those having an actual need for the information and no copies shall be sent outside of General Dynamics without management approval. Copyright, General Dynamics, 1988 includingALYSIS MANUAI ) GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION VOLUME 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS. ‘SECTION PREFACE 10 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 14 ‘SYMBOLS ANO ABBREVIATIONS: 12 REFERENCES 13 SECTION PROPERTIES 20 GEOMETRICAL SHAPES 24 CIRCLES 22 ‘30° BENOS 23 ANGLES 24 CENTROIO OF TRAPEZOID 25, SHEAR CENTER 26 MOMENT OF INERTIA SAMPLE CALCULATION 27 MATERIAL PROPERTY DEFINITIONS 3.0 ‘STRESS-STRAIN CURVE DEFINITIONS: 34 MATERIAL PROPERTIES: DUCTILE-BRITTLE BEHAVIOR 32 i) (CREEP: STRAIN RATE AND IMPACT 33 "At AND "B MATERIAL PROPERTY VALUES 34 PLASTIC STRESS-STRAIN CURVES 3s ‘SURFACE ROUGHNESS: 36 NON-DIMENSIONAL STRESS-STRAIN CURVES: a7 AMBERG-OSGOOD CONSTANTS: 38 BEAMS 4.0 SEAMTABLES 4a ‘VARIABLE CROSS SECTION 42 CONTINUOUS BEAMS 43 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD 44 CURVED BEAMS 45 LATERAL STABILITY 46 SHEAR STRESSES 47 TENSION FIELD WEBS 48 CUT-OUTS 4g SLOTTED BEAM 4.10 ELASTIC FOUNDATION ant % page 1.1.1 yRA Al “GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION VOLUME 4 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) COLUMNS THEORY CONSTANT CROSS SECTION COLUMNS, VARIABLE CROSS SECTION COLUMNS. CRIPPLING OF SECTIONS BEAMCOLUMNS CONTINUOUS BEAM COLUMNS ‘TORSIONAL INSTABIUTY COLUMN ALLOWABLES PLATES IN-PLANE STABILITY LOADING, RECTANGULAR IN-PLANE STABILITY LOADING, PARALLELOGRAM (CURVED PLATES NORMAL LOADING MEMBRANES ‘STIFFENED PLATES BUCKLING IN AXIAL COMPRESSION ANALYTICAL METHODS EFFECTIVE SKIN WIDTHS ISOGRID STRUCTURES: SANDWICH CONSTRUCTION GENERAL MATERIALS: METHOOS OF ANALYSIS FACE WRINKLING FACE DIMPUNG EDGEWISE COMPRESSION EDGEWSE SHEAR NCRMAL LOADING CYUNDER TORSION CYUNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION (CYUNDER EXTERNALPRESSURE, BEAMS ATTACHMENT DETAILS ‘ANALYSIS METHOD REFERENCES PRESSURE VESSELS AND PIPES [STRESSES AND DEFLECTIONS TANK GEOMETRY PIDING SYSTEMS (ELBOWS, BELLOWS, OUCTS) [ASCONTINUITY ANALYSIS OF SHELLS page 1.1.2 ‘SECTION 5.0 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 6.0 64 62 63 64 65 7.0 7A 72 724 73 8.0 at 82 83 as as a6 ar 88 as 8.10 att 8.12 13 B14 9.0 4 92 93 94 C.5 ‘STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION VOLUME 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED) CYUNDER AND SHELL STABILITY UNPRESSURIZED. INTERNALLY PRESSURIZED EXTERNALLY PRESSURIZED ‘TRUNCATED CONES, DOUBLY CURVED SHELLS IMPERFECTIONS POST-BUCKLING LOCAL LOADING ON SHELLS LANGLEY SOLUTION TORSON TORSION OF SOLD SECTIONS TORSION OF THIN-WALLED CLOSED SECTIONS ‘TORSION OF THIN-WALLED OPEN SECTIONS MULTI-CELL CLOSED BEAMS IN TORSION PLASTIC TORSION ALLOWABLE STRESSES RESTRAINED TORSION SPRINGS ‘COMPRESSION SPRINGS EXTENSION SPRINGS TORSION SPRINGS CONSTANT FORCE SPRINGS FLAT SPRINGS CONED DISC (BELLEVILLE) SPRINGS WORKING STRESSES page 1.1.3 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.8 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 11.9 44 2 1.3 ne 15 11.8 W7 12.0 124 122 123 12.4 125 126 12.7RAL ANALYSIS MANUAI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION C VOLUME 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS: SECTION PREFACE 1.0 ‘TABLE OF CONTENTS 14 ‘SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS REFERENCES 13 STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS 13.0 ‘STATIC LOADING 13.1 REPEATED LOADING 132 (GEOMETRIC EFFECTS 133 JOINTS AND FITTINGS 14.0 LUG ANALYSIS 144 MULTIPLE FASTENER PATTERNS. 142 BEAM INASOCKET 143 INTERFERENCE FIT BUSHINGS 14.4 TENSION CUPS AND TEES 145 BOLT STRENGTH 146 BATHTUB TYPE TENSION FITTINGS 147 WELD JOINTS 148 WELD-ON BRACKETS 149 BONDED JOINTS 14.10 Cc JOINT FLEXIBILITY 14.11 PRELOADED BOLTS AND SCREWS 14.12 BOLT TORQUE EFFECTS 14.13, EFFICIENCY OF PLATES IN TENSION JOINTS 14.14 ACOUSTICS, VIBRATION, FLUTTER 15.0 UNEAR SYSTEMS 18.4 FORCED VIBRATION 152 METHODS OF CALCULATIONS 15.3 ‘SONIC FATIGUE 154 FLUTTER 155 ACOUSTICS AND VIBRATION 156 EXPERIMENTAL STRESS ANALYSIS 16.0 ‘STRANGAGES 16.4 PLASTIC ANALYSIS 17.0 ‘BENDING STRENGTH IN PLASTIC RANGE, 474 ‘SIMPLE BENDING 172 ‘COMPLEX BENDING 173 INTERACTION 174 PLASTIC BENDING MATERIAL PROPERTIES 178 page 1.1.4 rcSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION VOLUME 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED: BENDING MODULUS SYMMETRICAL SECTIONS MINIMUM PLASTIC BENDING CURVES ELASTIC-PLASTIC THEORY BENDING NEAR LIMIT LOAD BENDING MODULUS FOR ROUND TUBES ‘SHEAR STRESS IN ROUND TUBES RINGS, FRAMES AND ARCHES RIGIO RINGS BENTS AND SEML-CIRCULAR ARCHES RIGID AND FLEXIBLE RINGS REDUNDANT FRAMES ‘THERMAL EFFECTS GENERAL BEAMS AND COLUMNS FLAT PLATES: BOX BEAMS BOLTED JOINTS ‘THERMAL BUCKLING ‘THERMAL STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS WITH MSC NASTRAN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS INTROOUCTION DEFINITIONS DISCUSSION. ‘SAMPLE PROBLEMS ‘TABLES OF STATISTICAL VALUES MECHANISMS BEARINGS eas ACTUATORS, COMPOSITE MATERIALS FIBERGLASS LAMINATES, POLYESTER RESINS FIBERGLASS LAMINATES, PHENOLIC OR EPOXY RESINS KEVLAR EPOXY DESIGN ALLOWABLES: FRACTURE MECHANICS GENERAL STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS. FLAW GROWTH APPLICATION OF TECHNOLOGY DAMAGE TOLERANCE, page 1.1.5 176 177 178 179 17.10 1744 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 19.0 19.4 19.2 19.3 19.4 195 196 19.7 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 21.0 att 21.2 21.3 22.0 22.1 222 223 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.8STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUA - GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION Cc VOLUME 2 NTH ‘SECTION COMPUTERIZED METHODS 24.0 OPTIMIZATION DESIGN 25.0 ‘MISCELLANEOUS TABLES AND CHARTS 26.0 ‘TEMPERATURE CONVERSION 26.1 SIUNITS AND PREFIXES 26.1 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 26.2 HARDNESS CONVERSON. 26.3 ‘STANDARD ATMOSPHERE, 26.4 ‘TEMPERATURE VS. ALTITUDE, 26.5 COEFFICIENTS OF STATIC AND SUDING FRICTION 28.6 REPORT FORMAT 27.0 STRESS ANALYSIS REPORT STANDARDS 274 page 1.1.6 /0TURA! 1S MAI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION List of Stantard Syabeis and abbreviations Ratio of atrens amplitude ant mace trees) aren of erven section Langta of panel edge: for compree- ‘sive or bending leads, ‘a ia Lengtn pot loaded; for anear loads, “s" t9 the longer edge of panel, Flerurai rigiaity of 2 beam angen of panel edge: for compres= sive of bending loads, "b* ta the lenge of the loaded eige; For anear Loada, "0" is the snortar edge of the panel. Width of seations starrener spacings. Cireumrervnce; damping coefficient: spring constant Critical damping coeftieient, Pixity soefficient for colume; Gtatance from neutral axis te exereee fiber Rave fuetar Diameter; bending eticmese: diseri- bution factor; femal rigidity parameter Depth, neignt, oF thiciness; distanee between centroids of facings Reculus of alasticzty tn tension Miongation in pereent; total deformation; eseenerieity; the finieun distance from 4 bole seater te the wage of aneet Miownte stres Poculua of rigidity Acceleration aus to gravity evenaiona stifrmese of aantwien Maiget or depta; distance detewes eentreias of facings Proguct of inertia Polar soment of inertia coefficient of critical anear for oreotrepie sandwien panele A constant, generally eapirteal stiftness factor; spring constants radius of gyration Langth, longitudinal grain direction: etgewite anear atiemen (Wot used, t0 avoid confusion with mumerai 2) Bending woment or couple asa; pale widen of corrugation; bencing woment; mmber of nat waves oad per inen of sige; sample eit Load factor: maber of tale mares: Applied load or Fores (total, not ‘mit load) Pressure Satie moment of « cree ‘Shear flow: dynamic pressure Serves ratio mains ‘Saar Fores; eurfuce area core oelt ete ‘Thlemnes Motor of ustiization: gust velocity: Shear fore; velectty; volume: ‘Flexintiiry parameter for sandwien parade ‘Teel weight: angi of call wall in bustributed Load Axia: dlatance along aiastie curve of bese Axis; detection; distance from neutral axte to given Fiber Distance to centroid of section Section seauius Asis norm to surface of panel bt page 1.2.1fi MANUA GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION Cr (aspna) coarrietens of termed expansion; angle of attacks angle of eiagonal tension; itera) searrener angie: constant J (cama) Ort anear strain G (pees) peflection; relative retaraation € (xpation) compression or expansion Strain; recational restraint equation Denetes final sequent; intarveliuiar eee Moment @ (mete) an angle with respect to a reference Line ‘A (Lambda) One aims the proguet of two Potasen's ration (2-7) A (ameda) constant Pr) Petasen's ratte mr) A constant p(me) — danaity; reciue of curranire (Steen) norma etree eoefrietent, T (tau) Shear tres T(sta)— Mastiaity sousrietens ims) omaatane W(t) Angular ¢taplacement sunesripts ese Maem) nmeured 2... Denotee fusing of aanéwien ese Drawing corrugation sneat ’ Fess Eefeetives recused eee Seana core, compression eb. Desoeing ener inecanttity orseseat . riastte Lint . Enturenee; eeoeotricit7s Baler woes etna co Paraiel to x axte aalds paraiien te 7 axis paraiiel te 5 axis page (-2-2 (z: AI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION serge Britcan theraat unit eoattictent . .. Abbreviations oe Anehepourd . . 5 mee Anchen per oe coat inaioe diameter. . coe Inspection miner Raworie & reer « Inspection Resection... a Rogaritmm (common), ao Aogaritm (natural)... a Meera Review Board... Data Source, Section 1.3 Reference | page 1.2.3 sna teeEF AI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION SECTION 1.3 REFERENCES: IN ADDITION TO REFERENCES CONTAINED IN INDIVIDUAL SECTIONS OF THE REPORT, DATA SOURCES USTED BELOW HAVE ALSO BEEN USED. 1. GD FORT WORTH STRUCTURES MANUAL VOL. 1 1963, 2. CONVAIR/ASTRONAUTICS STRUCTURES MANUAL 4.15.60 3. BELL STRUCTURE DESIGN MANUAL, 4, BOEING STRESS MANUAL APRIL 1970 5. NASA ASTRONAUTICS STRUCTURES MANUAL 7.1.69 6. LOCKHEED STRESS MEMO MANUAL 4.18.66 7. BRUHN, ANALYSIS & DESIGN OF FLIGHT VEHICLE STRUCTURES JAN. 1965 8. NACA TN3784 9. NACA TN 3785 10. NASA CR-124075 11. NASA CR-1457 12, HEXEL TSB 123, DESIGN HANDBOOK FOR HONEYCOMB SANOWICH STRUCTURES OCT. 1967 19, ROARK, FORMULAS FOR STRESS AND STRAIN, SAD ED. 1954 14, CONVAIR, ZP-7-022 TN, ANALYSIS OF MISSILE TANK GEOMETRIES, 2-14-56 page |-3.115. 16. 17. 19. 20. 21. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28. 29, ANUAL GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION NASA SP-8007 NASA SP-8019 NASA SP-8032 BRUSH AND ALMROTH, BUCKLING OF BARS, PLATES AND SHELLS. GENERAL DYNAMICS/ASTRONAUTICS GDVA-ODG 64-0244, POST-BUCKLING STRENGTH OF APRESSURIZED CYLINDER 1964 GENERAL DYNAMICS CONVAIR, GOC-DDG-67-006. VOL VI MIL-STD-29A, SPRINGS MECHANICAL; DRAWING REQUIREMENTS FOR 3.1.62 CONSOLIDATED VULTEE, 25-202, FATIGUE DATA BOOK PART IV STRESS CONCENTRATIONS, 1.12.54 AFFDL-TR-69-42, STRESS ANALYSIS. MANUAL, 4.30.69 MCDONNELL DOUGLAS DC-10 STRESS MANUAL, 4-1-68. GENERAL DYNAMICS, GDSS-TC-87-010 LAUGHNER AND HARGAN, HANDBOOK (OF FASTENING AND JOINING OF METAL PARTS. AFFDL-TR-67-140, DESIGN CRITERIA FOR THE PREDICTION AND PREVENTION OF PANEL FLUTTER JAN. 1968 MIL-HDBK-SE, METALLIC MATERIALS AND ELEMENTS FOR AEROSPACE VEHICLE STRUCTURES. 9.15.76 PERRY, ADHESIVE BONDING OF REINFORCED PLASTICS, 1959 page 1-32STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION C 30. at. 32. 33. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. GENERAL DYNAMICS CONVAIR, GDC-BTD65-168, DESIGN ALLOWABLES FOR CENTAUR STRUCTURAL MATERIALS, 2/1/66. GENERAL DYNAMICS ASTRONAUTICS, ZS-7-002, STRESS ANALYSIS REPORT STANDARDS, 8/14/63. GENERAL DYNAMICS, CASD-SSO-76-021, ANALYSIS OF BLADE STIFFENED INTEGRALLY MACHINED PANELS, SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER MID-FUSELAGE, 10/5/76. GENERAL DYNAMICS CASD-SSO-76-007, ANALYSIS OF T-STIFFENED INTEGRALLY MACHINED PANELS, SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER MID-FUSELAGE, 2/5/76. GENERAL DYNAMICS CASD-SSO-76-016, "HONEYCOMB SANDWICH PANEL ANALYSIS METHOD, SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER MID-FUSELAGE”, W. S. BUSSEY JR., 22 JULY 1976. E. F. BRUHN, J. |. ORLANDO, J. F. MEYERS, "ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MISSILE STRUCTURE”, TRI-STATE OFFSET COMPANY, CINICINNATI, OHIO. STRESS ANALYSIS MANUAL, AIR FORCE FLIGHT DYNAMICS LABORATORY, WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, 1969. GERALD, G. AND BECKER, H., HANDBOOK OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY, PART I- BUCKLING OF FLAT PLATES, NACA TN 3781, 1957. BECKER, H., HANDBOOK OF STRUCTURAL STABILITY, PART Il- BUCKLING OF COMPOSITE ELEMENTS, NACA TN 3782,1957. SMITH, G. W., ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE DISCONTINUITIES IN SHELLS, REPORT NO. AE61-0179, 1 MARCH 1961. page 1.3.3 [leTR YSIS MANUAI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION 40. MIL-HDBK-17A MILITARY HANDBOOK, PLASTICS FOR AEROSPACE VEHICLES. 41, GDSS MEMO NUMBER 883-0-86-099, 30 OCTOBER 1986. page 1.3.4aN) r NI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION SECTION 13.0 ‘STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS TOGETHER WITH CHARTS FOR STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS SECTION. Pec 13.1. STATICLOADING 13.4.4 13.2 REPEATEDLOADING 13.2.1 13.3 GEOMETRIC EFFECTS 13.3.1 \B.o.1STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAL GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION Data Soures, Section 1.3 Relerence | Stress Concentration Pactors ‘The distribution of stress across the section of a menber may be nomi- nally uniform of may vary in some regular manner, as ttlustrated by the Linear distribution of stress in flexure. When the variation 18 abrupt that within a very short distance the intensity of stress increases greatly, the condition 1a described as a stress concentration. It ts usually due to Local irregularities such as holes, screw threads, notches, nicks, keyways, scratches, ete. ‘Statie Loading Tf an axially loaded member has an abrupt change in section in Pig. 10.5.1-1, the maximum elastic stress that occurs in each crosi shown 44 ttt Ko att, win eas i 4 i titerttt CASE I caSE II CASE 112 Fig. 10.5.1-2 section is greater than the average stress (P/a) where (a) 18 the area of the net or smail portion of the section at the abrupt change of section. ‘Me maximum stress at such changes in section usually te called a strei concentration and the factor by which (F/a) must be multiplied to obtain the value of the maximum stress for axially loaded menbera is called an Adeal, theoretical, or elastic-atress-concentration factor and 1s denoted by (iy). Thus, Sra 7 Ke PA Se ee oe @ ‘Me value (i,) depends on the geometry of the member: that is, on the relative values of the dimensions of the member in the neighborhood of the stress concentration. Values of (k,) for various types of abrupt changes of section are given in Pigs, #10.5.2. ; #10.5.2.2 ; ete. ‘The maximum stresses for axial, torsional, and flexural loads are given by: Soke A, Take 1 Om ky Me (2) page [3.1.1 12STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUA GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION Data Source, Section 1.3 Relerence | Por menbers nade of ductile metal and subjected to static loads and to entially unidirectional stress, stress concentrations, are usually relatively unimportant. Repeated Loading A repented load is 4 force that 4s applied many tines to « meaber, causing stresses in the material that continually vary, usually through some definite range Strees concentrations are very important for both brittle and ductile aaterials under repeated stres Meabers with atres# concentrations Goually £412 under repeated loads which are considerably analler than similar static loads which were required to cause failure. tn calculating the significant (localized) stress in a neaber that contains sone form of an abrupt change in section, the formulas developed previously can be used. ‘The stress distribution at an abrupt change in fection in a tension and a flemural member is shown in Fig. 10,5.2-2- | + cone oe my Met ® ? Pig. 10.5.2-1 In order to nake intelligent use of the foregoing equations, we mst know the following two quantities: (2) The maximum value of the repeated strees that the material can resist xithout being structurally damaged. (2) ‘Te value of the strese-concentration factor, (i)+ ‘Me values of the stress concentration factors depends mainly on two conditions: namely, (1) the form of the menber or nature of the dis continuities that give rise to the stress concentrations, and (2) the propertion of the material that sodify the danaging inrluance of the Serena concentrations, The stresa-concentration factor remulting froa the firet condition only 48 called the theoretical factor and is denoted fan (Kj) J and that rerulting from both conditions Jointly is frequently ‘called the effective stress concentration factor and is denctad as (k;)- ‘The values of (k,) are usually found either by mathematical analysis, photoelastic anaiysia, or dizect strain neseurenents. Values of (ez) are Found by use of tests of the actual material. ‘me values of (Kez) are functions of the material, geouetry of the stress concentration, neat treat, number of cycles, stress level, test. temperature, grain size, surface finish, ete. In post cases (ky) 18 _ ee page 13.2TR RB MA GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION acceptable as this factor can be theoretically obtained and «121 produce only slighty conservative results. If more accurate results are required, values of (kg) can be obtained from $-N curves of unnotched and notched ‘specimens. veg = fabisgue Strength of Unnotched Specimens at n cycles Fatigue Strengtn of Notened Specimens at N Cycle: ‘The specimen, test temperature, stress ievel, geometry of the stre concentration, ete. should represent actual conditions as closely possible Te ratio q= As often referred to as “notch sensitivity” of a material. 12 i2'a measure of the susceptibility of the material to stress concentrations. Values of (ip) and (q) for four types of steel are given in Pig. #10.5.2.15. These curves were obtained from tests of grooved specimens, Adéitional teste show that these results can also be used for stress concentrations caused by fillets or holes. Sone of the relative values of notch sensitivity are given in Fig. #10.5.2.16, #10.5.2.27, ete. These values were obtained froa roon temperature testa. in general, they will be only sLigntly conservative for application at elevated temperatures 3 (q 0) , (Kp = 1) and the material in insensitive to the effects of the stress concentration. If (q= 1)» (kp * Ky) and the material ie fully aenaitave to the effects of the stress concentration, sone of the ways to overcome the danaging effects of localized atres are Listed as follow 2. Reducing the abruptness of the change in crow the member by use of fillets, etc, 2. Reducing tne value of the stress concentration by making the portion of the member in the neighborhood of the stress concentration iess stiff; this sonetines may be done by substituting & member made of material with & lover modulus of elasticity, such as replacing a steel nut on steel bolt sy a bronze nut for reducing the stress concentration at the tnreads of the steel bolt. 3. Increasing the fatigue strength of the material by cold-working the portions of the menbers where the stress concentrations occur: Por example, by the cold rolling of fillets and of bearing surfaces on axles, by the shot Blasting oF shot pening of surfaces of machine parts. 4, tnereasing the fatigue strength of the material by alloying or heat treating. feat treating to a certain point will increase the fatigue strength. Heat treating beyond tnis point might actually reduce the fatigue strength. Tt may be necessary to design for the increase in stress by using @ lower alionable. 5. Some additional methods of decreasing atress concentration are ction of shown of the following pages. ————. page 13.2.24 ANUA\ GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION MEMODS OF AVOIDING OR DECREASING STRESS coNCHYTRATIONS 1 10, ae 3. ‘The number stamp should de called out on the unstressed or the low str portion of the part, of raised bosses should be provided. Otner typ marking are avaLlable and should be used iF possible Highly stressed menbers should have snooth surface: Locate al of} holes in regions of low stress. Use a thread relief by undercutting below the tnreas a jon should be paraiiel to the load imposed on the part whenever possible, tow endurance limita are typical of epecinens tested normai to tne grain, Avoid anarp bends and internal corners. Internal machined comers should not | be dimensioned as R= .XK,,, Such a dimension ts interpreted to mean any- | thing from zero to the dimension given. Radii should always be dimensioned with permissible toleranc Avoid spot facing into stressed filet. Avoid abrupt changes in sections. Use better generous filet or faired line men @ sharp comer a necessary to accomodate & part wnich nae a small radiue, a serene relieving groove can be used effectively. Additional weil placed grooves at "A" help to relieve the atresa concentra- tons eaused by A relieving groove can be used to reduce the notch effect. Avoid the uae of large collars. Small collars do not dterupt the stress flow joa 6 3STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUA! GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION memions OF avor SEMTRATIONS (CONT'D) 13, Threads placed outside of effective material reduce tne concentrations. AU, A strese relieving nole 2igntens the shackle and may increase the allowable stress. 15. Never use sharp re or notches in & part subjected to repented loading. Use a faired Line as shown. trant angles 26, Heat treating will raise the static strength of the part but At will not necessarily in- crease its fatigue strengtn. 17. Avoid carrying loads around scorners” of angles, 2ee3, ete. as much a” poses 18. Avoid welded parts sucn as oat t An the figure, ‘The part will fail at a rather low repeated strese around the weld regard- Lesa of which menber is loaded. 1g. Paten weld menbers fail at low stresses under repeated loads. Ces 20. wnere members are under re~ peated loads avois all welds cy wnien induce abrupt cnanges in cross section. Low endurance specinens. reel CO —CS page 13.2.4 UndessrapieSTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUAI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION Data Source, Section 1.3 Reference 22 page 13.3.1STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS MANUA! GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION GROMETRIC STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS GEOMETRIC STRESS CONCENTRATION FACTORS Boun Cracotan Baarr ‘Chroular Filet Toreloa. tur i, tron Ty 0 page 13.3.2 Cast 2 veYSIS _MANUAI GENERAL DYNAMICS/CONVAIR AND SPACE SYSTEMS DIVISION enoo1s mn) suevag wvinovkg arog ‘SYOIDVA HOLLVELWAONOO SSMS ORITAOTD aay SUOIOV MOLLVULAONOD SSMULS ONLLENOZO Cc. page 13.3.3 bt