İÇİNDEKİLER

PRONOUNS TENSES

Introduction............................................................... 12 1. SIMPLE TENSES

A. SUBJECT PRONOUNS ..................................... 12 Introduction............................................................... 42

I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they
A. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE....................... 42
B. OBJECT PRONOUNS........................................ 12 I / you / we / they go, he / she / it goes
me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them
B. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE............ 44
C. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES.............................. 14 I am walking, he / she / it is walking, we
my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their / you / they are walking

D. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS............................... 14 C. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE............................... 48

mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, I / you / he / she / it / we / they drank
theirs
D. THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE.................... 50
E. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.................................. 16 I / he / she / it was sleeping, we / you /
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, they were sleeping
ourselves, yourselves, themselves
E. THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE ......................... 53
F. THE PRONOUN ‘ONE’....................................... 18 A. WILL
one, ones B. BE GOING TO
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will learn
G. FORMS of ‘OTHER’............................................ 18 I am going to study, he / she / it is going
other, the other to study, we / you / they are going to
others, the others study
another
each other / one another F. THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE............... 55
one after the other / one after another I / you / he / she / it / we / they will be
every other watching

H. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.................................. 22 KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR ................ 57

somebody, everybody, nobody, anybody sıklık zarfları
(someone, everyone, no one, anyone) - always, often, usually, generally,
something, everything, nothing, sometimes, seldom, rarely, never
anything was / were going to do something
somewhere, everywhere, nowhere, will
anywhere shall

KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR ................ 26

that of, those of
double possessive 2. PERFECT TENSES
one, oneself
this, that, these, those G. THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.................... 61
I / you / we / they have worked, he /
TESTS................................................................ 34 she / it has worked

H. THE PRESENT PERFECT

CONTINUOUS TENSE....................................... 64
I / you / we / they have been cleaning,
he / she / it has been cleaning
I. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE............................ 67 D. TAHMİN / ÇIKARIM (DEDUCTION) ................... 100
I / you / he / she / it / we / they had will, must, should, may, might, could,
gone must not, can’t

J. THE PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE... 68 E. RİCA / İZİN (REQUEST / PERMISSION) .......... 103
I / you / he / she / it / we / they had may, can, could, might, be allowed to
been waiting will, would, can, could
do you mind doing ...?
K. THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE...................... 71 do you mind if ...?
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will would you mind doing ...?
have visited would you mind if ...?

L. THE FUTURE PERFECT F. TAVSİYE (ADVICE)............................................. 104

CONTINUOUS TENSE....................................... 72 should, ought to, had better
I / you / he / she / it / we / they will
have been searching G. TERCİH (PREFERENCE).................................. 105
would rather, would prefer
KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR ................ 74 would sooner
time clauses
(when, after, before, as soon as, while, H. BEKLENTİ (EXPECTATION) ............................. 107
as, by the time, until, till, as long as, be supposed to, be to
once, whenever, every time, the first
time, the last time, the next time) I. TEKLİF / ÖNERİ (OFFER / SUGGESTION) ...... 108
since / for can I / we ...?, would you like to ...?,
it’s time / it’s high time would you like me to ...?, could I / we ...?
- It’s time / high time we went home why don’t we ...?, let’s, shall I / we ...?,
by / by the time how / what about ...?
been to / gone to
KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR ................ 109
TESTS................................................................ 86 be able to / have to
used to / would
be used to / get used to
could have, might have, should have,
ought to have
could have + V3 / might have + V3
couldn’t have + V3 / might not have + V3
was / were to have + V3 - was / were
supposed to have + V3
MODALS
dare
would
Introduction............................................................... 94
TESTS................................................................ 120
A. YETENEK (ABILITY).......................................... 94
can, could, be able to
was / were able to

B. ZORUNLULUK / GEREKLİLİK
(OBLIGATION / NECESSITY)............................ 96
must, have to, have got to, need to
mustn’t, don’t have to
had to
need to, needn’t / don’t need to
didn’t need to do, needn’t have done

C. YASAKLAMA (PROHIBITION) ........................... 99

can’t, couldn’t, mustn’t, may not,
be not allowed to
wasn’t / weren’t allowed to
 7. Now (that)
PASSIVE & CAUSATIVE
8. In that
9. Because of
Introduction............................................................... 128 10. Due to
11. Owing to
A. FORMING PASSIVE........................................... 128 12. On account of
13. Thanks to
B. TENSE AND MODAL USAGE IN PASSIVE ....... 128 14. On the grounds (of / that)
15. As a result (of)
C. IT IS SAID THAT ... HE IS SAID TO ... .............. 133 16. So
It is said that he lives in İstanbul. 17. Therefore
He is said to live in İstanbul. 18. Consequently
19. That’s why
D. CAUSATIVE........................................................ 137 20. Hence
get something done by somebody 21. Thus
get somebody to do something 22. As a consequence (of)
have something done by somebody 23. For this reason
have somebody do something 24. Accordingly
make somebody do something 25. Thereby
let somebody do something 26. In view (of / that)
help somebody (to) do something 27. So / Such … (that …)

KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR ................ 139

B. EXPRESSING CONDITION
by / with / in
(Koşul belirtme) .............................................. 173
verbs with two objects
passive questions with who / whom / 28. If
which 29. Only if (= Only when)
be made to do something 30. Providing (that) = Provided (that)
get + V3 31. On condition that
adjectives ending in -ing or -ed 32. As long as (= So long as)
subjunctive 33. Unless
34. In the event of / that
TESTS................................................................ 148
C. EXPRESSING UNEXPECTED
RESULTS AND CONTRASTING STATEMENTS
(Beklenmeyen Sonuçlar ve
Çelişen İfadeleri Belirtme) .............................. 176
35. Although
36. Though
37. Even though
38. Much as
CONJUNCTIONS 39. Even if
40. While
Bağlaçların Gruplandırılmış 41. Whereas
Listeleri ................................................. 156 42. When
43. Despite
BAĞLAÇLARIN KULLANIM
44. In spite of
ŞEKİLLERİ............................................. 160
45. But
46. Yet
A. EXPRESSING REASON AND RESULT
47. However
(Neden ve Sonuç Belirtme) ............................ 161
48. Nevertheless (= Nonetheless)
1. Because 49. Still
2. As 50. Even so
3. Since 51. (On the one hand) …
4. Inasmuch as (= Insofar as) On the other hand
5. Seeing (that) (= Seeing as) 52. Adjective + as /
6. For Adjective + though
 53. On the contrary 86. As of (= As from)
54. In contrast 87. As if (= As though)
55. Notwithstanding 88. In case
56. Contrary to 89. In case of
57. As opposed to 90. Otherwise
58. For all 91. Or (else)
92. But for
93. Except for
D. EXPRESSING PARALLEL AND
94. For fear of / that
CORRESPONDING STATEMENTS
95. Like
(Aynı Doğrultuda Olan ve Birbirine
96. Unlike
Uygun Düşen İfadeleri Belirtme)..................... 185
97. Meanwhile
59. Moreover (= In the meantime)
60. Besides 98. Regardless of
61. Furthermore 99. Apart from (Aside from)
62. In addition 100. Likewise (= Similarly)
63. In addition to 101. Such as
64. Also 102. Rather than
65. As well as 103. Nor
66. Indeed 104. On the whole (= Generally)
105. In fact (= As a matter of fact)
106. In particular (= Especially)
E. EXPRESSING PURPOSE
107. After all
(Amaç Belirtme) .............................................. 188
108. Instead (of)
67. In order to (= to) 109. To sum up, to summarise, in
68. So as to (= to) conclusion, briefly, in short
69. So that 110. Supposing (= Assuming that)
70. In order that 111. With a view to
71. Lest With the aim of

F. PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
(İkili Bağlaçlar) ................................................ 191 TESTS ............................................................ 210

72. Neither … nor …

73. Either … or …
74. Not only … but also …
75. Both … and …
76. Whether … or …
77. No sooner … than …
78. Hardly … when … ADJECTIVE CLAUSES (Relative Clauses)
Scarcely … when …
Barely … when … Introduction............................................................... 218

G. GIVING EXAMPLES AND A. WHO / WHICH.................................................... 218

CLARIFYING B. TYPES of ADJECTIVE CLAUSES...................... 219
(Örnek Verme ve Açıklama) ........................... 195 C. WHOM................................................................ 220
79. For Instance / For example D. WHOSE.............................................................. 221
80. In other words E. WHERE.............................................................. 222
81. That is to say
F. WHEN................................................................. 224
82. That is
G. QUANTIFIERS WITH
RELATIVE PRONOUNS..................................... 224
H. OTHER EXPRESSIONS
H. USING ‘WHICH’ TO MODIFY
(Diğer İfadeler) ................................................ 196
THE WHOLE SENTENCE.................................. 225
83. As for I. WHY................................................................... 226
84. As to
J. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES IN
85. As regards
RELATIVE CLAUSES......................................... 228
K. DEFINING & NON-DEFINING ADJECTIVE Söz Öbeklerinden Sonra Kullanılan ‘To
CLAUSES........................................................... 228 Infinitive’
L. REDUCTION OF ADJECTIVE CLAUSES İsimlerden Sonra Kullanılan ‘To Infinitive’
(SIFAT CÜMLECİKLERİNİN KISALTILMASI) .... 230 ‘Too’ ve ‘Enough’ ile Kullanılan ‘To
Infinitive’
• too
TESTS................................................................ 240
• enough
Amaç Belirten ‘To Infinitive’
Soru Kelimelerinden Sonra Kullanılan ‘To
Infinitive’
‘Relative Clause’ Kısaltmasında Kullanılan
‘To Infinitive’
• Continuous ‘To Infinitive’ (to be + Ving)
• Passive ‘To Infinitive’
GERUND & INFINITIVE & PARTICIPLE (to be + V3)
• Perfect ‘To Infinitive’
Introduction............................................................... 248 (to have + V3)
• Perfect Continuous ‘To Infinitive’ (to
A. GERUNDS....................................................... 249 have been+ Ving)
• Perfect Passive ‘To Infinitive’ (to have
Bir Cümlenin Öznesi Olarak Kullanılan been + V3)
Gerund’lar Forms of Bare Infinitive
Bir Edatın (Preposition) Nesnesi Olarak • Simple Bare Infinitive: V1
Kullanılan Gerund’lar • Continuous Bare Infinitive: be Ving
• Noun + Preposition + Gerund • Perfect Bare Infinitive: have V3
• Adjective + Preposition + Gerund • Perfect Continuous Bare
• Verb + Preposition + Gerund Infinitive: have been Ving
• Verb + Object + Preposition + Gerund • Passive Bare Infinitive: be V3
Gerund’ların Niteleyici Sözcüklerle ve • Perfect Passive Bare Infinitive: have been
Zamirlerle Kullanımı V3
Gerund’ların ‘to’ ile Kullanımı Verbs Followed by to infinitive
• Look forward to • Verb + Object + to infinitive
• Prefer something to doing something
Passive Forms of the Verbs with Objects
• Be accustomed to
Verbs Followed by an Infinitive or Gerund with
• Be opposed to
Little or No Change in Meaning
• Be used to
• bother, begin, can’t bear, etc.
• Be addicted to
etc. Verbs Followed by an Infinitive or Gerund with
a Change in Meaning
Gerund’ların Belirli Yapılardan Sonra
• forget, go on, mean, propose, regret, etc.
Kullanımı
The use of Verbs ‘need, require’ and ‘want’
• a waste of money / energy + Ving
with gerund or infinitive
• busy + Ving something
Verbs of Perception
• catch / find somebody + Ving something
• catch, feel, find, etc.
etc.
The use of ‘make, let’ and ‘help’ with
Passive Gerunds (being V3)
infinitives
Perfect Gerunds (having V3)
• make somebody do something
Perfect Passive Gerunds (having been V3)
• be made to do something
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
• let somebody do something
• help somebody (to) do something
B. INFINITIVES.................................................... 259 Infinitives with Causatives
Bir Cümlenin Öznesi Olarak Kullanılan ‘To • have somebody do something
Infinitive’ • get somebody to do something
Bir Cümlenin Nesnesi Olarak Kullanılan • get / have something done
‘To Infinitive’ • have something done
Sıfatlardan Sonra Kullanılan ‘To Infinitive’
REVISION....................................................... 276
 IF & WISH CLAUSES
C. PARTICIPLES................................................. 278
• Present participle (Ving)
Introduction............................................................... 330
(knowing, walking, etc.)
• Past participle (V3) A. IF CLAUSES....................................................... 330
(supported, seen, etc.) a) Zero Conditional
• Perfect participle (having + V3) (having seen, b) First Conditional
having finished, etc.) c) Second Conditional
• Perfect passive participle (having been + V3) d) Third Conditional
(having been told, having been seen, etc.) e) Mixed Conditional
• Perfect continuous participle (having been+
Ving) B. WISH CLAUSES................................................. 340
(having been telling, having been listening, I wish
etc.) if only
• Farklı özne ile başlayan participle cümlecikleri
KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR................. 344
• Participle yapılarının özet tablosu
but for
inversion
REVISION....................................................... 288
if + be to
TESTS............................................................. 290 only if, unless, as long as / so long as,
providing (that), provided (that)
on condition (that), in the event that, in
the event of, in case, in case of
supposing, even if, otherwise / or
(else), as if, as though

TESTS................................................................ 354

NOUN CLAUSES ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

Introduction............................................................... 298 A. ADJECTIVES...................................................... 362

A. TYPES OF NOUNS CLAUSES.......................... 298 B. ADVERBS........................................................... 263

a. nouns clauses with ‘question words’ irregular adverbs
b. noun clauses with ‘whether’ - ‘if’
c. noun clauses with ‘that’ C. PARTICIPLE ADJECTIVES................................ 365
boring, amazing
B. REPORTED SPEECH....................................... 304 bored, amazed

D. COMPARATIVE AND
KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR................. 307
SUPERLATIVE FORMS..................................... 366
whatever, however, wherever,
whenever, whoever, whichever
E. OTHER COMPARATIVE STRUCTURES............ 370
subjunctive
as ... as
fact, view, belief, opinion, argument
so ... as
that such ... (adj.) noun as
the fact that twice / three times etc as ... as
as many / much ... as
TESTS................................................................ 322 as few / little ... as
too
enough

KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR................. 376

the + comparative ... the + comparative ...

TESTS................................................................ 386

8
 DETERMINERS NOUNS & EXTRA SUBJECTS

Introduction............................................................... 394 Introduction............................................................... 462

A. ARTICLES.......................................................... 394 A. SAYILABİLEN İSİMLER

‘a / an’ kullanılan durumlar (COUNTABLE NOUNS)...................................... 462
‘the’ kullanılan durumlar
‘a / an’ veya ‘the’ kullanılmayan durumlar B. SAYILAMAYAN İSİMLER
(UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS)................................. 466
B. QUANTIFIERS.................................................... 400
çoğul isimlerle kullanılanlar C. HEM SAYILABİLEN HEM SAYILAMAYAN
sayılamayan isimlerle kullanılanlar İSİMLER............................................................. 468
tekil isimlerle kullanılanlar
D. POSSESSIVE NOUNS....................................... 470
KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR................. 405
subject-verb agreement (özne-yüklem uyuşması) E. INVERTED SENTENCES................................... 473
a good many / a great many
a number of / the number of F. QUESTION TAGS............................................... 475
all / whole
every / each G. AGREEMENT / DISAGREEMENT...................... 479
neither - both / none - all
(a) few / (a) little H. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES................................ 479

TESTS................................................................ 480
TESTS................................................................ 420

PREPOSITIONS LIST OF IRREGULER VERBS

Introduction............................................................... 428 LIST OF IRREGULER VERBS................................ 488

A. EDATLAR VE ANLAMLARI................................. 428

KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR................. 437

on time / in time
in the corner / at (=on) the corner
arrive in / arrive at
die for / die of (=from) / die in
hear about / hear from / hear of
ANSWER KEY
point to / point at
remind of / remind about
shout to / shout at ANSWER KEY.......................................................... 495
throw to / throw at

- Sık Kullanılan Edat + İsim Kombinasyonları

- Sık Kullanılan Sıfat + Edat Kombinasyonları.
- Sık Kullanılan Fiil + Edat Kombinasyonları

TESTS................................................................ 454

9
 GRAMMAR
STEP BY STEP

PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS
PRONOUNS

Introduction

İsimlerin yerine kullanılan kelimelere zamir, isimleri niteleyen kelimelere ise sıfat denir. Özne zamirlerinin
(subject pronouns), nesne zamirlerinin (object pronouns), iyelik sıfatlarının (possessive adjectives), iyelik
zamirlerinin (possessive pronouns) ve dönüşlü zamirlerin (reflexive pronouns) listelendiği aşağıdaki
tabloyu dikkatle inceleyiniz.

Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive

Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
I me my mine myself
you you your yours yourself
he him his his himself
she her her hers herself
it it its its* itself
we us our ours ourselves
you you your yours yourselves
they them their theirs themselves

* ‘Its’ yapısı iyelik zamiri olarak ‘own’la kullanımının dışında pek yaygın değildir.
My dog gets bored easily. It dosen’t want to spend much time on its own.

A SUBJECT PRONOUNS (Özne Zamirleri)

Özne konumundaki isimlerin yerine kullanılan zamirlerdir. Cümlede fiilden önce gelirler.
By breathing, people take in the oxygen they need to live.
(they → people)
Although he knew he would be late, Mr Black did not rush to get ready.
(he → Mr Black)
Beethoven was only 26 years old when he started suffering from a hearing disorder.
(he → Beethoven)
Amelia Earhart was the first female pilot to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean. She received the
USA Distinguished Flying Cross for this record.
(she → Amelia Earhart)
The hurricane caused a lot of damage when it hit the coastal areas of the country.
(it → hurricane)

B OBJECT PRONOUNS (Nesne Zamirleri)

Nesne konumundaki isimlerin yerine kullanılan zamirlerdir. Cümlede fiilden veya bir ‘preposition’dan (edat)
sonra gelirler.

me beni, bana it onu, ona (cansız, hayvan)

you seni, sana us bizi, bize
him onu, ona (erkek) you sizi, size
her onu, ona (kadın) them onları, onlara

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 PRONOUNS
Our teacher wanted us to complete our assignments before the end of the month.
(us → we, the students)
Tools such as thermometers and X-ray machines provide us with clues about what is happening
inside our body.
(us → we, people)
Tony can imitate the headmaster so well that he’s even made a phone call and pretended to be
him.
(him → the headmaster)
I gave Elizabeth my phone number and told her I was heading to Louisville and she should call
me if there were any problems.
(her → Elizabeth)
This new method is not familiar to Henry, so don’t be angry with him for making a mistake.
(him → Henry)
Nowadays, many teachers believe that in order to improve writing skills of the students, it is
important to let them express their memories and stories in their own words.
(them → the students)

Exercise 1
Fill in the blanks with subject pronouns or object pronouns.

1. she
Because _________________ was not accepted to the school team, Sally gave up her dream of
being a professional basketball player.
2. it
Turkish cuisine is quite rich as _________________ includes both vegetable and meat dishes and
various cooking styles.
3. you
If _________________ want to obtain reliable information about your country’s history, you should
use the library sources rather than the Internet.
4. him
Harry’s mother brought _________________ some cookies and orange juice while he was studying
in his room.
5. Only after looking for my glasses for ten minutes I came to realize that I was already wearing
them
_________________.
6. I have heard a lot about the new manager appointed to our department but I haven’t met
him / her
_________________ in person yet.
7. During the fifth day of our trip in Italy, Beth ran out of money and asked me to lend
her
_________________ some.
8. him
Although she has never had the courage to speak to _________________, we know that Lily has
been in love with James for a long time.
9. they
Cindy did not tell her parents about her low grades; that’s why _________________ were shocked
when she failed some courses.

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PRONOUNS

H INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (Belgisiz Zamirler)

Person Thing Place

Somebody / Someone Something Somewhere
(Birisi) (Bir şey) (Bir yer)

Everybody / Everyone Everything Everywhere

(Herkes) (Her şey) (Her yer)

Nobody / No one Nothing Nowhere

(Hiç kimse) (Hiçbir şey) (Hiçbir yer)

Anybody / Anyone Anything Anywhere

(Hiç kimse; herhangi biri) (Hiçbir şey; herhangi bir şey) (Hiçbir yer; herhangi bir yer)

1 Belgisiz zamirler her zaman tekil kabul edilir ve fiil çekimi buna göre yapılır.

There is somebody on the team who always wants to be in the limelight.

Anyone who is willing to join the trip is supposed to sign up.
Somebody has left his bag here, but I can’t waste my time trying to find out who he is.
Nowadays nowhere in this city is safe enough for anyone to walk alone at night.
Everybody is here and we are ready to start our new project.

2 ‘Everybody / everyone, everything’ ve ‘everywhere’ her türlü cümlede kullanılabilir. ‘Somebody / someone,
something’ ve ‘somewhere’ olumlu cümlelerde veya rica / teklif / öneri amaçlı sorularda kullanılır.
‘Anybody / anyone, anything ve ‘anywhere’ olumsuz cümlelerde ve sorularda kullanılır. ‘Nobody / no one,
nothing’ ve ‘nowhere’ cümleyi olumsuz yapar. Bu zamirleri içeren cümlelerde ‘not’ kullanılmaz ve cümle
olumsuz olduğu için devamında ‘some’ değil ‘any’ kullanılır.

Robert cares for no one but himself therefore he has few friends.
(Robert kendi dışında hiç kimseyi umursamaz bu yüzden onun çok az arkadaşı var.)
I ate something delicious at the new restaurant on the corner. I strongly recommend you to try
it.
Can we go somewhere quieter? This noise is making me crazy.
The customers couldn’t find anyone to complain to in the shop, so they decided to complain
through the company’s website.
Nowhere in the world is as beautiful and peaceful as my hometown.
Nobody has given me any information about the agenda of the meeting, so I don’t think I will
have much to say.
The miners didn’t want to go further in the mine because they couldn’t see anything in the dark.
Janet has been suffering from culture shock for some time and she doesn’t have anyone to talk
to when she feels lonely.
Have you seen my dictionary anywhere in the room? I need it urgently to complete my essay.
Mr Watson is respected by everybody at school because he is very professional in the field of
education.
The boss wanted me to prepare a comprehensive report including everything that might help to
boost sales.
Nobody at the office thought that the accountant was capable of committing a crime.
Since she was attacked two weeks ago, Liz has gone nowhere alone.

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PRONOUNS

Exercise 8

Fill in the blanks with indefinite pronouns.

1. something
Like all sailors, he was superstitious, and felt convinced that _________________ terrible was going
to happen to him.
2. Anybody
You shouldn’t have left your wallet at home. _________________ could have broken in and stolen it.
3. nobody
There was a package for me today but there was _________________ at home, so they couldn’t
deliver it.
4. Somebody
_________________ told me that putting feather pillows in the dryer for ten minutes will kill dust
mites.
5. nothing
Knowing you as quite a courageous person, I suppose there is _________________ for you to fear.
6. someone
You must hire _________________ professional to look after your kids when you are at work as
non-professional people may not have the necessary skills.
7. My father is the greatest cook I have ever seen in my life and I will always be willing to eat
anything
_________________ he cooks for me.
8. nothing
It is sad to see that _________________ has been done in Turkey about the violence against
women although the issue has been raised many times.
9. anything else
In case of a fire, call the fire station before doing _________________ as it may damage all your
property in quite a short time.
10. My mum was not really happy when she saw the prices in the menu of the restaurant I took her, and
somewhere
she asked me if we could find _________________ cheaper.

Exercise 9

Fill in the blanks with indefinite pronouns.

1. According to the weather forecast, it is going to get colder in a few days and I really regret not
something
bringing _________________ thicker to wear.
2. anyone
I am the leader of this group and thus; if _________________ from this group gets lost during the
trip, they should call me immediately for help.
3. nowhere else
There is _________________ in the world where one can feel the security and happiness of being
at home.
4. anyone
When we moved to İstanbul, I knew hardly _________________ in the whole city and it was really
difficult for me to get adapted.
5. anywhere else
After the New Year Party ended, none of the guests wanted to go _________________ to dance.
6. anyone
Not having _________________ to talk to in a foreign country, Julia suffered from depression for a
long time until she eventually met a friendly girl.
7. everywhere
If you look closely, it is possible to see the traces of the great Ottoman Empire _________________
in this historical city.
8. Anybody
_________________ can be successful in such an easy maths test, so I find it nonsense that Bill
boasts so much about it.
9. Nothing else
_________________ in life is as important as having good friends to support you whenever you
need them.
someone else
10. I haven’t seen your keys anywhere in the house, _________________ must have taken them.

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 PRONOUNS
Exercise 10
Choose the correct option.
1. By definition, a true friend is ---- whom 6. ---- was a difficult time for me when I first
you never forget although you meet came to İstanbul and knew ---- at school.
billions of ---- people.
A) That / another one
A) the one / their B) It / no one
B) no one / other C) It / each other
C) anyone / your D) This / anyone
D) someone / other E) Those / one another
E) somebody / others

2. I have been looking for my bracelet ---- in 7. ---- has said ---- about the injured cyclist; I
the house for two days, but it is ---- to be hope that he survives and is not disabled.
found.
A) Nobody / anything
A) somewhere / anywhere B) Anybody / nothing
B) anywhere / everywhere C) Someone / something
C) everywhere / nowhere D) Everyone / everything
D) nowhere / somewhere E) No one / nothing
E) everywhere / anywhere

3. Except for you and me, ---- knows about 8. The sky is as blue as sapphires; there
the accident, so we need to keep ---- as a isn’t a cloud to be seen ----, and according
secret. to the weather report, everything is going
to stay that way for long.
A) anyone / this
B) no one / it A) nowhere
C) nobody / its B) everywhere
D) someone / that C) nowhere else
E) everyone / it D) anywhere
E) somewhere else

4. My sister, Emma, does not want to believe 9. An apple orchard was located ---- near the
that there is ---- more beautiful than ---- in forest that surrounded the castle and its
the world. grounds.

A) somebody / she B) nobody / her A) somewhere B) anywhere

C) everyone / her D) anyone / hers C) something D) everywhere
E) someone / her E) nowhere

5. Not only ---- using an Apple product were 10. If ---- wants to participate in this project,
sad after Steve Job’s death; in fact, his ---- should contact us to set up interview
passing away affected ---- who knew him times.
in some way.
A) everyone / ourselves
A) that / anyone B) anyone / they
B) these / no one C) nobody / them
C) those / everyone D) somebody / theirs
D) the ones / somebody E) everybody / our
E) they / everybody

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PRONOUNS

KONUYLA İLGİLİ ÖNEMLİ AYRINTILAR

1 ‘This, that, these’ ve ‘those’ sözcükleri sıfat veya zamir olarak kullanılabilirler.

The head of the department said he didn’t want this mistake / this to be repeated.
“We have got enough cookies at home, darling. Please put those cookies / those back to the
shelf. ” said the mother to the little kid.
These days, it is not easy to find a job because of the global economic crisis.
A new medical centre has been opened to treat those who suffer from headaches.
My mother bought me a pullover but that wasn’t the one I wanted.
I lived in New Delphi for five years when I was young but it was really hard to get by in that city.
Of the two computers, this is absolutely better and reasonably priced.

2 Tekil veya çoğul bir ismi tekrarlamamak için ‘that’ ve ‘those’ zamirleri kullanılabilir.

The population of İstanbul is much higher than that of Ankara.

(Ankara’nınki)
The people in my class are more hardworking than those in yours.
(seninkindekiler)
Though there is no direct information about Saturn’s internal structure, it is thought that its
interior is similar to that of Jupiter.
One of the difficulties with diagnosing carbon monoxide poisoning is that many of its symptoms
are similar to those of other conditions.

Exercise 11
Fill in the blanks with that, those, this, these, that of or those of.

1. While looking for my dancing shoes the other day, I realized that mine were really old and I
those of
exchanged them with _________________ my sister’s.
2. My grandparents miss _________________those days when they were living quietly and peacefully with
all their relatives in a little village.
3. that
My father bought me a bike as he had promised before, but _________________ wasn’t the one I
was hoping for.
4. Those
_________________ who suffer from headaches must be careful about the drugs they use as some
are known to trigger other diseases if not used properly.
5. Even if he doesn’t have a university degree, his salary as a bus driver is much higher than
that of
_________________ a teacher.
6. this
Of the two roads we may take to reach the city, _________________ seems shorter and less
crowded to me.
7. that of
My hair colour is nearly the same as _________________ my cousin’s; that’s why some people
think that we are sisters.
8. These
_________________ days, it is really hard to find long-lasting friendships and you must always be
careful about whom you are hanging out with.

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 PRONOUNS
3 ‘Of’dan sonra nesne zamirleri kullanılır.
Most of the candidates lacked the required qualifications. Only a few of them qualify for the job.
(onların birkaçı)
As only two of us managed to submit the assignment in time, the professor gave us another
week. (ikimiz)
The gang leader was not willing to share the money they stole. He wanted all of it. (hepsini)
As John didn’t come to work today due to his illness, one of us had to work until late to finish
the reports the boss had wanted him to prepare.
The police officers interrogated three people in connection with the crime and they concluded
that one of them had lied.
All of us spent the night in a little cottage in the forest far away from the city centre.

4 Belirli bir kelime sırası gerektiren ‘double possessive’ yapısında ‘possessive pronoun’ veya iyelik bildiren
‘-s’ eki almış bir isim kullanılır.
One of my friends (arkadaşlarımdan biri)
A friend of mine (bir arkadaşım)
One of my sister’s friends (kız kardeşimin arkadaşlarından birisi)
A friend of my sister’s (kız kardeşimin bir arkadaşı)
Two of her relatives = Two relatives of hers
Two of her husband’s relatives = Two relatives of her husband’s
One of our colleagues = A colleague of ours
One of our teacher’s colleagues = A colleague of our teacher’s
One of his brothers = a brother of his
A neighbour of ours is going to visit us tonight.
A friend of hers helped her with her homework.
A colleague of ours was fired from work due to his irresponsible behaviours and we think he
really deserved it.
Two novels of my father’s / his have been published so far and one more will have been
published by the end of this year.

Exercise 12
Fill in the blanks with object pronouns, possessive adjectives or possessive pronouns.

1. hers
Jane sadly told me yesterday that a colleague of _________________ was promoted to be the
general manager without really deserving it.
2. his
Quentin Tarantino has proved himself as a director; and two new movies of _________________ will
be released in 2020.
3. them
The doctor gave me two different pills for my headache; I will take one of _________________ in the
morning and the other one in the evening.
4. We looked at each other in horror on hearing the sound downstairs but we knew that one of
us
_________________ had to go and check it.
5. mine
A friend of _________________ will go through a difficult surgery this weekend; so I will be in the
hospital to support her family.
6. me
If you give _________________ mine
what you have in your hand, I will give you _________________.

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 REVISION 2
Fill in the blanks with a suitable pronoun.

1. anybody
If _________________ wants a ticket for the concert, they can get it from my office.
2. another
Don’t worry, I’m not leaving. I’ve decided to stay for _________________ two weeks.
3. us
The respiratory system enables _________________ to breathe and take oxygen into blood.
4. those
I don’t think I can carry all _______________ boxes, tools, and furniture by myself, I will need some
help.
5. They gave Allen a larger room in the office as he got promoted last week, but
that
___________________ wasn’t the one he wanted.
6. These
___________________ days, everybody wants to live a healthier lifestyle, but actually doing so can
be a challenge.
7. one after another
A man walked into the bay where we were fishing, and began catching fish ___________________
with a bamboo rod.
8. another
We needed ___________________ extra plate for the table as an unexpected guest arrived during
the dinner party.
9. the other
Of the two rooms they showed us, we decided to choose the first one since ___________________
was too small for us to stay.
every other
10. You should at least walk ___________________ day if you can’t find the time to exercise during the
week so often.

REVISION 3
Choose the correct option.

1. Dogs make better pets than cats because 3. One way to fight off boredom is to
they understand and obey their masters, alternate one subject with ---- when you
but cats like to live ---- own life. study.

A) them B) their A) another B) one another

2. Since I’m working as an assistant of the

manager, it was ---- business but mine to 4. Sea temperatures increase more slowly
let the general director know about the than ---- on land because of the larger
situation. effective heat capacity.

A) nobody’s B) anybody’s A) that B) those

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PRONOUNS

17. ---- could happen at the meeting; that’s 19. These yellow apples aren’t very good, but I
why, I don’t want ---- to have expectations think you’ll find the red ---- rather sweet.
about next year’s plan.
A) one’s B) ones
A) Something / nobody
B) Anything / anybody

18. I read in yesterday’s paper that a boy has 20. If you had walked through the streets of
stolen a watch and sold ----, and that the Chicago at night, ---- might have killed you
police looked for him ----, but couldn’t find only in order to get your money.
him.
A) someone B) anybody’s
A) it / everywhere B) its / somewhere

REVISION 4
Choose the correct option(s). More than one answer may be correct.

1. Although I’ve invited lots of people, I suppose ---- will join as it has been two hours since the
party started.

anybody everybody nobody somebody

2. Sometimes I can’t say exactly what I mean. I wish I could express ---- better.

me myself mine my

3. Having been his own boss for a long time, he found it hard to accept orders from ---- person.

another others the others one another

4. I have been living ---- for the last two months and I have to admit it’s not bad at all, as I don’t
have to deal with others’ problems.

by myself of my own myself on my own

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 7. The steps and movements of the folk dances,
TEST 3
1. - 25. sorularda, verilen cümlede boş
have been passed on from one dancer to ----
bırakılan yerlere uygun düşen sözcük ya da
over the years.
ifadeyi bulunuz.
A) another B) the other
C) every other D) the others
1. When a student is being rude, it’s the
E) other
teacher’s responsibility and ---- his
colleagues to fix everything constructively.

A) others B) that of 8. Lords, ladies, and knights were called nobles

C) these D) other and they had a higher status in feudal society
E) that than ---- the peasants.

A) those B) this
C) that of D) that
E) these
2. It seems that ---- we eat these days needs to
be washed properly lest the pesticides might
cause ---- to become ill.
9. If ---- thinks of being a secret agent, ---- must
A) anything / her B) nothing / one’s have the courage to dice with death.
C) something / you D) nothing / ones
A) somebody / it
E) everything / us
B) anybody / they
w w w. d i l k o y a y i n c i l i k . c o m
C) something / he
D) everybody / them
E) anyone / she
3. When ---- company went bankrupt, ---- had
to hand over all of the rights to save an
amount of money to pay off the debts.
10. Competent teachers are ---- equipped with a
A) our / we B) we / it number of teaching styles which help them
C) ours / us D) they / its create a perfect learning environment.
E) their / us
A) those B) this
PRONOUNS

C) them D) their
E) that
4. If ---- wants to get a scholarship, ---- has to
11. Dealing with a child’s education in the
get high marks from the tests given.
early years of his life is ---- but the parents’
A) she / one B) the one / she responsibility.
C) one / one D) he / the one
A) anybody B) everybody
E) one’s / she
C) somebody D) nothing else
E) nobody’s

12. The only people affected by the repression in

5. As I felt distressed, I was ready to go ----
Germany are the Germans, who are given no
right away that could make me feel safe.
chance to defend ----.
A) something B) nowhere else
A) by itself B) them
C) everywhere D) nowhere
C) they D) themselves
E) anywhere
E) their

13. The accountant said that it was ---- who

6. Whenever my sister has to speak in front
caused the budget deficit and therefore ----
of public, ---- face blushes and ---- begins to
was laid off.
stutter.
A) his / his B) his / it
A) my / he B) mine / my
C) himself / himself D) him / he
C) her / she D) her / hers
E) by himself / of his own
E) hers / it

38
 GRAMMAR
STEP BY STEP

LIST OF
IRREGULAR VERBS
LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS

Base Form Past Simple Past Participle Turkish Meaning

abide abode / abided abode / abided kurallara uymak, itaat etmek

arise arose arisen ortaya çıkmak, doğmak

awake awoke awoken uyan(dır)mak

be was / were been olmak

bear bore borne / born taşımak; doğurmak; katlanmak

beat beat beaten yenmek; dövmek; çarpmak (kalp)

become became become … hal(in)e gelmek

begin began begun başlamak

behold beheld beheld farkına varmak, görmek

bend bent bent eğ(il)mek, bük(ül)mek

beseech besought / beseeched besought / beseeched yalvarmak, dilemek

bespeak bespoke bespoken bir şeyin göstergesi olmak

bet bet / betted bet / betted bahse / iddiaya girmek

bid bid / bade bid / bidden fiyat teklif etmek

bind bound bound bağlamak

bite bit bitten ısırmak, dişlemek

bleed bled bled kanamak

blow blew blown üflemek; esmek

break broke broken kırmak

breed bred bred yavrulamak; hayvan yetiştirmek

bring brought brought getirmek

broadcast broadcast broadcast yayın yapmak

build built built inşa etmek

burn burnt / burned burnt / burned yanmak; yakmak

burst burst burst patla(t)mak

buy bought bought satın almak

cast cast cast fırlatmak, atmak; yaymak, saçmak

catch caught caught yakalamak

choose chose chosen seçmek

cling clung clung tutunmak, yapışmak

come came come gelmek

cost cost / costed cost / costed mâl olmak

creep crept crept sürünerek ilerlemek, süzülmek

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 GRAMMAR
STEP BY STEP

ANSWER KEY