Q. 1.

The agents of metamorphism are…

ANS:- Temperature, Pressure (Directed and Non Directed), Chemically Active Fluids (Liquid and Gas), Time. (1)
Q. 2. Cataclastic metamorphism results…
ANS:- in to Crushing of rocks resulting into formation of Breccia, Mylonite and Gouge. (1)
Q. 3. Give examples of Elastic, Brittle, Ductile-Brittle and Ductile deformations in rocks..... (1)
ANS:- Elastic- Passage of Seismic Waves, Brittle- Joint & Fault, Ductile-Brittle- Shear Zone/Rock Cleavage,
Ductile-Folds
Q. 4. Folds with inclined fold axis in one direction are called as Ans:- Plunging Fold (1)
Q. 5. Stylolitic Joints are the result of…
Ans:- “Pressure Dissolution”, mostly found in Calcareous rocks i.e. Limestone, Dolomite, Marble. (1)
Q. 6. Eustacy and Isostacy are related to
Ans:- Eustacy is Global Sea Level Change taking place at the scale of few Million years. Isostasy is vertical up and
down movement of different continental blocks due to density difference over a stratum in the mantle. In both the
cases Ice melting plays an important role. (2)
Q. 7. How can large scale folding and faulting are identified by geological mapping
Ans:- Folding by Repetition of the strata (rocks) and Faulting by Repetition with Omission of Strata (rocks). (2)
Q 8. Relate Plate Boundaries with type of Faults..
Ans:- Normal-Divergent, Reverse-Convergent, Lateral-Translational Plate Boundary. (2)
Q. 9. How to differentiate between Normal, Reverse and Lateral Faults?
Ans:- Normal - Hanging Block goes up with respect to Foot Block, Reverse- Hanging Block goes down with respect
to Foot Block, Lateral- Both blocks remain at same level but dislocation is along the strike of the fault plane. (2)
Q. 10. What are “Unconformities”? Write about their significance.
Ans:- are the surface along which rocks of two different ages with a “Time Gap” elapsed between the them. It is of
different type with different range of time gap i.e. Non-, Angular-, Blended-, Para- and Dis- conformities.
It signifies Palaeo Topographic Surface, have along them Residual Conglomerate and Palaeo-Soil. Sometimes
residual deposits of Diamond/Gemstones and Gold may be found. Across the Unconformity surface rocks may
change altogether hence all other engineering properties. (2)
Q. 11. What are “Joints” ? List “Five” important parameters associated with “Joints”.
Ans:- Joints are actually fractures, inflict discontinuities in rocks hence divide rocks in “Blocks” of different size and
shapes. Important parameters which control the properties of rock mass affecting construction / design of Dams,
Tunnels, Slopes, Mining etc. are Joint Orientation, No of Sets, Persistence, Spacings, Aperture, Roughness, Filling
Material, Water Storage, Permeability in Rocks Block Size & Shape… (3)
Q. 12. Define with examples the Endogenous and Exogenous processes. (3)
Ans:- Endogenous processes are working inside the earth controlled by its Internal Heat resulting in the magma
formation, movement, deformation of rocks, Plate Tectonic Movements, Volcanism Earthquake, Isostasy etc.,
resulting into formation of Ist and IInd Order topography.
Exogenous processes are working on the earth surface controlled by its Solar Heat resulting in the formation of Ice-
Glacier, Rain-River, Air-Wind, Sea-Waves and Ocean-Currents carrying out sculpturing of the earth surface by
Erosion, Transport and Deposition of sediment, resulting into IIIrd order topography.
Q. 12’. Describe Glacier System. What are the Civil Engineering issues with such regions? (3)
Ans:- Accumulation of Ice and its movement on slope forming Glaciers which carry out Erosion, Transport and
Deposition of sediment. It is found on Poles and at high altitudes. The Permafrost regions have lot of issues related to
Heave and Thaw resulting into raising and subsidence of the ground. Passive and Active methods are used to protect
and remove permafrost during construction by Insulation and Excavation/Replacement etc.
Q. 13. Describe Sand Dunes types. How shifting of Sand Dunes can be contained? (4)
Ans:- Accumulation of sand in desert climate of different shape and size are called as dunes. The dunes move in the
direction of the wind and change their movement with change in wind direction. Classified as Barchan, Parabolic,
Transverse, Longitudinal and Star Dunes. Sometimes they may carapace the human endeavors, hence need to be
stopped, dismantled, diverted by Fencing, Trenching, Enhancing, Transposing Oil Mulching, Vegetation Turfing etc.
Q. 13’ Frame a question “YOURSELF”, from IInd Unit only, “NOT ASKED” in this paper and then answer. (4)
Questions on Geomorphology and its Fundamental concepts, River System, Sea and Coastal System was the easiest
to frame, as no question has been asked here.