Ha k¡ k¡ luR

1 z L¢ÇfEV¡l pðå p¡d¡lZ d¡lZ¡ z

2 z q¡XÑJuÉ¡l pðå p¡d¡lZ d¡lZ¡ z
3 z pgVJuÉ¡l pðå p¡¡d¡lZ d¡lZ¡ z
4 z j¡Cœ²¡pgV Ju¡XÑ pðå d¡lZ¡ J a¡l hÉhq¡l z
5 z j¡Cœ²¡pgV f¡Ju¡l fu¾V pðå d¡lZ¡ J a¡l hÉhq¡l z
6 z j¡Cœ²¡pgV H„m pðå d¡lZ¡ J a¡l hÉhq¡l z
7 z ®eVJu¡LÑ pÇfLÑ p¡d¡lZ d¡lZ¡ z
8 z L¢ÇfEV¡l pÇf¢LÑa AeÉ¡eÉ ¢hou pj§q ®kje-i¡Cl¡p pÇfLÑ A¡m¡Qe¡, CwlS£ në ®bL fÊ
¢ahZÑ£L«a në J pj¢øpj§q z
9 z ECä¡S 7 Ceømne z
10 z A¢gp Ceømne z

1
Computer Hl C¢aq¡p h¡ Evf¢š
Computer Hl A¡¢hú¡l A¡l Hl EeÀuel ¢fRe luR j¡e¤ol na hRll Nhoe¡ z ®N¡e¡-…e¢al T¡-
jm¡ Hs¡e¡l SeÉ fÊ¡Q£eL¡m A¡¢hú«a qu AÉ¡h¡L¡p (Abacus- a wooden frame with balls strung on
parallel wires ) e¡jl HL¢V Nee¡k¿» z HV¡C qm¡ fÊbj ¢X¢SV¡m h¡ AwL ¢i¢šL Nee¡k¿» z
Computer Hl SeÈÙÛ¡e ®hm mÉ¡hlVl£ A¡l SeÈc¡a¡ Q¡mÑp hÉ¡hS e¡jL HLSe hª¢Vn
¢h‘¡e£ z Q¡mÑp hÉ¡hS 1812 p¡m hÉ¡hS mN¡¢lcj ¢qp¡hpq N¡¢e¢aL ¢qp¡hl SeÉ ¢Xg¡l¾p
C¢”e Hhw 1833 p¡m AÉ¡e¡¢m¢VLÉ¡m C¢”e Eá¡he Lle z
1896 p¡m fÊ¢a¢ùa qu ¢hMÉ¡a Computer ®L¡Çf¡e£ IBM z 1937 p¡m j¡LÑ-1 e¡j HL¢V
Computer A¡¢hú«a qu z Computer ¢V 51 g¤V mð¡ , 8 g¤V EyQ ¥ J JSe 5 Ve z k¿»¡wn pw k¡-
Nl SeÉ fÊu¡Se qa 500 j¡Cm mð¡ a¡l zk¿»¢V Q¡m¤ ¢Rm j¡œ fel hRl z ah HMeJ fÊbj
Computer ¢qph pwl¢ra A¡R q¡iÑ¡X ¢hnÄ¢hcÉ¡mu z

What is Computer?
L¢ÇfEV¡l HL¢V CmLVÊ¢e„ ¢Xi¡Cp k¡ X¡V¡ h¡ Ef¡aÄL fËpp Ll abÉ f¢lea Llz AeÉ Lb¡u
L¢ÇfEV¡l Ef¡š NËqZ Ll,¢ecÑn Ae¤p¡l H¢lbj¢VL J m¢SLÉ¡m Af¡lnel j¡dÉj fËpp Ll Hhw abÉ
h¡ Cegljne ¢qp¡h fËL¡n Llz A¡¢id¡¢eL AbÑ Computer HL¢V ¢qp¡hL¡l£ h¡ Nee¡L¡l£ k¿» zk¢cJ
¢qp¡hL p¡je ®lMC Computer Hl k¡œ¡ öl¦ ab¡¢f A¡d¤¢eL Computer ®L öd¤ ¢qp¡hL¡l£ k¿»
¢qp¡h NZÉ Ll¡ ¢WL qh e¡ z L¡le A¡SLl Computer ¢qp¡h R¡s¡J ¢h¢ieÀ L¡S hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu b¡L z
®kje x Nhoe¡ , ¢Q¢Lvp¡ , ¢nr¡ , ¢ejÑ¡Z L¡S , A¢gp hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡ , p¡j¢lL CaÉ¡¢c A¡lJ AeL L¡-
S hÉhq¡l qu b¡L
 X¡V¡/¢ecÑn NËqZ >> fË¢œ²u¡LlZ >>abÉ fËc¡ez Cq¡L A¡jl¡ Cef¤V >> fËpp >>
A¡EVf¤V p¡CLm hma f¡¢l

X¡V¡ ¢L? X¡V¡ qµR ®L¡e ¢LR¤ pÇfLÑ hZÑe¡ Abh¡ p¡wL¢aL EfÙÛ¡fe¡, ®kje-L¡e hÉ¢š²l
e¡j,hup,SeÈ a¡¢lM CaÉ¡¢cz
abÉ ¢L? X¡V¡L ¢ecÑn ®j¡a¡hL fË¢œ²u¡LlZ ®no ®k gm fËL¡n f¡u a¡q¡C abÉz kje ®L¡e
R¡œ k¢c fl£r¡u phÑj¡V 300 eðl f¡u ah ®p fËbj ®nËe£a f¡p Llhz HM¡e 300 eðl q-
µR X¡V¡ Hhw fËbj ®nËZ£ qµR abÉz

Computer ¢Li¡h L¡S Ll ?

Computer L¡S Ll j§max Q¡l¢V d¡f zd¡f…m¡ qm¡x Input(pwNÊq), Storage(pwlre), Process
(fÊpp h¡ fÊ¢œ²u¡S¡a) J Output(A¡EVf¤V h¡ gm¡gm )z

Computer L¡S Ll ¢Li¡h ¢ejÀ HL¢V RL Hl j¡dÉj ®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

Processing

Input Output

Storage

2
Generation of Computers (L¢ÇfEV¡ll ¢h¢ieÀ fÊSeÈ )
fÊbj fÊSeÈ x1946 p¡m ®bL 1957 p¡m fkÑ¿¹
¢àa£u fÊSeÈ x 1958 p¡m ®bL 1965 p¡m fkÑ¿¹
a«a£u fÊSeÈ x 1966 p¡m ®bL 1971 p¡m fkÑ¿¹
Qa¤bÑ fÊSeÈ x 1972 p¡m ®bL haÑj¡e fkÑ¿¹
f’j fÊSeÈ x haÑj¡e qa i¢hoÉv
Computer Hl fÊL¡lic x
L¡Sl dle fËL«¢al Efl ¢i¢š Ll Computer L ¢ae i¡N i¡N Ll¡ quR z ®kje x
1 z HÉ¡e¡mN L¢ÇfEV¡l (Analog Computer)
2 z ¢X¢SV¡m L¢ÇfEV¡l (Digital Computer)
3 z q¡C¢hÊX h¡ ¢jnÊ fÜ¢al L¢ÇfEV¡l( Hybrid Computer )
¢ejÀ ¢Qœl j¡dÉj Computer fÊL¡l®ic ®cJu¡ qm x
Computer

Analog Digital Hybrid

Super Mainframe Mini Micro

Desktop Laptop Notebook

A¡L¡l , A¡uae , A¡L«¢a Hhw rja¡l Efl ¢i¢š Ll ®nÊe£¢hi¡N x

A¡L¡l , A¡uae J A¡L«¢a Hhw rja¡l ¢i¢ša ¢X¢SV¡m L¢ÇfEV¡lL Q¡l¢V ®nÊe£a i¡N Ll¡ q-
uRz kb¡x
1 z p¤f¡l L¢ÇfEV¡l
2 z ®jCeéj L¢ÇfEV¡l
3 z ¢j¢e- L¢ÇfEV¡l
4 z j¡Cœ²¡-L¢ÇfEV¡l h¡ f¡pÑ¡e¡m L¢ÇfEV¡l

L¡Sl dle, fËL«¢a J fËk¤¢š²l Efl ¢i¢š Ll ®nÊe£¢hi¡N x

L¡Sl dle, fËL«¢a J fËk¤¢š²l Efl ¢i¢š Ll Computer L ¢ae i¡N i¡N Ll¡ quR z ®kje x

1 z HÉ¡e¡mN L¢ÇfEV¡l (Analog Computer)

2 z ¢X¢SV¡m L¢ÇfEV¡l (Digital Computer)
3 z q¡C¢hÊX h¡ ¢jnÊ fÜ¢al L¢ÇfEV¡l (Hybrid Computer)

3
j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡lL Bh¡l ¢h¢iæ i¡N i¡N Ll¡ quR z ®kje x
j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡ll fËL¡lic (Types of Micro Computers) x
j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡lL ¢p¢fCE Hl p¡CSl Efl Hhw hªqv J r¥â LÇf¡e¾Vl Efl ¢i¢š Ll ¢h¢iæ i¡N i¡N
Ll¡ quR z ®kje x

1z e¡Vh¤L j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l x HC j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l Hl BL«¢a Ae¤n£me

®e¡Vh¤Ll BL«¢a Hl ja¡ ®R¡V dlel z k¡q¡l gm H¢V q¡a hqe Ll¡ k¡u z

2z mÉ¡fVf j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l x HC j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l¢V HL¢V p¤¢hd¡SeL p¡CSl

®~al£ k¡q¡ ®L¡ml jdÉ ®lM pqS hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡u z H¢V ®e¡Vh¤L L¢ÇfEV¡ll a¥me¡u
¢LR¤V¡ hs z HC L¢ÇfEV¡l¢VL ®kL¡e ÙÛ¡e, ®kL¡e pju M¤h pqS hÉhq¡l J hqe Ll¡ k¡u hm H
¢V AaÉ¿¹ Se¢fËu z ah EµQ fËk¤¢š² Hhw ¢LR¤V¡ ®R¡V p¡CSl SeÉ a¥me¡j¤mL AeÉ¡eÉ
j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡ll ®Qu HLV¥ hÉuhým z

3z XLpVf j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l x HC L¢ÇfEV¡ll BL«¢a AeÉ¡eÉ j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡ll

a¥me¡u hs k¡q¡ V¢hm Hl Efl hÉhq¡l ®k¡NÉ Hhw Hl k¿»¡wn pj¤q A¡m¡c¡ Ll¡ k¡u J fËu¡Se
Ae¤k¡u£ f¢lhaÑe h¡ k¿»¡wnl pwk¡Se-¢hu¡Se Ll¡ k¡u z Hl j¢eVl, ¢p¢fCE, j¡Ep J ¢L-®h¡XÑ
HL HL¢V Bm¡c¡ Bm¡c¡ ¢Xi¡CS k¡q¡ LÉ¡hm h¡ ¢h¢iæ fÜ¢aa HL Afll p¡b pwk¤š² b¡L z H¢V
mÉ¡fVfl a¥me¡u p¡d¡lZa Lj j¤mÉl qu b¡L z

4z ¢j¢eV¡Ju¡l j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l x HC ¢pØVjl L¢ÇfEV¡l pÇfÊ¢a j¢Xg¡C Ll¡ quR

k¡q¡l ¢pØVj CE¢eV¢V j¢eVll f¡n ®L¡e ØVÉ¡ä Hl p¡b p¤¢hd¡SeL ÙÛ¡e h¡ ¢eSü ÙÛ¡e
l¡M¡ k¡u Abh¡ ®V¢hm j¢eVll ¢eQ ®p¡ue¡ AhÙÛ¡u b¡La f¡l z H¢VJ Ae¤l¦f ®XpLVf L
¢ÇfEV¡ll ja¡C Bm¡c¡ Bm¡c¡ k¿»¡wn pj¤q HL Afll p¡b LÉ¡hml p¡q¡kÉ pwk¤š² b¡L z

5z g¥m V¡Ju¡l j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l x HC ¢pØVjl L¢ÇfEV¡l AaÉ¡¿¹ pÇfÊ¢a j¢Xg¡C

Ll¡ quR k¡q¡ fË¡u Ae¤l¦f ¢j¢eV¡Ju¡l j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡ll ja¡ z ¢j¢eV¡Ju¡l j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l qa
öd¤ j¡œ f¡bÑLÉ qm¡ Hl ¢hV ®lCV ®h¢n Hhw NWeNa BL«¢aJ ¢j¢eV¡Ju¡l j¡Cœ²¡ L¢ÇfEV¡ll
a¥me¡u hs z

Computer Hl °h¢nøÉ x
Computer HL¢V CmLVÊ¢eL k¿» z AbÑ¡v ¢hc¤Éal p¡q¡kÉ Qm zCmLVÊ¢eL A¡l¡ AeL
k¿» A¡Rz ¢L¿¹¤ Computer Hl ¢LR¤ ¢LR¤ °h¢nùÉ A¡R k¡ AeÉ¡eÉ CmLVÊ¢eL k¿» ®bL
A¡m¡c¡ Computer Hl EõMk¡NÉ cn¢V °h¢nøÉ ¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ qm¡ x
1 z c¤ÊaN¢a (High Speed)
2 z ¢ei§Ñma¡ (Correctness)
3 z p§ra¡ (Accuracy)
4 z ¢hnÄ¡pk¡NÉa¡ (Reliability
5 z LÓ¡¢¿¹q£ea¡ (Diligence)
6 z üª¢an¢š² (Memory)
7 z üuw¢œ²ua¡ (Automation)
8 z k¤¢š²pwNa ¢pÜ¡¿¹ (Logical Decision)
9 z hýj§¢Ma¡ (Versatility
10 z Ap£j S£he£n¢š² (Endless Life)

4
5
Computer Hl Input Device:
Input Device Hje HL¢V Device k¡l j¡dÉj hÉhq¡lL¡l£ a¡l abÉpj§qL Computer H fÊhn Ll¡e¡l
p¤k¡N f¡u zComputer Hl p¡b hÉhq¡lL¡l£l HC ®k¡N¡k¡NL hm¡ qu Man – to – Machine Interface.
Computer Hl ¢h¢ieÀ dlel Input Device A¡R ®kje x Keyboard, Mouse, Pen Drive, Scanner, Digital
Camera, Microphone CaÉ¡¢c z

USB Keyboard

PS/2 Mouse

Pen Drive
USB Mouse Wirless Mouse

Digital Camera Scanner CD/DVD Rom

6
Computer Hl Output Device:
Output Device Hl j¡dÉj HLSe hÉhq¡lL¡l£ a¡l pjÙ¹ abÉ Computer ®bL ®fu b¡L z Computer
Hl p¡b hÉhq¡lL¡l£l HC Communication h¡ ®k¡N¡k¡NL hm¡ qu Machine – to – Man Interface .
Computer Hl ¢h¢ieÀ dlel Output Device A¡R ¢ejÀ LuL¢Vl e¡j ®cJu¡ qm¡ x

Monitor Printer

Speaker

7
Computer Memoryx
CwlS£ Memory nël AbÑ qm¡ üª¢a h¡ üª¢an¢š² z Computer Hl Memory qm¡ üª¢a lrZl
ÙÛ¡e k¡ Computer H üª¢a n¢š² ¢qph L¡S Ll Hje EfLle z HC AbÑ CD ROM , HDD , DVD CaÉ¡¢c
ph¢LR¤C Memory z Computer ¢h‘¡e£l¡ Memory HC pwN¡ ®je ¢euJ CD ROM , HDD , DVD
CaÉ¡¢cL abÉ pwlrZl ÙÛ¡e ¢qp¡h ¢hhQe¡ Ll b¡Le z fr¡¿¹l ¢h‘¡e£l¡ RAM ®LC Memory ¢qph
A¡m¡Qe¡C a¤m A¡ee zComputer Hl EfLlZ p¡jNÊ£ °al£L¡lL fÊ¢aù¡e…m¡ fÊu¡Se p¡fr RAM ®L
¢ppVj ®jj¡l£ h¡ öd¤ RAM ¢qph ¢hh¢Qa Ll b¡Le z

Memory Unit Hl fÊL¡licx

Computer Memory p¡d¡lZa c¤C fÊL¡l x
1 z Primary Memory (RAM, ROM)
2 z Secondary Memory (HDD, FDD, CD, DVD)

Primary Memory:
RAM (Random Access Memory)x RAM qm¡ HL¢V AÙÛ¡u£ Memory ¢qp¡h hÉ¡hq¡l
Ll¡ k¡u Hje q¡XÑJuÉ¡l p¡jNÊ£ z HC üª¢a AÙÛ¡u£, a¡l L¡lZ qm¡ - L¢ÇfEV¡ll RAM H ®k üª¢a
l¢ra qu , a¡ Computer hå Llm Qm k¡u z ¢ejÀl ¢Qœ¢V mrÉ Ll¦e...

¢Qœ x RAM
ROM(Read Only Memory)x Computer Hl Memory Awn Computer ®L fÊ¡b¢jL i¡h f
¢lQ¡me¡ pwœ²¡¿¹ abÉ¡hm£ Hhw ®L¡X ¢m¢fhÜ b¡L z H¢V HL¢V ÙÛ¡u£ Memory h¡ üª¢a
zComputer H ¢hc¤Év plhl¡q hå Ll ¢cmJ HC Memory ®a l¢ra abÉ¡hm£ j¤R k¡u e¡ zHC ®jj¡¢l-
a ¢LR¤ ®j±¢mL h¡ A¢afËu¡Se£u Øq¡u£ ¢ecÑn b¡L, k¡q¡ HL¢V L¢ÇfEV¡l p¤CQ Ae Ll¡l
SeÉ hÉhq©a quz L¢ÇfEV¡l ®~al£l pju gÉ¡ƒ¡¢l ®bL ROM H Hph Øq¡u£ Hhw Af¢lhaÑe£u
¢ecÑn¡hm£ p¢æh¢na Ll ®cJu¡ quz¢ejÀ ROM Hl ¢Qœ ®cJu¡ qm¡ x

¢Qœ x ROM

8
BIOS ¢L?
Basic Input Output System h¡ BIOS qµR HL dlel Chip or Hardware ®kM¡e ¢LR¤ Special Instruction
h¡ Program Load Ll¡ b¡L z L¡e Hardware Hl jdÉ k¢c Software h¡ Program built-in b¡L ah a¡L ®L¡e
Frimware hm z HC SeÉ BIOS ®L AeL pju Frimware J hm¡ qu z

System Unit (¢pøj CE¢eV)x

System Unit HL¢V h¡„ h¡ ®M¡mp z Hl jdÉ f¡Ju¡l p¡fÔ¡C CE¢eV J L¢ÇfEV¡ll pLm …
l¦aÆf§ZÑ fÊu¡Se£u k¿»¡wn p¢‹a b¡L z ¢ejÀ ¢Qœl p¡q¡kÉ ®cM¡e¡ qm¡x

¢Qœ x ¢ppVj CE¢eV

HL¢V ¢ppVj CE¢eVl ¢ial p¡d¡lea ¢ejÀl Hardware …m¡ ¢hcÉj¡e b¡L x
1 z Mother Board
2 z HDD (Hard Disk Drive)
3 z FDD (Floppy Disk Drive)
4 z Video Card h¡ VGA Card
5 z Sound Card
6 z Power Supply Unit
7 z CD / DVD ROM
8 z RAM
9 z Processor

9
¢ejÀ ¢ppVj CE¢eVl ¢h¢ieÀ ®f¡VÑ ¢Qœl p¡q¡kÉ ®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

¢Qœ x ¢ppVj CE¢eVl ¢fRel ¢cL

Processore ¢L?
pjÙ¹ Personal Computer HL¢V ¢hno Electronic Circuit Hl Efl ¢i¢š Ll L¡S b¡L k¡L
Microprocessore h¡ Processore hm z Microprocessore HL¢V Large Scale Integrated Circuit (IC)
¢hno z fÊaL¢V Microprocessore H ¢hno dlel Built-in Memory A¡R k¡L Resister hm ®kM¡e
Microprocessore a¡l pjÙ¹ Data Manipulation Hhw Calculation pÇfeÀ Ll z ®kje - c¤C¢V
pwMÉ¡L ®k¡N Ll¡l SeÉ fÊbj Number ¢V Resister H Sj¡ qu a¡l fl ¢àa£u pwMÉ¡¢V a¡l p¡b
®k¡N qu zHC Resister …¢m ¢hieÀ bit Hl qu b¡L ®kje - 16bit , 32bit , 64bit Hhw HC bit
pwMÉ¡l Efl ¢i¢š Ll ¢h¢ieÀ Processore Hl Performance ¢edÑ¡le Ll¡ qu z ¢ejÀ ¢h¢ieÀ dlel
Processore Hl ¢Qœ ®cJu¡ qm x

Pentium MMX Intel Pentium AMD K6 AMD K5 IBM/Cyrix M Intel Celeron Intel Core 2 Duo Intel 2 Quad

10
Computer Hardware & Software

L¢ÇfEV¡l HL¢V S¢Vm CmL¢VËL J CmLVË¢eL k¿»,k¡ CES¡ll ®cJu¡ A¡cnœ²j HL¢V ¢e
¢cÑø L¡kÑÉ pÇf¡ce Llz L¢ÇfEV¡ll k¡¢¿»L AwnL q¡XÑJuÉ¡l hm Hhw A¡cnL pgÚVJuÉ¡l hmz
q¡XÑJuÉ¡l qµR I pjÙ¹ k¿»¡wn k¡ pgÚVJuÉ¡l à¡l¡ ¢eu¢¿»az A¡l pgÚVJuÉ¡l qµR HL …µR C-
mLVË¢eL ¢ecÑn k¡ L¢ÇfEV¡ll Cef¤V,fËp¢pw J CEVf¤VL ¢eu¿»e Llz q¡XÑJuÉ¡l qµR j¡e¤ol
nl£ll ja¡ A¡l pgÚVJuË¡l qµR A¡aÄ¡l ja¡z A¡aÄ¡ R¡s¡ ®kje nl£ll ®L¡e j§mÉ e¡C ®aj¢e
pgÚVJuÉ¡l hÉ¢aa L¢ÇfEV¡l f¢laÉš² ®m¡q¡ m‚l R¡s¡ ¢LR¤C euzL¢ÇfEV¡lL ®k j¡dÉjl à¡l¡ ¢e-
cÑn ®cJu¡ qu a¡L Cef¤V ¢Xi¡Cp hm,kje- L£ ®h¡XÑ,j¡Ep CaÉ¡¢cz A¡l ®k j¡dÉjl à¡l¡ L
¢ÇfEV¡l a¡l gm¡gm fËcnÑe Ll a¡L A¡EVf¤V hm,kje- j¢eVl,¢f˾V¡l CaÉ¡¢czA¡l ®k pjÙ¹
k¿»¡wn pjÙ¹ abÉ J Ef¡š Sj¡ Ll l¡M flhaÑ£ pju fËcnÑel SeÉ, a¡L ®ø¡lS ¢Xi¡Cp hm, ®kje-
q¡XÑ¢Xú,¢p¢Xlj,fe XË¡Ci CaÉ¡¢cz HC pjÙ¹ q¡XÑJuÉ¡l ®L flØfll p¡b pwk¡N, pjeÄu p¡del
c¡¢uaÄ k¡l, a¡l e¡j j¡c¡lh¡XÑz A¡jl¡ h¡¢ql ®bL Cq¡L ®cMa e¡ ®fmJ Cq¡l …l¦aÄ Af¢lp£j-
¢el¡fš¡l M¡¢al Cq¡L ®L¢pwul ¢ial pwlrZ Ll¡ quz

¢ejÀl ¢Qœ Computer Hl ¢h¢ieÀ Hardware pj§q ®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

¢Qœ x Computer Hardware

11
f¡Ju¡l p¡fÔ¡C CE¢eV x
L¢ÇfEV¡ll ®k Awn¢V L¢ÇfEV¡ll pjÙ¹ Awn ¢hc¤Év fËh¡q Q¡¢ma Ll Hl ¢h¢iæ
k¿»¡wnL pQm Lla pq¡ua¡ Ll ®p¢VL f¡Ju¡l p¡fÔ¡C CE¢eV hm z L¢ÇfEV¡l f¢lQ¡me¡u ¢hc¤Év
fËh¡ql Alternating Current (AC), Direct Current (DC) AhÙÛ¡u l¦f¡¿¹l Ll L¢ÇfEV¡ll L¡kÑ
¢œ²u¡ pÇf¡¢ca qu b¡L z ah Ešl BjhlL¡u 120 ®i¡ÒV Alternating Current (AC) Hl j¡dÉj L¢ÇfEV¡l
hÉhÙÛ¡ f¢lQ¡¢ma qu z CEl¡f ¢Lwh¡ Bj¡cl ®cn k¡l j¡œ¡ 220-240 ®i¡ÒV z ah ¢hc¤Év
hÉhÙÛ¡ plhl¡ql ¢e¢jš hÉhq©a f¡Ju¡l p¡fÔ¡C CE¢eV hÉhq©a ¢h¢iæ k¿»¡wn ¢iæ ¢iæ ®i¡-
ÒVSl ¢hc¤Év fËh¡q Q¡¢ma qu b¡L z ®kjex ¢h¢iæ ¢QfpÚ pj¤q 3.3 ®bL 5 ®i¡ÒV ¢hc¤Év
fËh¡q Q¡¢ma qu z ah ®j¡Vl h¡ XÊ¡Ci f¢lQ¡me¡l SeÉ ¢hc§Év fËh¡ql j¡œ¡ 12 ®i¡ÒV z ah
ea¥e dlel XÊ¡Ci…m¡ -5 ®i¡ÒV f¢lQ¡¢ma qu z ¢ejÀ HL¢V f¡Ju¡l p¡fÔ¡C Hl ej¤e¡ ¢Qœ
®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

Power Supplies contain dangerous voltages and should only be opened by experienced and qualified
engineers, there are no user servicable parts inside.

Always disconnect the PSU from the mains supply before removing the cover of the PC.

What is a power supply and what does it do?

The power supply unit (PSU) in a PC regulates and delivers the power to the components in the case.
Standard power supplies turn the incoming 110V or 220V AC
(Alternating Current) into various DC (Direct Current) voltages
suitable for powering the computer's components.

Power supplies are quoted as having a certain power output specified

in Watts, a standard power supply would typically be able to deliver
around 350 Watts.

The more components (hard drives, CD/DVD drives, tape drives, ventilation fans, etc) you have in your PC
the greater the power required from the power supply.

By using a PSU that delivers more power than required means it won't be running at full capacity, which can
prolong life by reducing heat damage to the PSU's internal components during long periods of use.

Always replace a power supply with an equivalent or superior power output (Wattage).

There are 3 types of power supply in common use:

 AT Power Supply - still in use in older PCs.

12
  ATX Power Supply - commonly in use today.
 ATX-2 Power Supply - recently new standard.
The voltages produced by AT/ATX/ATX-2 power supplies are:
 +3.3 Volts DC (ATX/ATX-2)
 +5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
 -5 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
 +5 Volts DC Standby (ATX/ATX-2)
 +12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)
 -12 Volts DC (AT/ATX/ATX-2)

A power supply can be easily changed and are generally not expensive, so if one fails (which is far from
uncommon) then replacement is usually the most economic solution.

© Copyright 2001-2011 helpwithpcs.com

The power supply connectors

http://www.helpwithpcs.com/courses/power-supply-basics-inc-pinouts.htm
4 Pin Berg Connector
Used to connect the PSU to small form factor devices, such as 3.5" floppy drives.

available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2

4 Pin Molex Connector
This is used to power various components, including hard drives and optical drives.

available in: AT, ATX & ATX-2

20 Pin Molex ATX Power Connector
This is used to power the motherboard in ATX systems.

available in: ATX( ATX-2 have four extra pins)

4 Pin Molex P4 12V Power Connector
Used specifically for Pentium 4 Processor Motherboards.
available in: ATX (integrated into the power connector in ATX-2)
6 Pin AUX Connector
Provides +5V DC, and two connections of +3.3V.

available in: ATX/ATX-2

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ATX Power Supply Pinouts

Below are pinout diagrams of the common connectors in ATX power supplies.

13
Note: The pinouts above relate to the connectors not the sockets.
Note: To power up an ATX or ATX-2 PSU for testing, short pin 14 (PS_ON) with one of the grounds.
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RAM installed on a video adapter. Before an image can be sent to a display monitor, it is first represented as
a bit map in an area of video memory called the frame buffer. The amount of video memory, therefore,
dictates the maximum resolution and color depth available.

With a conventional video adapter, the bit map to be displayed is first generated by the computer's
microprocessor and then sent to the frame buffer. Most modern video adapters, however, are actually
graphics accelerators. This means that they have their own microprocessor that is capable of manipulating bit
maps and graphics objects. A small amount of memory is reserved for these operations as well.

Because of the demands of video systems, video memory needs to be faster than main memory. For this
reason, most video memory is dual-ported, which means that one set of data can be transferred between
video memory and the video processor at the same time that another set of data is being transferred to the
monitor. There are many different types of video memory, including VRAM, WRAM, RDRAM, and
SGRAM

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Figure 0 shows the parts of a computer:

 The Central Processing Unit:

o (CPU),
o Buses,
o Ports and controllers,
o ROM;
 Main Memory (RAM);
 Input Devices;
 Output Devices;
 Secondary Storage;
o floppy disks,
o hard disk,
o CD-ROM

This part of the reading will examine the CPU, Buses, Controllers, and Main Memory. Other sections will
examine input devices, output devices, and secondary memory.

http://homepage.cs.uri.edu/faculty/wolfe/book/Readings/Reading04.htm

16
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26
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28
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39
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Microsoft Word Xp

What is Microsoft Word?

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40
Start > Programs > Microsoft Word > Click
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41
Page Setup :
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42
 Cli
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43
File Menu :
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44
Insert Menu :
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 Date and Time HC Afne¢Vl j¡dÉj Hl fÊ¢aV¡ f¡a¡u a¡¢lM pju ®cJu¡ k¡u z

 Symbol XL¥j®¾V V¡Cf Ll¡l pju j¡T j¡T ®L¡e Arl L£ ®h¡XÑ f¡Ju¡ e¡ ®Nm
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 Diagram HC Afnel p¡q¡kÉ XL¥j¾V ¢h¢ieÀ dlel X¡u¡NÊj Hl ej¤e¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡u z

Format Menu :
 Font HC Afnel p¡q¡kÉ ®mM¡l g¾V f¢lhaÑe Hhw lw f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ R¡s¡J
A¡lJ AeL ¢LR¤ f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ k¡u z
 Bullets Numbering
 Borders and Shading
 Columns
 Text Direction
 Background
 Themes

Tools Menu :
 Spelling and Grammar
 Word Count
 Customize e¡V x hÊ¡LV à¡l¡ ¢Q¢q²a Afne…m¡ AhnÉC ¢LR¤
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 AutoCorrect Option
 Option
Table Menu :
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 Insert
 Delete
 Select
 Merge Cells
 Split Cells
 Split Table
 Table Auto Format
 Auto Fit
 Heading Row Repeat
 Convert
 Formula
 Hide Guidelines
 Table Properties

45
Header and Footer ¯al£ Ll¡l ¢euj x
phÑfÊbj A¡jl¡ S¡eh Header & Footer ¢ch ®Le ? Header & Footer ®cJu¡l AeL…m¡ L¡lZ A¡R
a¡l jdÉ ®fS eðl , a¡¢lM J pju , g¡Cm ®ej J f¡b Hhw ¢p¢LE¢l¢V ®jCe¾VeÉ¡¾p Hl SeÉ
Header & Footer ®cJu¡ qu z Header & Footer ®cJu¡l SeÉ fÊbj
 View Menu > Click
 Header & Footer > Click
 Come to the Header & Footer Dialog Box
 A¡¢j Header & Footer H k¡ ¢mMh a¡ h¡j qh e¡ X¡e qh e¡¢L j¡TM¡e b¡Lh a¡q¡ ¢pmƒ
Ll ¢eh zHM¡e j¡TM¡e ¢Li¡h Header & Footer ¢ca qu ®pV¡C ®cJu¡ qm
 Center > Click ( Ctrl + E )
 ¢Qœ Insert Page Number HC A¡CLe Click Ll ®fS eðl ®cJu¡ qu z

 Type File Name and Page Number

 g¡Cm e¡j J ®fS eðl ®cJu¡ ®no Header & Footer Bar H Close h¡Ve Click Lla qh z
V¢hm °al£ Ll¡l ¢euj x
 V¢hm °al£ Ll¡l SeÉ fÊbj ¢edÑ¡le Lla qh ®k A¡¢j LuV¡ ®l¡ Hhw LuV¡ Lm¡j V¡eh z
 ®V¢hm °al£ Ll¡l SeÉ fÊbj Table Menu > Click
 Insert Option Select Ll Table > Click
 HL¢V X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph ¢ejÀ ¢Qœ a¡ ®cJu¡ qm

 HC ¢Qœ Lm¡j Hhw ®l¡ Hl h„ A¡R HM¡e Click Ll Lm¡j Hhw ®l¡ ¢pmƒ Ll ¢ea qh Hhw OK
h¡Ve Click LlmC ®V¢hm °al£ qu k¡h z
Lm¡jl jdÉ Lm¡j hª¢Ü Ll¡l ¢euj x
 Hh¡l HL¢V ®V¢hm Lm¡jl ¢ial ¢Li¡h Lm¡ °al£ Lla qu ®pV¡ ¢nMh z
 fÊbj ®k Lm¡jl ¢ial Lm¡j °al£ Llh ®pC Lm¡j ¢pmƒ Ll ¢ea qh z
 Go to Table Menu > Click
 Split Cells > Click ( ¢ejÀ ¢Qœl j¡dÉj ®cM¡e¡ qm )

 Mouse Pointer Out Side Click

HC lLj q­h

46
Table H Formula ®k¡N Ll¡l ¢euj x
Microsoft Word Hl Table H Formula ®k¡N Ll¡l SeÉ AhnÉC fÊ¢aV¡ Ol n§eÉ ¢cu qmJ il l¡Ma qh -
L¡e ja g¡L¡ l¡M¡ k¡h e¡ z HM¡e h¡j ®bL Hhw Efl ®bL ¢eQ ®k¡N Ll¡ k¡u zHMe Efl ®bL ¢eQ
¢Li¡h ®k¡N Ll¡ k¡u ®p¢VC ®cMh ¢Qœl p¡q¡kÉ ......
 fÊbj Table H Efl ®bL ¢eQl Ol…m¡a ¢LR¤ pwMÉ¡ m¢M
 pwMÉ¡ mM¡ Oll ®no Ol¢Va AbÑ¡v ®k Ol¢Va ®k¡Ngm qh ®pC Ol j¡Ep fu¾V¡l l¡Ma qh
 Table Menu ®a Click Ll Formula ®a Click Lla qh z

¢Qœ x glj§m¡ - 1
 Efll ¢Qœ¢V A¡p¡l fl öd¤j¡œ OK Llm qh z HM¡e Click Ll gljV ¢p-
mLne Ll ®eJu¡ k¡u z¢Qœ - 2 ®a mrÉ Ll¦e k¡Ngm¢V p¢WL A¡R ¢L e¡ z

¢Qœ x 2(®k¡Ngm)
Hh¡l h¡j ®bL X¡e ®k¡N Ll¡l HLC ¢euj ah glj§m¡ f¢lhaÑe Ll ¢ea qh z¢ejÀ ¢Qœ pC f
¢lhaÑeV¥L¥ ®cM¡e¡ qmx

¢Qœ x glj§m¡ - 3

¢Qœ x 4(®k¡Ngm)

47
pLm Lm¡j Hhw ®l¡ pj¡e Ll¡l ¢euj x
 Select the Table Block
 Go to Table Menu
 Auto Fit H ®Nm ¢ejÀl ¢Qœl ja HL¢V Afne f¡Ju¡ k¡h Hhw HM¡e ®bLC fÊu¡Seja ¢pmƒ Ll
¢ehe

®l¡ Hhw Lm¡j h¡s¡e¡l ¢euj x

Table H ®l¡ Hhw Lm¡j hª¢Ül SeÉ Table Hl X¡e f¡nÑ j¡Ep fu¾V¡l ®lM Enter Press Llm -
l¡ Hhw Lm¡j Insert qh z

®l¡ Hhw Lm¡j ¢XmV Ll¡l ¢euj x

 Select Row & Column
 Go to Table Menu
 Delete ¢pmLne Ll¡l fl ¢ejjÀ ¢Qœ Ae¤k¡u£ fÊu¡Se Ae¤p¡l ®k ®L¡e HL¢V Awnl Efl Click
Llm öd¤ j¡œ ®pC AwnV¥L¥ ¢XmV qu k¡h z

Bullets & Numbering ®cJu¡l ¢euj x

 Go to Format Menu
 Bullets and Numbering Click
 You can see Bullets and Numbering Dialog box
 HM¡e ®bL fR¾cja Bullets Hl Efl Click Ll Ok LlmC qh z A¡fe¡l fÊu¡Se£u h¤mVp k¢c HC
Dialog Box H e¡ b¡L a¡qm ®k ®L¡e HL¢V h„ Click Ll Customize H Click Ll A¡lJ AeL dlel h¤-
mVp Hhw e¡ð¡l f¡Ju¡ k¡u ®pM¡e ®bLJ ¢pmƒ LlJ OK Llm Bullets & Number ®k¡N qh z

48
 ¢ejÀ Shortcut Key Command ®cJu¡ qm¡ x
1 Ctrl + A All Document Block
2 Ctrl + C Copy
3 Ctrl + V Paste
4 Ctrl + Z Undo Typing
5 Ctrl + W Document Close
6 Ctrl + Y Redo Cut
7 Ctrl + P Print
8 Ctrl + L Left Align
9 Ctrl + E Center
10 Ctrl + R Right Align
11 Ctrl +N New Document
12 Ctrl + O Open
13 Ctrl + 1 Line Space Single
14 Ctrl + 2 Line Space Double
15 Ctrl + 5 Line Space 1-5
16 Ctrl + F2 Print Preview
17 Ctrl + X Cut
18 Ctrl + M Incise
19 Ctrl + S Save
20 Ctrl + U Under Line
21 Ctrl + I Italic
22 Ctrl + J Justify
23 Ctrl + H Replace
24 Ctrl + G Go to
25 Ctrl + D Font Size
26 Ctrl + F5 Minimize
27 Ctrl + F10 Maximize
28 Ctrl + Enter Page Break
29 Ctrl + B Bold
30 Ctrl + Esc Start
31 Ctrl + End Last Page Show
32 Ctrl + Home First Page Show
33 Altr + F4 Document Close / Shut Down
34 Altr + E Edit
35 Altr + F File
36 Altr + V View
37 Altr + I Insert
49
38 Altr + W Windows
39 Altr + H Help
40 Altr + A Table
41 Altr + O Format
42 Altr + Shift + T Time
43 Altr + Shift + D Date , Month & Year
44 Ctrl + Altr + E Split
45 Ctrl + Shift + M Decries
46 Ctrl + Shift + U Double
47 Shift + Home /End Line Block
48 Ctrl + Altr + F End Not / Foot Not
49 Altr + Shift + P Page Number
50 Ctrl + Altr + B English to Bangla / Bangla to English
51 Ctrl + Altr + M Comment

50
h¡wm¡ V¡Cf Hl pq¡uL ¢qph L£ ®h¡XÑl ¢Qœ J pwk¤š² Arl
¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ qm¡x

51
52
53
54
 L£ - ®h¡XÑ hÉhq¡l Ll L¡pÑl ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹l

L£ - ®h¡XÑl HÉ¡l¡ L£ Hhw AeÉ¡eÉ L£ hÉhq¡l Ll ¢h¢ieÀi¡h L¡pÑl ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹¢la Ll¡ k¡u z

®e¡V x k¢c A¡f¢e ¢eEjÉ¡¢lL L£ hÉhq¡l Ll L¡pÑl ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹l Lla Q¡e a¡qm Num Lock AhnÉC
Off Ll ¢ea qh z

L£ - ®h¡XÑ hÉhq¡l Ll L¡pÑl ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹l Ll¡l RL ®cJu¡ qm¡ x

ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹l ( To move ) Q¡f¤e ( Press )

HL Arl h¡j

HL Arl X¡e

HL m¡Ce Efl

HL m¡Ce e£Q

HL në h¡j Ctrl +
HL në X¡e Ctrl +
m¡Cel no End
m¡Cel öl¦a Home
haÑj¡e Ae¤µRcl öl¦a Ctrl +
f§hÑl Ae¤µRcl öl¦a Ctrl +
flhaÑ£ Ae¤µRcl öl¦a Ctrl +
HL ¢ûe Efl Page Up
HL ¢ûe ¢eQ Page Down
¢úel ¢ejÀfÊ¡¿¹ Ctrl + Page Down
¢ûel ¢nlfÊ¡¿¹ Ctrl + Page Up
XL¥j¾Vl öl¦a Ctrl + Home
XL¥j¾Vl no Ctrl + End
f§hÑhaÑ£ fªù¡l öl¦a Alt + Ctrl + Page Up
flhaÑ£ fªù¡l öl¦a Alt + Ctrl + Page Down
¢e¢cÑø ®L¡e fªù¡u Ctrl + G fªù¡l e¡ð¡l V¡Cf Ll H¾V¡l z

55
HL Arl j¤R¡ x
L ) hÉ¡LØfp L£ Q¡fm L¡pÑl a¡l h¡j ¢cLl Arl j¤Rh z
M ) Delete L£ Q¡fm L¡pÑl a¡l X¡e ¢cLl Arl j¤Rh z
N ) Type Over ®j¡X Ae Ll V¡Cf Lla b¡Lm L¡pÑl Hl X¡e ¢cLl Arl j¤Ra b¡Lh z

HL¢V Ll në j¤R®h x
L ) L¡e nël ¢WL h¡j ¢cL L¡pÑl ¢eu Ctrl + Del Q¡fm pÇf§eÑ në¢V HLh¡l j¤R k¡h z
M ) L¡e nël X¡e¢cL L¡pÑl ¢eu Ctrl + Backspace L£ Q¡fm në¢V j¤R k¡h z

HL¢V Ll m¡Ce j¤R¡ x

L ) ®k m¡Ce¢V j¤Ra Q¡e ®p m¡Ce¢Vl fÊbj L¡pÑl ¢eu j¡Epl h¡j ®h¡a¡j ®Qf dl m¡C-
el ®no j¤i L¢lu Abh¡ Shift L£ ®Qf dl AÉ¡l¡ L£ ®Qf ®Qf m¡Ce¢Vl ®no Hp m¡Ce
¢V ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
M ) Backspace Abh¡ Delete L£ Q¡f¤e a¡qm mM¡¢V j¤R k¡h z

V„Vl ¢e¢cÑø Awn j¤R¡ x

L ) ®k AwnV¥L¥ j¤Ra Q¡e a¡ ¢pmƒ Ll Backspace Abh¡ Delete L£ Q¡f¤e a¡qm
®mM¡¢V j¤R k¡h z

j¤R¡ ®V„V f§el¦Ü¡l Ll¡ x

L ) phÑ ®no ®k mM¡¢V j¤R¡ quR a¡q¡ Ctrl + Z Q¡fm ¢gl A¡ph z

HL¢V në ¢pmƒ Ll¡ x

L ) k në¢V ¢pmƒ Ll¡ clL¡l j¡Ep fu¾V¡l(A¡C¢hj) a¡l Efl ¢eu X¡hm ¢LÓL Llm
®mM¡¢V ¢pmƒ qh z
M ) në¢Vl fÊbj j¡Ep fu¾V¡l ¢eu Shift L£ ®Qf dl AÉ¡l¡ L£ ®Qf në¢Vl ®no A¡pm në
¢V ¢pmƒ qh z

m¡Ce ¢pmƒ Ll¡ x

L ) Shift L£ ®Q®f AÉ¡l¡ L£ ®Qf Abh¡ XÊ¡N Ll m¡Ce ¢pmƒ Ll¡ k¡u z

XL¥j¾Vl ph ®V„V ¢pmƒ Ll¡ x

L ) Ctrl + A L£ Q¡fm pjÙ¹ ®mM¡ ¢pmƒ qh z

Text Formatting: L¡e XL¥j¾V h¡ ®V„V V¡Cf Ll¡l fl Abh¡ V¡Cf Ll¡l f§hÑC ®mM¡l A¡L¡l
A¡L«¢a ¢L lLj qh ®kje g¾Vl p¡CS La qh a¡ ¢edÑ¡le Ll¡C qm¡ Text Formatting z¢ejÀ HL¢V
Formatting Bar Hl HL¢V ¢Qœ ®cJu¡ qm¡ x
Decrea Bull
Fo Font Bo Align Justi
Sty se ets
nt Size ld Right fy
le

Numbe
ring

Underli Italic Increas

Align Cente Bull e
ne
Left r ets
56
g¾V Hhw g¾V p¡CS f¢lhaÑe Ll¡l ¢euj x

HM¡e ®bL AÉ¡l¡ L£ Hl j¡dÉj Abh¡ j¡Epl p¡q¡kÉ ¢LÓL Ll ¢h¢ieÀ dlel g¾V ¢ehÑ¡Qe Lla f¡le
zg¾V p¡CS h¡Ve ¢LÓL Ll CµR¡ ja g¾V p¡CS ¢edÑ¡le Ll¡ k¡u z f§hÑl ®mM¡ ¢pmƒ Ll g¾V
Hhw g¾V p¡CS f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ k¡u z

B x ®mM¡ ®h¡ô AbÑ¡v N¡t qh z

I x ®mM¡ CV¡¢mL Ab¡v X¡e¢cL ®qm¡e qh z

U x mM¡l ¢eQ A¡ä¡lm¡Ce qh z

®mM¡l lP f¢lhaÑe Ll¡l ¢euj x

g¾V X¡u¡mN h„l Font color ®mM¡l e£Ql X¡Ee AÉ¡l¡ h¡Ve ¢LÓL Llm Color Box A¡ph z
Color Box ®bL lP ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ll g¾Vl lP f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ qu z g¾Vl lP p¡d¡lea L¡m¡ b¡L z¢ejÀ R
¢hl j¡dÉj ®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

57
 f¡pJu¡XÑ ¢cu g¡Cm pwlre Ll¡l ¢euj x

Go to tools Menu & option click > Security Tab click > Type your password than ok click

Type Confirm Password than ok click

f¡pJu¡XÑ ®cJu¡ ®no qm g¡CmL Save Lla qh AhnÉC z

g¾Vl h¡¢qÉL AhÙÛ¡l f¢lhaÑe

HOME je¤a Font Lj¡ä Afne ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ll X¡u¡mN h„ fÊu¡Se£u Afne ¢edÑ¡le Ll g¾Vl h¡¢qÉL
AhÙÛ¡ h¡ A¡L«¢a f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ k¡u z k¡ k¡ Ll¡ k¡u a¡ ¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ qm¡ kje x

 mM¡l Strikethrough h¡ j¡TM¡e L¡V¡ L¡V¡ c¡N ®cM¡ k¡u z ®kje x Momin Signals
 Superscript Ll¡ k¡u z ®kje x a2 b3 , b7 c4
 Small Caps Ll¡ k¡u z ®kje x momin 5 signal battalion rangpur cantonment
 All Caps Ll¡ k¡u z ®kje x MOMIN 5 SIGNAL BATTALION RANGPUR CANTONMENT

H…m¡ Ll¡l SeÉ AbÑ¡v g¾Vl Appearance f¢lhaÑe Ll¡l SeÉ

 Format Menu Click
 Font Click
 Font Tab Click following to Effect and verities option

58
mM¡ j¡T j¡T L¡V¡ ®cM¡l SeÉ kje x Momin Signals Ll¡ k¡u zStrikethrough ®QL h„ ¢VL j¡LÑ Lla qh z
Alt + K Q¡fm ®mM¡l j¡T j¡T L¡V¡ c¡N qh z

mM¡ Superscript Ll¡ k¡u ®kje x a2 b3 Ll¡ k¡u z Superscript ®QL h„ ¢VL j¡LÑ Lla qh z

mM¡ Subscripts Ll¡ k¡u ®kje x H2 SO4 Ll¡ k¡u z Subscript ®QL h„ ¢VL j¡LÑ Lla qh z

®e¡V x ®k ®mM¡¢Vl f¡n Superscript & Subscript Llh ®pC ®mM¡¢V fÊbj V¡Cf Lla qh
flhaÑ£®a Format Menu ®a Font H Click Ll Effects H ¢Nu Superscript & Subscript QL h-
„ ¢VL j¡LÑ Ll A¡pa qh z EõMÉ Superscript & Subscript Ll¡l fl A¡h¡l ®pC ¢VL j¡LÑ E
¢Wu ¢ca qh a¡ e¡ q®m Superscript & Subscript A¡L¡l fÊ¢a¢eua ®mM¡ qa b¡Lh z

59
 Microsoft Power Point XP
What is Power Point ?
j¡Cœ²¡pgV LfÑ¡lne La«ÑL ¯al£L«a f¡Ju¡l fu¾V HL¢V QjvL¡l ®fÊS¾Vne °al£l pgVJuÉ¡l z HC
pgVJuÉ¡l¢V hÉhq¡l Ll p¤¾cl p¤¾cl pÔ¡CX °al£ Ll¡ R¡s¡J A¡lJ AeL L¡S A¢a pqS Ll¡ k¡u zHL Lb¡C
hm¡ k¡u f¡Ju¡l fu¾V qµR HL¢V pgVJuÉ¡l fÉ¡LS k¡ A¡fe¡L k ®L¡e dlel fÊgne¡m j¡¢ÒV¢j¢Xu¡ ®fÊS-
¾Vne °al£ Lla pq¡ua¡ ®ch z

What is Presentation ?
f¡Ju¡l fu¾Vl g¡CmL ®fÊS¾Vne hm¡ qu z HL¢V g¡Cm ®kje AeL…m¡ fªù¡ b¡La f¡l
®aj¢e f¡Ju¡l fu¾Vl ®fÊS¾Vne AeL…m¡ pÔ¡CX b¡La f¡l HR¡s¡J qÉ¡ä A¡EV , ¢ØfL¡l®e¡V ,
A¡EVm¡Ce CaÉ¡¢c ®fÊS¾Vne b¡La f¡l zAbÑ¡v pÔ¡CX , qÉ¡ä¡A¡EV , ¢ØfL¡le¡V ,
A¡EVm¡Ce CaÉ¡¢cl pj¢eÄa AhÙÛ¡eL ®fÊS¾Vne hm¡ qu z

¢Qœ x HL¡¢dL pÔ¡CXpð¢ma ®fÊS¾Vne

What is Slide ?
fÊS¾Vnel HL HL¢V fªù¡L Slide hm¡ qu z p¡d¡lZa 35mm j¡f °al£L«a ¢hou k¡ fÊSƒll
j¡dÉj fÊcnÑe Ll¡ qu a¡L Slide hm¡ qu z

Power Point Q¡m¤ Ll¡l ¢euj x

AeÉ¡eÉ Programs Hl ja Power Point J HLC ¢euj Q¡m¤ Lla qu z Power Point Q¡m¤ Ll¡l SeÉ
fÊbj Start h¡Ve Select Ll Microsoft Power Point H Click Llm Power Point Q¡m¤ qh z

ea¤e Presentation °al£ Ll¡l ¢euj x

fÊbj File Menu ®a Click L¢l a¡lfl New ®a Click Llm fcÑ¡u X¡ef¡n Task pane ¢V fÊc¢nÑa qh
zHM¡e ®bL ea¤e Presentation °al£l SeÉ AeL…m¡ Afne fÊc¢nÑa qh zH…m¡ qm¡ x

60
 Blank Presentation x HM¡e Click Llm HL¢V ea¤e Blank Presentation Slide ¯al£ qh z
 From Design Template x HM¡e Click Llm Task Pane Hl ¢eQl ¢cL AeL…m¡ Design Template fÊc
¢nÑa qh z A¡fe¡l fR¾cja Design Template H Click Ll Presentation °al£ Lla f¡le z
 Slide Layout A¡fe¡l fR¾cja Slide Layout ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ll ¢ea f¡le z
 Design H Click Llm ¢ejÀl HC Option ¢V f¡he x

 HM¡e ®bL A¡fe¡l Presentation Hl Color Schemes H Click Ll Slide Hl Color f¢lhaÑe Lla f¡lhe z

 Animation Schemes H Click Ll Slide H ¢h¢ieÀ dlel Animation ®cJu¡ k¡u z

Slide fÊcnÑe Ll¡ Hhw hå Ll¡l ¢euj x

 ¯al£L«a Slide ¢V pÇf§ZÑ fcÑ¡u fÊcnÑe Ll¡l SeÉ fÊbj fcÑ¡l ¢eQ h¡j¢cLl Slide Show h¡Ve
H Click Ll¦e z
 fÊc¢nÑa Slide Hl Efl j¡Epl l¡CV h¡Ve Click Ll End show a Click Llm Slide fÊc¢nÑa hå qh z

Slide pwlrZ Ll¡l ¢euj x

 File Menu > Click > Save as > Click fcÑ¡u Save Dialog box A¡ph z Save in H Click
Ll Slide ¢V ®k Disk Drive H pwlrZ Lla Q¡C ®pV¡ ¢pmƒ Lla qh z flhaÑ£a File Name Type Ll
Save H Click Llm Afe¡l Slide ¢V ÙÛ¡u£i¡h pwlrZ qu k¡h z

Power Point qa ®hl qJu¡l ¢euj x

 File Menu >Click >Exit > Click Llm Power Point Programs qa pÇf§ZÑ ®hl qu k¡h z

61
Power Point Window Hl p¡b f¢lQu x
Title Bar Menu Bar Outline & Slide view Tool Bar Task pane

View Button Drawing Bar Status Bar Working Window

HMe A¡jl¡ Microsoft Power Point Hl ¢h¢ieÀ Bar pÇfLÑ S¡eh¡ x

Title Bar :
Power point Window Hl phÑ Efl k h¡l¢V b¡L a¡L V¡CVm h¡l hm zHC h¡l h¡j f¡n ®fÊS-
¾Vnel e¡j Hhw X¡e Minimize , Maximize Hhw Close h¡Ve b¡L z
Menu Bar :
V¡CVm h¡ll ¢eQl p¡¢la File , Edit , View , Insert CaÉ¡¢c ®mM¡ b¡L a¡L Menu Bar hm z
Tool Bar :
Menu Bar Hl ¢eQ ®R¡V ®R¡V Icon pð¢ma h¡lL hm¡ qu Tool Bar hm¡ qu z View Menu a
Click Ll Toolbars H Click Llm ¢h¢ieÀ Toolbar Hl e¡j pð¢ma ffA¡f Menu A¡ph zk Toolbar …-
m¡ fÊu¡Se ®pC e¡jl Efl Click Llm ®pC Toolbar Hl e¡jl f¡n  j¡LÑ qh Hhw fcÑ¡u fÊc¢nÑa qh
zToolbar fÊu¡Se e¡C je Llm A¡h¡l pM¡e ¢Nu  j¡LÑ E¢Wu ¢cm Toolbar ¢V Qm k¡h z

Formatting Tool Bar :

HC h¡l phQu …l¦aÆf§ZÑ h¡Ve A¡R ®kje x Design Hhw New Slide h¡Ve zHR¡s¡J A¡lJ ¢LR¤ h¡Ve
A¡R ®kje - ®mM¡ ®R¡V hs Ll¡ , mM¡L ®h¡ô Ll¡ , CV¡¢mL Ll¡ , A¡EVm¡Ce ®cu¡ , g¾Vl lw f¢lhaÑe
Ll¡ CaÉ¡¢c …l¦aÆf§ZÑ L¡S Ll¡ qu z

62
Standard Tool Bar :
Power Point Window ®a phpju Standard Toolbar ¢V ®pV Ll¡ qu b¡L z ¢ejÀ R¢hl j¡dÉj
V¥mh¡l¢V ®cM¡e¡ qm¡ z

Drawing Tool Bar :

HC Toolbar ¢Vl AhÙÛ¡e Power Point Window Hl ¢eQ h¡j ¢cL z¢ejÀ R¢hl j¡dÉj V¥mh¡l¢V
®cM¡e¡ qm¡ z

Task Pane :
Power Point Widow Hl X¡e Awn Task Pane fÊc¢nÑa qu z Task Pane ¢V k¢c fÊc¢nÑa
e¡ qu a¡qm View Menu ®a Ah¢ÙÛa Task Pane H Click Llm fÊc¢nÑa qh z Task Pane
hÉhq¡lL¡l£L AeL p¤¢hd¡ cu z Task Pane H V¡CVml X¡e ¢cLl h¡Ve Click Llm ffA¡f ®je¤
A¡ph z ®je¤a ®k Afne ¢pmƒ Ll¡ qh ®pC Awn V¡ú fÉ¡e fÊc¢nÑa qh z ¢ejÀ ¢Qœl j¡dÉj
®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

Menu Bar :
New : New – a Click Llm ea¤e HL¢V ®fÊS¾Vne Open qh z
Open : q¡XÑXÊ¡Ci b¡L¡ f§hÑl ®L¡e pwl¢ra g¡CmL Open Ll¡ k¡u z
Close : fÊS¾Vne hå qh z
Save & Save as : fÊS¾Vne ÙÛ¡u£i¡h pwlrZ Ll¡ k¡u z
Save as web Page : Juh ®fS A¡L¡l pwl¢ra qh z
Search...: q¡XÑXÊ¡Ci b¡L¡ ®L¡e g¡CmL Ae¤på¡el SeÉ z
Web Page Preview : Juh ®fS A¡L¡l fÊc¢nÑa qh z
Page setup : p¡d¡lZa ¢fʾV ®cJu¡l SeÉ p¢WL i¡h ®fS Setup Ll¡ qu zfSl Efl , ¢eQ ,
X¡e , h¡j p¢WL c§l¦aÆ ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡ k¡u z
Print Preview :pÔ¡CX ¢fʾV ®eJu¡l f§hÑ p¡d¡lZa Print preview Hl à¡l¡ fcÑ¡u fÊc¢nÑa
Ll¡ k¡u z
Print : fÊS¾Vne Hl ¢h¢ieÀ pÔ¡CXL ¢fʾV ®eJu¡l SeÉ z
63
Formatting Toolbar :
Increase Font Size

Font Font Size Font Size Font Size

Bold
Italic Align Left Align Center Decrease Font Size

Underline
Align Right

Font & Font Size Changing : HC h¡ll j¡dÉj ¢h¢ieÀ dlel Font Hhw g-
¾Vl p¡CS f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ k¡u z

Bold , Italic , Under line & Shadow : HC h¡ll j¡dÉj ®mM¡ ®h¡ô Ab¡v B- a
Click Llm ®mM¡ ®j¡V¡ Hhw N¡t qu zI - a Click Llm ®mM¡ p¡j¡eÉ X¡e ®qm¡e¡ AhÙÛ¡u qu
z U - ®a Click Llm ®mM¡l ¢eQ A¡ä¡l m¡Ce ( c¡N ) qh z

Align Left , Align Center , Align Center , & Bullets : Align Left tool H
Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa ®mM¡ h¡j HÉ¡m¡Ce qh z Align Center tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa
®mM¡ j¡T qh z Align Right tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa ®mM¡ X¡e qh z Bullets tool H Click Ll-
m ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa fÉ¡l¡l öl¦a h¤mV A¡ph z

Increase Font Size , Decrease Font Size , Increase Paragraph , Decrease Paragraph &
Font Color :

Increase Font Size tool H Click Llm Font Size ®k lLj A¡R a¡l Q¡Ca HL HLL h¡s¡e¡ k¡u z
Decrease Font Size tool H Click Llm Font Size ®k lLj A¡R a¡l Q¡Ca HL HLL Lj¡e¡ k¡u z
Increase Paragraph Spacing tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ae¤µRcl jdÉL¡l c§laÆ h¡sh
z
Decrease Paragraph Spacing tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ae¤µRcl jdÉL¡l c¤laÆ Ljh
z
Font Color tool H Click Ll Font Color ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡ k¡u z

Design & New Slide :

Design tool H Click Llm X¡e f¡nl Task Pane H Slide Design Tab ¢V fÊc¢nÑa qh z
New Slide tool H Click Llm haÑj¡e pQm fÊS¾Vne HL¢V ea¤e Slide ®k¡N qh z

64
Outline Tool Bar :
Power Point H HL¢V …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Tool Bar qµR
Outline Toolbar .

( Promote ) – HC Tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ae¤µRc k¡ X¡e ¢cL pl¡e¡ quR a¡ HL
®mhm Ll h¡j ¢cL ¢eu A¡ph z
( Demote ) – HC Tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ae¤µRc k¡ h¡j ¢cL pl¡e¡ quR a¡ HL
®mhm Ll X¡e ¢cL ¢eu A¡ph z
( Move Up ) – HC Tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ae¤µRc k¡ ¢eQl ¢cL pl¡e¡ quR
a¡ HL ®mhm Ll Efll ¢cL ¢eu A¡ph z
( Move Down ) – HC Tool H Click Llm ¢ehÑ¡¢Qa Ae¤µRc k¡ Efll ¢cL pl¡e¡ quR
a¡ HL ®mhm Ll ¢eQl ¢cL ¢eu A¡ph z
( Summary Slide ) – HC Tool H Click Llm L¡l¾V Slide Presentation ¢Vl HL¢V Summary
°al£ qh z

Note Page Window : Power Point Working Window Hl ¢eQ ®k p¡c¡ Window ¢V luR ®p
¢VC QµR Note Page Window .

Status Bar : Power Point Window Hl phÑ ¢ejÀ Windows Task Bar Hl Efl ®k Bar ¢V fÊc¢nÑa qu
a¡L Status Bar hm z¢ejÀ ¢Qœ ®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

Drawing Bar : Drawing toolbar hÉhq¡l Ll Power Point Hl Slide H ¢h¢ieÀ dlZl Drawing Ll¡ qu z
¢ejÀ ¢Qœ Drawing toolbar ¢V ®cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

Power Point Page Setup Hl ¢euj x

 Power Point Page Setup Hl SeÉ fÊbj
 File > Click
 Page Setup > Click ( Page Setup Click Ll¡l fl ¢ejÀl HC X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph )

65
 Slides sized for H Click Llm ¢ejÀ ¢h¢ieÀ ®ff¡l p¡CS ®cM¡ k¡h zpM¡e qa ¢eSl fÊu¡Se
Ae¤k¡u£ ®ff¡l ¢pmƒ Ll ¢eu Width , Height , Number slides from f¢lhaÑe Ll ¢emC ®fS
®pV¡f pÇfeÀ qh z

A¡p¤e Hh¡l A¡jl¡ HL¢V ®fÊS¾Vne °al£ L¢l x

Power Point H fÊbj Menu ¢V qm¡ File ®je¤ x
 ea¤e g¡Cm ®M¡m¡ k¡u z f§hÑ ¢edÑ¡¢la ¢h¢ieÀ ¢XS¡Ce qa ¢e¢cÑø ®L¡e ¢XS¡C®e
pÔ¡CX °al£ Ll¡ k¡u z
 ¢Xú pwl¢ra f¤l¡ae g¡Cm fcÑ¡u pQm Ll¡ k¡u z
 ea¤e g¡CmL CµR¡ja e¡j ¢cu pwlrZ Ll¡ k¡u zf¤l¡ae g¡Cml e¡j f¢lhaÑe Ll AeÉ e¡j pwlrZ
Ll¡ k¡u z
 ¢Xú pwl¢ra AeL g¡Cml jdÉ qa ¢e¢cÑø g¡Cm M¤S ®hl Ll¡ u¡u z
 fÊS¾Vnel H¢„¢LEVhm g¡Cm °al£ Ll¡ k¡u z
 ¢fʾV Llm ¢L lLj qh a¡ ®cM¡ k¡u Hhw ¢fʾV ¢ecÑn ¢cu L¡NS R¡f¡e¡ k¡u z
 f¡Ju¡l fu¾V ®fÊS¾VneL C¾V¡leV HTML ( Hyper Text Markup Language ) H pwlrZ Ll¡ k¡u z
Option fÜ¢a hÉhq¡l Ll p¡d¡lZ ¢euj ®fÊS¾Vne °al£l ¢euj x
Power Point Window Q¡m¤ Ll¡l fl x
 New ®a Click L¢l z
 X¡e f¡n Task Pane qa Blank Presentation H Click L¢l z
 Task Pane H Apply Slide Layout Tab ¢V fÊc¢nÑa qh z ( EõMÉ HM¡e Q¡l dlel gljV fÊc¢nÑa qh z)
 Text Layouts
 Content Layouts
 Text & Content Layouts
 Other Layout
Text Layout :
Text Layout H Q¡l dlel gljV luR ®kje x
1 . Title Slide
2 . Title Only
3 . Title and Text
4 . Title and 2-Column Text

66
¢ejÀ A¡jl¡ ®k ®L¡e HL dlZl ®m - A¡EV ¢eu A¡m¡Qe¡ Llh
x
Title Slide : HC gljÉ¡V öd¤j¡œ c¤C¢V m¡Ce V¡CVm °al£ Ll¡ k¡u z

¢Qœ x Title Slide

Title Only : HC gljÉ¡V öd¤j¡œ HL¢V V¡CVm °al£ Ll¡ k¡u z

¢Qœ x Title Only

Title and Text : HC gljÉ¡V öd¤j¡œ HL¢V V¡CVm Hhw h¡¢L ph ®V„V ¯al£ Ll¡ k¡u z

Title and 2-Column : HC gljÉ¡V öd¤ j¡œ HL¢V V¡CVm Hhw c¤C¢V Lm¡j ®V„V °al£ Ll¡ k¡u
z

Presentation Design Option Hl hÉhq¡l :

 fÊbj File menu a Click Ll New ®a Click L¢l z
 Task Pane Hl From Design Template H Click L¢l z
 Task Pane H ®k ®L¡e Design Hl Efl Click Llm A¡fe¡l Slide H Design ¢V k¤š² qu k¡h z
 Slide Layout Hl Content Layout Awnl Blank Category Lla qh gm Template Hl Design Hl
HL¢V Blank Slide f¡Ju¡ k¡h z
 Drawing toolbar Hl ®V„V h„ h¡Ve Click LlJ CµR¡e¤k¡u£ fÊu¡Se£u Slide °al£ Ll¡ k¡u z
 Slide Background , Text Color Hhw Design Content Color ¢L qh a¡ ¢edÑ¡lZl SeÉ Slide
Design Tab H ¢Nu Color Schemes h¡Ve Click Lla qh z

67
 Task Pane Hl ¢eQl ¢cLl Edit Color Scheme.....e¡jL h¡Ve¢Va Click Llm ¢ejÀl X¡u¡mN h„¢V
A¡ph z (EõMÉ Standard ¢f¢hÒV fR¾c e¡ qm Custom H Click Ll ¢eSl fR¾cja Color
Scheme ¯al£ Ll¡ k¡u z)

¢Qœ x L¡m¡l ú£j - 1 ¢Qœ x L¡m¡l ú£j - 2

Presentation Option hÉhq¡l Ll Presentation °al£l ¢euj :

¢h¢ieÀ fÊSƒ ¢lf¡VÑ , Abѯe¢aL ®øVj¾V h¡ AeÉ ®L¡e fÊ¡¢aù¡¢eL ¢e¢cÑø gljÉ¡V
°al£ Lla qu zf¡Ju¡l fu¾V Hl gljÉ¡V hÉhq¡l Ll A¢a pqS ®fÊS¾Vne °al£ Ll¡l SeÉ ¢ejÀl fcrf
NÊqe Lla qh z
 Go to File Menu and New ------Click
 Task Pane -----On my Computer----Click
 New Presentation X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z HC X¡u¡mN h„ ¢ae¢V VÉ¡h A¡R General , Design
Templates , Presentation . HM¡e ®bL A¡jl¡ Presentation Tab Select Llh Hhw ®kC gljÉ¡V
fÊu¡Se qh ®pV¡ Select Ll Ok Llm ®pC gljÉ¡V A¡fe¡l Presentation °al£ Lla pqk¡N£a¡ Llh
z¢ejÀ ¢Qœl j¡dÉj New Presentation X¡u¡mN h„¢V ®cMh x

Slide - H Picture , Sound & Movie , Clip Art , Animation ®cJu¡l

¢euj x

Picture Add Ll¡l ¢euj x

 Go to Insert Menu bL Picture Select Ll From File H Click Lla qh z Hhw A¡f¢e ®k R¢h¢V
Insert Ll ¢eu A¡pa Q¡e ®pC R¢h¢VL Select Ll Insert H Click Llm A¡fe¡l Slide H R¢h¢V
k¤š² qu k¡h z

68
Sound and Movie Add Ll¡l ¢euj x
 fÊbj Insert Menu a Click L¢l Movie and Sound...Select Ll........
 Movie Add Lla Q¡Cm From Movie File ®a Click Lla qh z
 Sound Add Lla Q¡Cm From Sound File ®a Click Lla qh z
 Sound Clip Organizer H Click Llm Office Collection Hl Sound Clip …m¡ Task Pane fÊc¢nÑa
qh Hhw ®pM¡e qa Copy/Insert Ll A¡fe¡l Slide H Add Lla f¡le z

Clip Art Add Ll¡l ¢euj x

 fÊbj Insert Menu a Click L¢l Picture...Select Ll........
 Clip Art Add Lla Q¡Cm Clip Art ®a Click Lla qh z
 Task Pane H Organize... H Click Lla qh zflhaÑ£a Office Collection H Click Lla qh z Office
Collection H Click Llm ¢h¢ieÀ LÉ¡V¡Nl£l Clip Art fÊc¢nÑa qh z ®k ®L¡e HL¢V LÉ¡V¡Nl£
Select Ll Clip Art Hl Efl j¡Epl X¡e h¡Ve Click Ll Copy Ll Slide H Paste Llm Add qu k¡h z

Slide H Animation Add Ll¡l ¢euj x

 fÊbj Slide Hl ®k AwnV¥L¥ Animation ¢ch ®pC AwnV¥L¥ Select Ll ¢ea qh z
 Task Pane H Getting Started H Other Task Panes H Click Ll Custom Animation H Click Lla
qh z
 Custom Animation H Click Ll¡l fl Add Effect Hl HC Awn Click Lla qh z
 HM¡e fÊbjax Q¡l LÉ¡V¡Nl£l Animation fÊc¢nÑa qh z ®k ®L¡e HL¢V LÉ¡V¡Nl£ Select Ll
More Effect H ®Nm AeL dlZl Animation f¡Ju¡ k¡h zHM¡e ®bL Animation Add Ll¡l SeÉ ®pC
Animation Hl Efl Click Llm Animation ¢V Add qu k¡h z
 EõMÉ Animation Hl Speed - Very Slow , Slow , Very Fast , Fast Hhw Medium Ll¡ k¡u z

Slide - H Picture Hhw Clip Art Hl Color f¢lhaÑe Ll¡l ¢euj x

 fÊbj Slide H HL¢V Picture / Clip Art Add Ll ¢ea qh
 Picture L Select Ll ¢ea qh z
 Toolbar H Picture toolbar Show e¡ b¡Lm Show Ll ¢ea qh z
 HC Toolbar Hl j¡dÉj HL¢V Picture ¢Li¡h
Recolor Ll¡ k¡u ®pV¡ ®pV¡ HMe ®cMh¡z
 HC Tool H Click Ll Picture Recolor Ll¡ k¡u z

¢Qœ x Original ¢Qœ x Recolor

69
Power Point Photo Album ¯a¢ll ¢euj¡hm£ x
 File > Click
 Task Pane > Click
 New Presentation > Click
 Photo album > Click

 ¢Xú pwl¢ra CjSpj§q A¡e¡l SeÉ File/Disk H Click Lla qh z

 Scanner / Camera bL pl¡p¢l R¢h A¡e¡l SeÉ Scanner / Camera ®a Click Lla qh z
 Album H R¢h R¡s¡J A¡f¢e Text Box Insert Ll¡ k¡u z ¢ejÀ ¢Qœl j¡dÉj a¡q¡ ®cMh¡x

 ph…m¡ ®p¢Vw ¢WL a¡Lm Create H Click Lla qh z

 Power Point Window a A¡fe¡l ®p¢Vw Ae¤k¡u£ R¢h…m¡ fÊc¢nÑa qh z
Table ¯al£Ll¡l ¢euj x
 Insert Menu > Click
 Table > Click

 ¢eSl fÊu¡Se Ae¤k¡u£ Columns & Row ¢eu Ok h¡Ve Click Lla qh z
Chart ¢L Hlw Chart & Datasheet pÇfLÑ p¡d¡lZ A¡m¡Qe¡ x
Chart ¢L ?
AeL hs pwMÉL ¢hhª¢aL ¢Qœl j¡dÉj pqS Ef¡u EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡L NÊ¡g h¡ Chart hm¡ qu z
¢h¢ieÀ S¢lfj§mL L¡Sl gm h¡ abÉ NÊÉ¡g h¡ Q¡VÑl j¡dÉj EfÙÛ¡fe Ll¡z Ha ¢h¢ieÀ ¢houl
ANÊN¢a - Ahe¢a h¡ EW¡- e¡j¡l d¡f…m¡ Øføi¡h Hhw pqS ®h¡T¡ k¡u z Power Point H
AeÉ¡eÉ ®f¡NÊ¡jl eÉ¡u M¤h pqS Q¡VÑ °al£ Ll¡ k¡u z ph¢LR¤ p¡¢Su ®cu¡ A¡R öd¤ A¡fe¡l
abÉ…m¡ H¢¾VÊ Ll ¢e¢cÑø gljÉ¡V ¢ehÑ¡Qe Ll ¢cmC p¤¾cl NÊ¡g °al£ qh z

70
Q¡VÑ °al£l A¡N ¢ejÀ k ¢Qœ¢V ®cM¡ k¡µR a¡l p¡b f¢l¢Qa qC

CHART

Datasheet

Efl ®V¢hml eÉ¡u ®k ECä¡¢V ®cM¡ k¡µR ®pV¡ qm¡ Q¡VÑ Hhw ¢eQl ECä¡¢V qm¡ ®XV¡ n£V z
fÊbj A¡jl¡ ®XV¡¢pVl ¢h¢ieÀ Awn ¢eu A¡m¡Qe¡ Llh¡ x
Standard Toolbar Hl HC h¡Ve Click Llm ®XV¡¢pV ECä¡¢V Jfe qh z

 XV¡¢pVl f¡n¡f¡¢n Ol…m¡L HLp‰ p¡¢l h¡ ®l¡ ( Row ) hm zkje x 20.4 , 27.4 , 90 20.4 ¢m
¢Ma Ol…m¡L HLp‰ HL¢V p¡¢l hm¡ qu z
 Efl ®bL ¢eQ Qm A¡p¡ Ol…m¡L Lm¡j ( Column ) hm¡ qu zkje x 1st Qtr , 20.4 , 30.6 , 49.9
CaÉ¡¢c ¢m¢Ma Ol…m¡L Lm¡j hm¡ qu z
 XV¡¢pV ®j¡V 4,000( Q¡l q¡S¡l ) p¡¢l A¡R z
 XV¡¢pV ®j¡V 256 (c¤Cna R¡è¡eÀ ) ¢V Lm¡j luR z
 XV¡¢pVl Efll Ol…m¡L ( 1st Qtr , 2nd Qtr , 3rd Qtr , 4th Qtr ) Ol…m¡ ®L Lm¡j ¢nl¡e¡j hm¡ qu
zHhw H®Lh¡l p¡¢ll h¡j f¡n ( East , West , North ) p¡¢ll ¢nl¡e¡j hm¡ qu z
HMe A¡jl¡ Chart Hl ¢h¢ieÀ Awn pÇfLÑ S¡eh¡x
¢ejÀ HL¢V Chart Hl ¢h¢ieÀ Awn j¡LÑ Ll ®cM¡e¡ qm¡x

Grid lines
Chart Text
Chart

Plot Area
Legend
Trick mark
Data marker

Axes

Data Series

71
Chart °al£ LlZ x
¢ecÑn ¢cu NÊ¡g/Q¡VÑ °a¢l Ll¡l SeÉ ¢ejÀl Ec¡qlZ¢V d¡f d¡f pÇfeÀ Lla qh z
Ec¡qlZx
dl¡ k¡L , HL¢V ®L¡Çf¡¢el ¢ae¢V ¢hœ²u ®L¾cÊ A¡R zQ¡l hRl ®L¡e ¢hœ²uL¾cÊ La V¡L¡ ( mr ¢qp-
h )¢hœ²u Llm a¡ Q¡VÑl j¡dÉj EfÙÛ¡fe Lla qh z¢ae¢V ¢hœ²u ®L¾cÊ Q¡l hRl ¢h¢œ²l f¢lj¡e ®V
¢hm A¡L¡l p¡S¡m qu x

 HMe Chart Menu ®a Click Llm fcÑ¡u fÊc¢nÑa qh ¢ejÀl X¡u¡mN h„¢V x

 Chart Type ¢pmLne h„ Column H Click L¢l z

 Chart Hl ®ial X¡hm Click Llm Chart Window p¢œ²u qh z
 Cart Menu a Chart Option Hl hÉhq¡l x
 HC Option Hl p¡q¡kÉ Chart Hl Title ®cJu¡ k¡u z

HR¡s¡J Q¡VÑ A¡lJ AeL dlZl ¢ecÑn ®cJu¡ k¡u z

e¡V x ¢h¢ieÀ Slide - Show Ll¡l f§hÑ Slide Hl Animation Hl N¢a , Slide ¢V
Automatic e¡ ¢L j¡Epl ¢LÓL Hl p¡b Show qh a¡ ¢edÑ¡le Ll ®cJu¡ k¡u z
Slide H X¡u¡NÊ¡j k¤š² Ll¡l ¢euj x
Slide H X¡u¡NÊ¡j k¤š² Ll¡l SeÉ fÊbj Insert Menu ®a ¢Nu Diagram H Click Llm HL¢V X¡u¡mN h„
A¡ph k¡a ¢LR¤ X¡u¡NÊ¡jl ej¤e¡ ®cJu¡ A¡R z HM¡e ®bL A¡jl¡ X¡u¡NÊ¡j k¤š² Llhx

HM¡e ®bL ®k L¡e HL dlel ej¤e¡ ¢pmƒ Ll OK Llm ®pC ej¤e¡¢V Slide H k¤š² qu k¡h z

72
Power Point puw¢œ²ui¡h pwlrZ h¡ Save Ll¡l ¢euj x
Power Point H puw¢œ²ui¡h Presentation pwlrZ Ll¡l SeÉ fÊbj
 File > Click
 Save as > Click
 ¢ejÀ ¢Qœl p¡q¡kÉ cM¡e¡ qm¡ x

Click - 1

Save Click - 3
Type File name - 2

 Efl¡š² ¢ae¢V Step p¢WLi¡h pÇfeÀ Llm A¡fe¡l g¡Cm¢V puw¢œ²ui¡h pwlrZ qu k¡h z
e¡V x ah g¡Cm¢V A¡lJ ¢h¢ieÀ Type H pwlrZ Ll¡ k¡u z ¢h¢ieÀ Type H pwlrZ
Hl SeÉ Save as Type H Click Ll ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll ¢ea qh z

¢hno ®e¡V x
HarZ A¡jl¡ Microsoft Power Point pðå p¡d¡lZ ‘¡e m¡i Llm¡j z ah Ae¤n£mel ®L¡e ¢hLÒf
e¡C z

73
 Microsoft Excel
What is Microsoft Excel ?
Excel nël A¡¢id¡¢eL AbÑ qm¡ ®nÊùal qJu¡ z …Z , L«¢aaÆ fÊiª¢aa ®nÊùal
h¡ EvL«øal qJu¡ zHC ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j¢V HLC p¡b AeL pjpÉ¡ pj¡d¡e AeÉ¡eÉ fÊ¡N¡j ®bL ®nÊùal z
a¡C HC e¡j¢V kb¡bÑ quR z
Microsoft Excel qµR HL¢V Spreadsheet fÊ¡NÊ¡j zCq¡ Microsoft Office Hl HL¢V Awn
zH¢V HL¢V Worksheet Analysis ®fÊ¡NÊ¡jJ z j§max Excel Hl p¡q¡kÉ X¡V¡ H¢¾VÊ Hhw
Analysis Eiu p¤¢hd¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡u z
Microsoft Excel ¢cu p¡d¡lZa ¢L ¢L L¡S Ll¡ k¡u x
 Microsoft Excel ¢cu p¡d¡lZa AeL S¢Vm S¢Vm ®k¡N , ¢hu¡N , …Z , i¡N Ll¡ k¡u z
 XV¡l Efl ¢i¢š Ll ¢h¢ieÀ dlel NÊ¡g °al£ Ll¡ k¡u z
 ¢h¢ieÀ dlel XV¡ jÉ¡eSj¾V J f¢lpwMÉ¡el L¡S Ll¡ k¡u z
 HÉ¡L¡E¾Vpl ¢h¢ieÀ L¡S , ®kje - ®mS¡l , m¡i-r¢a ¢qp¡h , Balance Sheet CaÉ¡¢c L¡S
Ll¡ k¡u zHhw ¢h¢ieÀ fÊ¢aù¡el ®hae A¢a pqS Excel ¢cu Ll¡ k¡u z
 A¡uLl J AeÉ¡eÉ ¢qp¡h °al£LlZ z
 jS¤c J f¢lj¡e ¢eu¿»Z z
 XV¡ pwlrZ J hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡l k¡ha£u L¡S pÇfeÀ Ll¡ z

Spread Sheet ¢L ?
Spread Sheet Hl A¡¢id¡¢eL AbÑ qm¡ Rs¡e¡ f¡a¡ ( Spread AbÑ qm¡ Rs¡e¡ Hhw
Sheet AbÑ qm¡ f¡a¡ ) z NÊ¡g L¡NSl ja X Ar Hhw Y Ar hl¡hl ®M¡f ®M¡f Oll eÉ¡u AeL Ol pð
¢ma hs n£VL Spread Sheet hm¡ qu z Excel Hl pÇf§ZÑ fcÑ¡¢V X Ar Hhw Y Ar hl¡hl ®pml
pjeÄu N¢Wa z Excel Hl p¤¢hn¡m Spreadsheet H ¢h¢ieÀ abÉ pwlrZ Ll¡ k¡u Hhw N¡¢Z¢aL f
¢lNZZ¡ Ll¡ k¡u z

WorkSheet ¢L ?
p¤¢hn¡m Ju¡LÑn£Vl ®k Awn L¡S Ll¡ qu a¡L Ju¡LÑn£V hm z j§max ®ØfÊXn£VC qm
Ju¡LÑn£V zHL¢V M¡a¡u ®kje LuL¢V fªù¡ ®mM¡ k¡u H„mJ ®aj¢e ¢ieÀ ¢ieÀ Ju¡LÑn£V
M¤m a¡a L¡S Ll¡ k¡u z

Work Book ¢L ?
Excel Hl Spreadesheet H ¢h¢ieÀ abÉ p¢eÀh¢na Ll a¡ ¢hnÔoZ h¡ f¢lNZe¡ Ll¡ qu zL¡S
Ll¡l fl i¢hoÉa hÉhq¡ll SeÉ ¢Xú ®L¡e e¡j pwlrZ Ll¡ k¡u zpwl¢ra ®ØfÊXn£VL g¡Cm
h¡ Ju¡LÑh¤L hm¡ qu zHL¢V Ju¡LÑh¤L LuL¢V Ju¡LÑn£V b¡La f¡l z

Cell ¢L ?
H„ml Ju¡LÑn£V¢V p¡¢l J Lm¡j ¢i¢šL z A , B , C .....qm ¢h¢ieÀ Lm¡jl e¡j Hhw h¡j f¡nl 1 ,
2 ,3 , 4 ......qm p¡¢l pwMÉ¡ zp¡¢l J Lm¡jl flØfl ®Rc °al£L«a ®R¡V ®R¡V A¡uaL¡l OlL ®pm
hm¡ qu z HL¢V ®ØfÊXn£V ®j¡V 1,67,77,216 ¢V ®pm luR z¢ejÀ ®pml ¢Qœ ®cMh x

Cell

74
Column ¢L ?
H„ml Ju¡LÑn£V¢V p¡¢l J Lm¡j ¢i¢šL z A , B , C .....qm HL HL¢V Lm¡j z ¢ejÀ ¢Qœ ¢p-
mƒ Ll¡ ®kV¡ ®cM¡ k¡µR ®p¢VC qm¡ HL¢V Lm¡j zHL¢V Ju¡LÑn£V 256 ¢V Lm¡j A¡R z

Column

Row ¢L ?
Microsoft Excel Hl Work Sheet H 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 A¡s¡A¡¢s i¡h ®k c¡N…m¡ A¡R ®p…m¡C qm Row
z HL¢V Ju¡LÑn£V 65,536 ¢V Row A¡R z ¢ejÀ ¢Qœl j¡dÉj a¡q¡ ®cM¡e¡ qmx

Row

Microsoft Excel Window Hl p¡b f¢lQu x

Title Bar

Standard toolbar Menu Bar Formula bar

Cell Pointer Column bar

Name Box
Task Pane

Verticale Scrollbar
Row bar

Sheet Tab Status Bar Horizental scrollbar

75
Microsoft Excel H ®k¡N , ¢hu¡N , …e Hhw naLl¡ ¢qp¡h h¡¢ql Ll¡l p§œ ¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ q-
m¡ x

k¡N =sum (cell + cell)

¢hu¡N =sum (cell - cell)
…e =sum(cell X cell)
i¡N =sum(cell / cell )
naLl¡ =sum(cell X %20)

Microsoft Excel H ¢h¢ieÀ h¡l x

 Title bar
 Menu bar
 Tool bar
 Standard tool bar
 Formatting tool bar
 Formula bar
 Scroll bar
 Status bar
 Sheet bar

Title Bar x Excel Screen H phQ¡Ca Efl h¡j ¢cL Microsoft Excel -Book - 1 H ®k ®mM¡¢V
®cM¡ k¡u ®pV¡C qm¡ Title Bar z Microsoft Office Hl ph…m¡ Program H HC Bar b¡L z

Menu Bar x Title Bar Hl ¢WL ¢eQ Excel Hl Command pj¤q Menu A¡L¡l ®kje - File , Edit ,View
CaÉ¡¢c ®mM¡ b¡L ®pV¡C qm¡ Menu Bar z

Standard Tool Bar x Menu Bar Hl ¢WL ¢eQ ®R¡V ®R¡V Icon A¡L¡l ®kM¡e Save , Open ,
Copy , Paste , print CaÉ¡¢Ÿ b¡L ®pV¡LC Tool Bar hm z
Formatting tool Bar x Tool Bar - Hl f¡nÄÑ h¡ e£Q ®k Bar Hl p¡q¡kÉ Font Style , Font Size
Change Ll¡ k¡u Hhw ®mM¡ X¡e h¡j Bold , Italic , Underline Ll¡ k¡u ®pC Bar L Formatting tool Bar
hm z
A¡p¤e Hh¡l A¡jl¡ Microsoft Excel Open L¢l x
 Start > Click
 All Programs
 Microsoft Office
 Microsoft Excel 2003/XP > Click
Microsoft Excel 2003/XP Click Ll¡l fl HL¢V ea¤e Window A¡ph Microsoft Excel – Book – 1 e¡j x

76
Hh¡l A¡jl¡ k¢c ®L¡e XL¥j¾V ¢fʾV ®eJu¡l SeÉ °al£ L¢l ®pC ®rœ fÊbj A¡j¡cl XL¥j¾V¢Vl
®fS ®pV¡f Ll ¢ea qh z Excel Book – 1 , Page setup Hl SeÉ A¡jl¡ ¢ejÀl ¢euj¢V Ae¤ple Llh x
Excel Page Setup :
Microsoft Excel Page Setup Hl SeÉ fÊbj
fÊbj d¡fx
 File Menu > Click
 Page setup > Click ( Page Setup H Click Llm ¢ejÀl HC Page ¢V A¡ph )
 HC ®fS ®bL fÊbj Page Tab ¢pmƒ Ll Portrait / Landscape ¢pmƒ Lla qh z
 Option H Click Ll Paper Size ¢eSl fÊu¡Se ja ¢pmƒ Ll ¢ea qh z

¢àa£u d¡fx
 Margins Tab ¢pmƒ Lla qh
 ¢ejÀ ¢Qœl ®pV¡f Ae¤k¡u£ f¢lhaÑe Ll OK Lla qh z

a«a£u d¡fx
 Header/Footer > Click
 k¢c fÊu¡Se qu a¡qm ¢ejÀl ¢Qœl ja HL¢V Window A¡ph Hhw HM¡e k¡ fÊu¡Se je Llhe
®pV¡ V¡Cf / ¢pmLne Ll OK Llm Header/Footer qu k¡h z
Type Header

Type Footer

77
Microsoft Excel Book - H V¡Cf Ll¡l f§hÑ ¢LR¤ mrZ£u ¢hou ¢ejÀ ®cJu
qm¡ x

 k cell H Data H¢¾VÊ Ll¡ clL¡l ®pC Cell H Click Lla qh z

 Keyboard bL Data Cell H V¡Cf h¡ ®mM¡l fl Enter/Tab Key Press Llm Worksheet H Data H¢¾VÊ qh z
 a¡¢lM ®mM¡l pju q¡Cge (-) h¡ nÔÉ¡n (/) a¡¢lMl AwnL fªbL Ll¡l SeÉ ¢mMa qh z
 Worksheet H pju Data H¢¾VÊ Ll¡l pju O¾V¡ ,¢j¢eV , Hhw ®pLäL (:) ¢Qq² ¢cu fªbL Ll
¢mMa qh Hhw AM h¡ PM h¤T¡e¡l SeÉ pjul fl a h¡ p ¢mMa qh zAhnÉ p e¡ ¢mMm
h¡ ®L¡e ¢LR¤ e¡ ¢mMm H„m am dl ¢eh z
 Keyboard bL Arl V¡Cf Ll H¢¾VÊ Llm pju ( Time) h¡j HmÉ¡Ce qh Hhw pwMÉ¡ X¡e AÉ¡m¡Ce q-
hz
 AÉ¡m¡Cej¾V f¢lhaÑe Lla Q¡Cm Format ®je¤l Cell H Click Ll p¡d¡lZi¡h Alignment VÉ¡h
¢LÓL Ll fR¾ce£u Afne ¢ehÑ¡Qe Lla qhz pwMÉ¡l f§hÑ n§eÉ (0) V¡Cf Llm a¡ fÊc¢nÑa
qh e¡ ®kje 09 h¡ 009 H¢¾VÊ Llm 9 qh z

Hh¡l A¡jl¡ Excel H ¢Li¡h p¡d¡lZ ®k¡N , ¢hu¡N , …e Hhw i¡N Lla qu
a¡ ¢nMhx

k¡N Ll¡l ¢euj x

¢Qœ A¡jl¡ ®cMa f¡¢µR ®k Lm¡j B1 , B2 ,B3 Hhw B4 ®k¡N Ll¡ quR p¤œl j¡dÉj zHR¡s¡J A¡jl¡
k ®pm…m¡ ®k¡N Ll¡l fÊu¡Se qh öd¤j¡œ ®pC ®pm …m¡ ¢pmƒ Ll V¥mh¡l Ah¢ÙÛa A-
V¡p¡j H Click LlJ ®k¡N Lla f¡¢l z

¢hu¡N Ll¡l ¢euj x

¢Qœ A¡jl¡ ®cMa f¡¢µR ®k Lm¡j C1 qa C2 ®L ¢hu¡N Ll¡l SeÉ p§œ fÊu¡N Ll¡ quR z

e¡V x EõMÉ …e Hhw i¡N Ll¡l ¢euj HLC i¡h ah ®kM¡e ®k¡N Hhw ¢hu¡N Hl ¢Qq²
hÉhq¡l Ll¡ quR ®pM¡e …e Hhw i¡N Hl ¢Qq² hÉhq¡l Lla qh z

Row , Column & Cell Insert / Delete Ll¡l ¢euj x

Excel Hl Sheet H ®k ®L¡e pju A¢a¢lš² Row , Column h¡ Cell pwk¡Se h¡ j¤R ®gm¡ k¡u
zje Ll¦e HL¢V X¡V¡ ®V¢hm X¡V¡hS¢V LuL q¡S¡l ®m¡Ll X¡V¡hS ¢cu f§ZÑ Ll¡ A¡R Hhw 5
ew p¡¢ll X¡V¡l C Lm¡j Address Hl Ol i§mœ²j Dhaka ®mM¡ quR z

A¡l HC i§m qh¡l L¡lZ ¢eQl ph Oll Address …m¡ i§m quR z L¡lZ 6 ew p¡¢la Dhaka qh
Hhw 6 eðl ®k¢V ®mM¡ A¡R ®p¢V 7 eðl qh z 7 eðl ®k¢V ®mM¡ A¡R ®p¢V 8 eðl qh
zHrœ ®L¡e X¡V¡ e¡ j¤R k¢V 5 eðl p¡¢ll X¡V¡¢V 6 eðl Hhw 6 eðll¢V 7 eðl j¤i Ll¡ k¡u ah
j¡œ HL¢V Lj¡äl j¡dÉjC X¡V¡hS¢V p¢WL Ll ®eJu¡ k¡u z
78
 ea¤e HL¢V Cell ®L Insert Hl j¡dÉj HC pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e Ll¡ k¡u z A¡h¡l je Ll¦e pjNÊ X¡V¡hS
Name Hhw Address Lm¡jl j¡T ea¤e HL¢V Lm¡j m¡Nh Hhw First Name Hhw Last Name Lm¡j Hi¡h
p¡S¡a qh z p¤al¡w pjNÊ X¡V¡hS HL¢V ea¤e Column ®L Insert LlmC pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡e qu k¡h z
Hi¡h ea¤e Row ®L Insert Ll¡l clL¡l qa f¡l z¢eQl Step …m¡ Ae¤ple Ll¦e z

Steps :
File > Open Lj¡ä ¢cu A¡fe¡l °al£ Ll¡ Database g¡Cm¢V M¤m¤e Hhw Sheet1 - H ¢LÓL
Ll¦e z g¡Cm¢V ¢ejÀl©f qh z

gy¡L¡ Cell ®L Insert Ll¡ x

 C5 pm ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 je¤ ®bL Insert > Cells Lj¡ä ¢ce z ( Alt + I , E ) ( AbÑ¡v ®je¤ ®bL Insert – H Click Ll¦e XÊf-
X¡Ee ®je¤ A¡pm Cells H ¢LÓL Ll¦e ) z
 Insert Dialog h„ A¡ph zShift Cell Right Hhw Shift Cell Down Afne ®cM¡ k¡h z
 Shift Cell Down l¢XJ h¡Ve ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z ®no OK Ll¦e z C5 ®pm¢V gy¡L¡ qh Hhw X¡V¡…
¢m HL ®pm Ll ¢eQ ®ej k¡h z

79
 Shift Cell Right ®l¢XJ h¡Ve ¢pmƒ Llm X¡V¡…m¡ HL ®pm Ll X¡e pl ®ka z HL¡¢dL Cell ¢p-
mƒ b¡Lm ®pC pwMÉL ®pml SeÉ HLC L¡S qa¡ z

80
gy¡L¡ Cell ®L ¢XmV Ll¡ x
 C5 pm ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 je¤ ®bL Edit>Delete Lj¡ä ¢ce zDelete X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z Shift Cells Left Hhw Shift Cells Up
Afne b¡Lh z Shift Cells Up ®l¢XJ h¡Ve ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z

 no OK Ll¦e z C5 ®pml fÊaL ®pml X¡V¡ HL ®pm Ll Efl EW A¡ph z

 HL¡¢dL Cell ¢pmƒ b¡Lm X¡V¡…¢m ¢pmƒ Ll¡ Cell Hl pwMÉ¡u Efl EW A¡pa¡ z Shift Cells Left
¢pmƒ a¡Lm X¡V¡…¢m HL ®pm Ll h¡j pl A¡pa¡ z EõMÉ ®k ®L¡e Cell ®L ¢pmƒ Ll L£ -
®h¡XÑ ®bL Delete L£ - fÊp Llm X¡V¡ j¤R k¡u ¢L¿¹ ®L¡e ®pml X¡V¡ ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹¢la qu e¡ z
gy¡L¡ Column ®L Insert Ll¡ x
 C Lm¡jl ®k ®L¡e ®pm ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 je¤ ®bL Insert>Columns Lj¡ä ¢ce z ( Alt + I , C ) ea¤e HL¢V gy¡L¡ Lm¡j °al£ qh Hhw AeÉ
Lm¡jl X¡V¡…¢m HL Lm¡j Ll X¡e pl k¡h z

 HL¡¢dL Lm¡j h¡ Lm¡jl ®pm ¢pmƒ b¡Lm HL¡¢dL ea¤e Lm¡j °al£ qa¡ z Hhw Hhw X¡V¡…
¢m ®pC pwMÉL Lm¡j X¡e pl ®ka z
gy¡L¡ Column ®L Delete Ll¡ x
 C Lm¡jl ®k ®L¡e Cell H L¡pÑl ( fu¾V¡l ) l¡M¤e h¡ pÇf§ZÑ C Lm¡j ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 ®je¤ ®bL Edit>Delete Lj¡ä ¢ce z Delete X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph zEntrie Column Hhw Entrie Row Afne b¡Lh z
 Entrie Column l¢XJ h¡Ve ¢pmƒ Ll¦e zno OK Ll¦e z

81
 gy¡L¡ Lm¡j¢V j¤R k¡h Hhw pjÙ¹ X¡V¡ HL Lm¡j h¡j pl A¡ph z

82
gy¡L¡ Row ®L Insert Ll¡ x
 C5 pm L¡pÑl ( fu¾V¡l ) l¡M¤e h¡ pÇf§ZÑ 5 eðl p¡¢l ( Row ) ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 je¤ ®bL Insert > Row Lj¡ä ¢ce z ea¤e HL¢V gy¡L¡ p¡¢l A¡ph Hhw X¡V¡…¢m HLp¡¢l ¢eQ ®ej k¡h
z

 HL¡¢dL p¡¢l h¡ p¡¢ll ®pm ¢pmƒ b¡Lm HL¡¢dL ea¤e p¡¢l f¡Ju¡ ®ka Hhw ®pC Ae¤p¡l
X¡V¡ pl ®ka z
gy¡L¡ Row ®L Delete Ll¡ x
 5 eðl ®k ®L¡e ®pm H L¡pÑl l¡M¤e h¡ pÇf§ZÑ 5 eðl p¡¢l ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 je¤ ®bL Edit>Delete Lj¡ä ¢ce z Delete X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z Entrie Column Hhw Entrie Row
Afne b¡Lh z
 Entrie Row ®l¢XJ h¡Ve ¢pmƒ Ll OK Ll¦e z

 gy¡L¡ p¡¢l¢V j¤R k¡h Hhw X¡V¡ Efl EW A¡ph z EõMÉ pjÙ¹ Lm¡j h¡ p¡¢l ¢pmƒ Ll L£-
®h¡XÑ ®bL Delete –L£ ®fÊp Llm X¡V¡ j¤R k¡h ¢L¿¹ X¡V¡ ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹¢la qh e¡ z

ea¤e Sheet ®L Insert Ll¡ x

k¢cJ Excel Hl fÊ¢a Workbook –H 256 V¡ Sheet b¡L ¢L¿¹ Workbook Hl ¢eQl ¢cL Sheet1 ®bL
Sheet 16 fkÑ¿¹ A¡pa f¡l z p¡d¡lZa Sheet1 , Sheet2 J Sheet3 b¡L z H AhÙÛ¡u ea¤e Worksheet clL¡l
qm A¡e¡ k¡h z
 g¡Cml ¢eQl ¢cL ®bL Sheet3 ®a Click Ll ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
83
 je¤ ®bL Insert > Sheet (Worksheet) Lj¡ä ¢ce z mrÉ Ll¦e Sheet4 e¡j ea¤e HL¢V Sheet f¡Ju¡ k¡h z

84
Sheet ®L Delete Ll¡ x
Workbook bL HL h¡ HL¡¢dL Sheet j¤R ®cJu¡ k¡h zHL¡¢dL Sheet ¢pmƒ Lla qm L£-h¡XÑ
®bL Ctrl – L£ ®fÊp Ll¡ AhÙÛ¡u fÊ¢a Sheet Hl Efl ¢LÓL Lla qh z
 Sheet4 ¢pmƒ Ll ®je¤ ®bL Edit>Delete Sheet Lj¡ä ¢ce z paLÑa¡j§mL X¡u¡lN h„ A¡ph z
 Delete h¡Ve ¢LÓL Ll¦e z
EõMÉ Sheet ¢V X¡V¡pq j¤R k¡h Hhw Sheet ÙÛ¡u£i¡h j¤R k¡h z Undo Ll ®j¡R¡ Sheet ®L ¢g¢lu
A¡e¡ k¡u e¡ z ah g¡Cm¢V ®pi e¡ Ll Close Ll , A¡h¡l Open Llm f§hÑ¡hÙÛ¡u f¡Ju¡ k¡h z

Data Fill Ll¡ x

Worksheet Hl f¡n¡f¡¢n pm ( Continious ) HLC S¡a£u X¡V¡ ®kje - œ²¢jL pwMÉ¡ , j¡pl e¡j
Abh¡ ¢cel e¡j CaÉ¡¢c ®mM¡l fÊu¡Se qu z H AhÙÛ¡u 1,2,3 Hi¡h ¢mMa AeL pjul hÉ¡f¡l z
¢L¿¹ A¡f¢e k¢c Data Fill Hl ¢euj S¡ee ah H hÉ¡f¡l¢V f¡¢el ja pqS z je l¡Mhe Data Fill à¡l¡ Row
h¡ Column Hl ®k ®L¡e¢VLC Fill Ll¡ k¡u z
dl¦e A¡fe¡l fÊu¡Se œ²¢jL 1 ®bL 100 Abh¡ j¡pl e¡j January ®bL December h¡ ¢cel e¡j
Sunday ®bL Saturday CaÉ¡¢c z ®prœ ¢eQl Lj¡ä…m¡ fÊu¡N Ll¦e z

œ²¢jL ew °al£ Ll¡ x

 File > New Lj¡ä ¢ce ( XP /2003 – Hl ®rœ X¡e¢cL V¡ú fÉ¡e A¡ph ) z
 ¢ejÀ ¢Qœ ®cM¤e Hhw Lj¡ä ¢ce z A1 J A2 ®pm 1 J 2 ¢mM¤e z A1 ®bL A10 ®pm fkÑ¿¹
¢pmƒ / hÔL Ll¦e z
 je¤ ®bL Edit > Fill >Series Lj¡ä ¢ce z Serise X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z

 Auto Fill l¢XJ h¡Ve ¢LÓL Ll OK Ll¦e z hÔL Ll¡ Awn d¡l¡h¡¢qL pwMÉ¡ ¢cu f§ZÑ qh z

85
j¡pl e¡j ¢cu Data Fill x

 A1 pm January V¡Cf Ll Enter ¢ce z

 A¡h¡lJ ®pm fu¾V¡lL A1 ®pml ¢eQ X¡e¢cLl ®R¡V L¡m h„ A¡e¤e z fÔ¡p p¡Ce ( ) h¡
Fill Handle A¡ph z
 Fill Handle A¡pm ¢eQl ¢cL XÊ¡N Ll A12 ®pm Hp j¡Ep h¡Ve ®Rs ¢ce ( Efll ¢Qœ mrÉ Ll¦e
)
e¡V x j¡p Hhw a¡¢lMl ®rœ Data Fill Ll¡l ¢euj HLC z ( Ae¤NÊqf§hÑL ¢eS ¢eS
Ae¤n£me Ll¦e )

HL¡¢dL ¢gô Data Fill Ll¡ x

HLp¡b HL¡¢dL ¢gô Data Fill Ll¡ pñh z
 A1 pm January , B1 ®pm Sunday , C1 ®pm 01/01/2010 V¡Cf Ll Enter ¢ce z A1,B1Hhw C1
®pm hÔL/¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 C1 pml Fill Handle ®L XÊ¡N Ll C10 ®pm fkÑ¿¹ A¡e¤e z¢ejÀ ¢Qœ ®cM¤e HL¡¢dL ¢gô Data Fill q-
uR z

86
¢e¢cÑø hÉ¡hd¡e Auto Fill Ll¡l ¢euj x
HMe A¡jl¡ 10, 20, 30 Hi¡h 150 fkÑ¿¹ Fill Llh ¢L¿¹ Fill Handle hÉ¡hq¡l e¡ Ll z
 Worksheet Hl D1 ®pm 10 ¢mM¤e Hhw Enter ¢ce z D1 pm ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 je¤ ®bL Edit > Fill > Series...Lj¡ä ¢ce zSeries X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z
 Step Value Ol 10 ¢mM¤e z Ha pwMÉ¡l jdÉL¡l hÉ¡hd¡e ¢e¢cÑø Ll z
 Stop Value Ol 150 ¢mM¤e z Ha ®no pwMÉ¡ La qh ®p¢V ¢edÑ¡¢la qm¡ z
 Series in Afne Column, Type Afne Liner ¢pmƒ Ll OK Ll¦e z

¢ejÀl ¢Qœ L¡S¢V ®cM¤e

10, 20, 30 Hi¡h 150 fkÑ¿¹ f§ZÑ qh z

A¡p¤e Hh¡l A¡jl¡ Formatting ¢eu ¢LR¤ A¡m¡Qe¡ J L¡S ¢n¢M x
V„V h¡ X¡V¡ H¢¾VÊ Ll¡l fl X¡V¡l Font – Hl dle f¢lhaÑe , p¡CS f¢lhaÑe, L¡m¡l f¢lhaÑe,
fÊu¡Se A¡ä¡lm¡Ce ®cJu¡ h¡ N¡t Ll¡, hs q¡al ®mM¡ ®R¡V q¡al Ll¡ , cn¢jL ¢Qq², L¡l¢¾p
¢Qq²,f¡lp¾V ¢Qq², hXÑ¡l ®cJu¡ CaÉ¡¢c e¡e¡ fÊu¡Se qa f¡l zA¡jl¡ HL¢V X¡V¡hS °al£ Ll fl H
¢Vl Format °al£ Llh¡ z ýhý ¢eQl ja HL¢V X¡V¡hS °al£ Ll¦e Hhw Format1 e¡j ®pi Ll¦e z

Number Format
j§max N¡¢Z¢aL pwMÉ¡l ®rœ hÉ¡hq¡l Ll¡ qu ®kje L¡e pwMÉ¡a % ¢Qq², cn¢jL ¢Qq², j¤cÊ¡
h¡ Currency CaÉ¡¢cl SeÉ Number VÉ¡h hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu z
 A¡fe¡l °al£ Ll¡ X¡V¡hS¢V ®bL A1 ®bL A3 fkÑ¿¹ ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z

87
 je¤ ®bL Format>Cell...Lj¡ä ¢ce z Format Cells X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z
 Number VÉ¡h ¢pmƒ A¡R ¢e¢ÕQa qu ¢ee z
 Category h„ bL Number ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
Decimal Places Afne 2 ¢pmƒ b¡Lh AbÑ¡v cn¢jL Hl fl c¤C Ol A¡ph z cn¢jLl fl c¤C pwLÉ¡l
®hn£ Q¡Cm ®pC f¢lj¡e pwMÉ¡ V¡Cf Ll¦e Abh¡ Up/Down ( ) HÉ¡l¡a ¢LÓL Ll ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 q¡S¡l pwMÉ¡l fl Lj¡ ( , ) ®ch¡l SeÉ Use 100 Separator ( , ) Afne ¢VL j¡LÑ ( ) Ll¦e z
 Negative Number Awn Q¡l¢V Style Hl ®kL¡e HL¢V ¢pmƒ Lla f¡le z
 no OK Ll¦e z A¡fe¡l ®mM¡ A1 ®bL A3 fkÑ¿¹ X¡V¡…¢m cn¢jL Hhw q¡S¡ll fl Lj¡pq fÊc
¢nÑa qhz¢ejÀl ¢Qœ mr Ll¦e z

e¡V x EõMÉ Category h„ bL Custom ¢pmƒ LlJ CµR¡ja Format ®cJu¡ k¡u z

Currency h¡ j¤cÊ¡ ¢Qq² pwk¡N x

Worksheet-H Ah¢ÙÛa ¢h¢ieÀ AbÑl f¢lj¡el A¡N Tk., Rs, $ CaÉ¡¢c p¡Ce ®cJu¡l clL¡l qa f¡l,
®pSeÉ ¢eQl Step …m¡ Ae¤plZ Ll¦e z
 Database ¢Vl B1 ®bL B3 fkÑ¿¹ ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z

 A¡h¡l ®je¤ ®bL Format>Cell....Lj¡ä ¢ce z Format Cells X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z

 Number VÉ¡h ¢pmƒ A¡R ¢e¢ÕQa qu ¢ee z
 Category h„ ®bL Currency ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 Symble Afne Deafult j¤cÊ¡ ($ ) ¢pmƒ b¡Lh z XÊf-X¡Ee ¢LÓL Ll , ¢mø ®bL CµR¡ja
j¤cÊ¡ ®p¢Vw Ll¦e z
 cn¢jLl fl pwMÉ¡ Q¡Cm Decimal Places Afne a¡ ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¦e z

88
Abh¡ , fÊu¡Se£u X¡V¡ ¢pmƒ Ll V¥mh¡l ®bL Currency h¡Ve ( $ ) ¢LÓL Ll¦e Ll¦e z
e¡V x CµRja¡ Currency ¢Qq² ®kje- (Tk.) CaÉ¡¢c ®p¢Vw Ll¡l SeÉ Windows Hl Desktop ®bL
Start>Setting>Control Panel > Reagional Setting >D/Click>Customize>Click>Currency Tab Select Ll
Currency Symble Afne CµRja ¢Qq² ®kje ( Tk. , Rs ) CaÉ¡¢c f¢lh¢aÑa Ll ¢ee z¢ejÀ ¢Qœl
j¡dÉj ®cM¡e¡ qm x

Step : 1 Step : 2

89
Step : 2

90
Parcentage ¢Qq² pwk¡N x
Worksheet – H Ah¢ÙÛa ¢h¢ieÀ pwMÉ¡a % ¢Qq² pwk¡Nl clL¡l qu z Hrœ 1 AbÑ¡v pÇf§ZÑ
Awnl AbÑ qm¡ 100%, .50 Hl AbÑ qm¡ 50% Hhw .01 Hl
 X¡V¡hS¢Vl C1 ®bL C6 fkÑ¿¹ ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z

 A¡h¡lJ ®je¤ ®bL Format > Cells...Lj¡ä ¢ce z Format Cells X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z Number VÉ¡h
¢pmƒ A¡R ¢e¢ÕQa qu ¢ee z
 Category h„ ®bL Parcentage ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z X¡u¡mN h„ f¢lh¢aÑa qh z
 cn¢jL pwMÉ¡l Ol ( Decimal Places ) 2 mM¡ b¡Lh z ®L¡e cn¢jL e¡ ¢ca Q¡Cm 0 V¡Cf Ll¦e z

 no OK Ll¦e z A¡fe¡l ¢pmƒ Ll¡ Awnl X¡V¡l p¡b naLl¡ ( Parcentage ) ¢Qq² k¤š² qh z

Abh¡, fÊu¡Se£u X¡V¡ ¢pmƒ Ll V¥mh¡l ®bL Parcentage h¡Ve ( ) ¢LÓL Ll¦e z

Fraction pwk¡N x
AeL pju .5 Hl hcm 1/2, .25 hcm 1/4 Hi¡h ®mM¡l fÊu¡Se qa f¡l zHrœ Fraction pwk¡N Lla qu z
¢eQl Step …m¡ Ae¤plZ Ll¦e z
 X¡V¡hS¢Vl D1®bL D6 fkÑ¿¹ ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z

 A¡h¡lJ ®je¤ ®bL Format > Cells...Lj¡ä ¢ce zFormat Cells X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z
 Number VÉ¡h ¢pmƒ A¡R ¢e¢ÕQa qu ¢ee z Category h„ bL Fraction ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z X¡u¡mN
h„ ¢eQl ja f¢lh¢aÑa qh z

91
Upto one digit (1/4) Llm Efl/¢eQ j¡œ 1¢V pwMÉ¡ b¡Lh z Upto Two digits ( 21/25) ¢pmƒ Llm
Efl/¢eQ phÑ¡µQ c¤¢V Ll pwMÉ¡ b¡Lh z Upto Three digits ¢pmƒ Llm Efl/¢eQ 3¢V Ll
pwMÉ¡ b¡Lh z
 Upto to three digits (312/943) ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z ®no OK Ll¦e z

iNÀ¡wn A¡L¡l cn¢jL pwMÉ¡…¢m f¡Ju¡ k¡h z

X¡V¡hSl Alignment ¢edÑ¡lZ Ll¡ x

Excel-H ®L¡e X¡V¡ ¢mMm Text-Hl ®rœ h¡jf¡n ®Op AbÑ¡v Left Alignment Hhw Value
h¡ Numaric h¡ N¡¢Z¢aL pwMÉ¡ ¢mMm X¡e¢cL ®Op AbÑ¡v Right Alignment AV¡j¢VL ®p¢Vw
b¡L z CµR¡ Llm HC Alignment f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ k¡u , HR¡s¡ Text ®L Vertically h¡ A¡s¡A¡¢si¡h ®p
¢Vw Ll¡ k¡u z LuL¢V ®pmL j¡SÑ Ll HL¢V ®pm f¢lea Ll¡ k¡u z Horizontal Hhw Vertical HC
c¤C dlel Align Ll¡ k¡u zHorizontal Align bL, Left AbÑ¡v h¡j ¢cL hph, Right AbÑ¡v X¡e¢cL Hhw
Center AbÑ¡v ph¢cL pj¡e S¡uN¡ ®lM j¡TM¡e hph, Fill AbÑ¡v X¡e/h¡j pj¡e Llh, Hi¡h ®p¢Vw
Ll¡ k¡h z Vertical Align bL A¡h¡l Top AbÑ¡v Efl ¢cL ®Op hph, Bottom AbÑ¡v ¢eQl ¢cL ®Op
hph , Center AbÑ¡v Efl ¢eQ pj¡e S¡uN¡ ®lM hph, Hi¡h ®p¢Vw Ll¡ k¡u z Eiu ®rœ General
®p¢Vw Llm f§hÑ¡hÙÛ¡u ¢gl A¡ph z
 Format1 g¡Cm¢V M¤me F1 ®bL F4 fkÑ¿¹ ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z

 je¤ ®bL Format>Cell...Lj¡ä ¢ce z Format Cell X¡u¡mN h„ A¡ph z

 Alignment VÉ¡h ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z X¡u¡mN h„ f¢lh¢aÑa qu ¢eQl h„l ja qh z

92
  Horizontal Awnl XÊf X¡Ee ( ) AbÑ¡v ¢ejÀj§M£ a£l ¢LÓL Ll Center ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z
 Vertical Awnl XÊf X¡Ee ( ) AbÑ¡v ¢ejÀj§M£ a£l ¢LÓL Ll Center ¢pmƒ Ll¦e z Horizontal
Hhw Vertical ®L Center Alignment Ll¡ qm¡ z
 ¢eQl h¡j ¢cLl Text Control Afne ®bL Merge Cells Afne ¢VL j¡LÑ ( ) Ll¦e z Ha F1, F2,
F3 J F4 ¢pmƒ Ll¡ ®pm…¢m j¡SÑ qh z

 no OK h¡Ve Click Ll¦e SIGNAL ®mM¡¢V L¡¢´Ma Ae¤p¡l qh z

 EõMÉ V¥mh¡l Left Alignment h¡Ve , Right Alignment h¡Ve, Center Alignment h¡Ve ®fÊp LlJ
¢pmƒ Ll¡ X¡V¡L Align Ll¡ k¡u z

93
 L¢ÇfEV¡l ®eVJu¡¢LÑw

নেটওয়ার্ক কি?
একাধিক কম্পিউটার যখন একসাথে যুক্ত হয়ে তথ্য আদান প্রদান করে তখন থাকে
নেটওর্য়াক বলে । নেটওর্য়াক করার জন্য ন্যূনতম দুটি কম্পিউটার প্রয়োজন ।

নেটওয়ার্কের প্রকারভেদ :
নেটওয়ার্কে সাধারণত তিন ভাগে ভাগ করা যায়।
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
Local Area Network (LAN):
একই বিল্ডিং এর মাঝে অবস্থিত বিভিন্ন কম্পিউটার নিয়ে গঠিত নেটওয়ার্রকে
লোকাল এরিয়া নেটওয়ার্ক বলে। এই নেটওয়ার্ক এর ডাটা ট্রান্সফার গতি ১০এমবিপিএস ।
এই নেটওয়ার্ক এ ব্যবহিত ডিভাইসগুলো হলো রিপিটার, হাব, নেটওয়ার্ক ইন্টারফেস
ইত্যাদি ।

LAN( Local Area Network )

94
95
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):
একই শহরের মধ্যে অবস্থিত কয়েকটি ল্যানের সমন্বয়ে গঠিত ইন্টারফেসকে বলা হয়
মেট্রোপলিটন এরিয়া নেটওয়ার্ক । এ ধরনের নেটওয়ার্ক ৫০-৭৫ মাইল পর্যন্ত বিস্তৃত
হতে পারে। এই নেটওয়ার্কর ডাটা ট্রান্সফার স্পিড গিগাবিট পার সেকেন্ড। এ ধরনের
নেটওয়ার্ক এ ব্যবহিত ডিভাইস গুলো হলো রাউটার, সুইজ, মাইক্রোওয়েভ এন্টেনা ইত্যাদি।
Metropolitan Area Network

Mirpur

Malibag

LAN
Uttara
LAN

MAN Backbone
Dhanmondi

WAN(Wide Area Network):

দূরবর্তী ল্যানসমূকে নিয়ে গড়ে উঠা নেটওয়ার্ককে ওয়াইড এরিয়া নেটওয়ার্ক
বলে। এ ধরনের নেটওয়ার্ক এর ডাটা ট্রান্সফার স্পীড ৫৬ কেবিপিএস থেকে ১.৫৪৪
এমবিপিএস। ওয়্যানের গতি ধীরে ধীরে পরিবর্তন হচ্ছে। এ ধরনের নেটওয়ার্কে ব্যবহিত
ডিভাইসগুলো হলো রাউটার, মডেম, ওয়্যান সুইজ ইত্যাদি।
Wide Area Network

M¤me¡ l¡Sn¡q£

Q–NÊ¡j Y¡L¡

96
L¡Sl dlZl Efl ¢i¢š Ll ®eVJu¡LÑL Bh¡l ¢ae i¡N i¡N Ll¡ ®ka f¡l x
1z ¢fu¡l-V¥-¢fu¡l ®eVJu¡LÑ x
¢fu¡l-V¥-¢fu¡l ®eVJu¡LÑ fËaÉL CES¡l AeÉ CES¡ll p¡b abÉ ®nu¡l LlzHdlZl ®eVJu¡LÑ
Q¡m¤ qu 1984 p¡m ®bL, kMe Hfm L¢ÇfEV¡l a¡cl jÉ¡¢L¾Vn fÔ¡p Eá¡he Llmz j¡Cœ²¡pgV
1992 p¡m a¡cl Eá¡¢ha ECä¡S 3|11 ®L ¢fu¡l-V¤-¢fu¡l ®eVJu¡LÑl Efk¡N£ Ll a¥mz ¢fu¡l-V¤-
¢fu¡l ®eVJu¡LÑl j¡dÉj CES¡l a¡cl ¢f˾V¡l, ®g¡ô¡l, ¢p¢Xlj XÊ¡Ci, gÓ¢f ¢Xú CaÉ¡¢c AeÉl
p¡b ®nu¡l Lla f¡lz
2z LÓ¡u¾V-p¡i¡Ñl ®eVJu¡LÑ x
LÓ¡u¾V-p¡i¡Ñl ®eVJu¡LÑ qm¡ ®L¾cУui¡h X¡V¡ ØV¡l,¢el¡fš¡ ¢e¢ÕQa Ll¡,H¢fÔLne
Q¡me¡,Hhw ®eVJu¡LÑ f¢lQ¡me¡l Efk¡N£ HL¢V jXm qm¡ LÓ¡u¾V-p¡i¡Ñl jXmz HC jXm HL
¢V L¢fEV¡l b¡Lh ¢lp¡pÑ,Bl ®eVJu¡LÑl AeÉ¡eÉ L¢ÇfEV¡l ®pph ¢lp¡pÑ hÉhq¡l Llhz ®k L
¢ÇfEV¡l ¢lp¡pÑ ®nu¡l Llh ®p¢V qm¡ p¡iÑ¡l,Bl ®k ph L¢ÇfEV¡l ®pC ¢lp¡pÑ hÉhq¡l Llh
a¡l¡ qm¡ LÓ¡u¾Vz ®eVJu¡LÑl pjÙ¹ ¢lp¡pÑ p¡i¡Ñl Sj¡ b¡L¡u ¢lp¡pÑ ®jeS Ll¡ ®ka f¡l
®L¾cÐ ®bLz LÓ¡u¾V-p¡i¡Ñl ®eVJu¡LÑL p¡iÑ¡l-®hSX ®eVJu¡LÑJ hm¡ qu z
3z q¡C¢hËX ®eVJu¡LÑ x
AeL ®rœ ¢fu¡l-V¥-¢fu¡l ®eVJu¡LÑ J LÓ¡u¾V-p¡i¡Ñl ®eVJu¡LÑ c¤¢VlC clL¡l fs z ®p-
rœ ®eVJu¡LÑ c¤C dlZl hÉhÙÛ¡C l¡M¡ qu, HL hm¡ qu q¡C¢hËX ®eVJu¡LÑ Ha HLC p¡b
LÓ¡u¾V-p¡i¡Ñl Hhw ¢fu¡l-V¥-¢fu¡l ®eVJu¡LÑl p¤¢hd¡ f¡Ju¡ ka f¡l z

টপোলজি:
একটি নেটওয়ার্কে কম্পিউটারগুলো কিভাবে সংযুক্ত আছে তার ক্যাটালগকেই টপোলজি
বলে । নেটওয়ার্ক ডিজাইনের ক্ষেত্রে টপোলজি বিশেষ ভূমিকা রাখে । টপোলজি বিভিন্ন
ধরনের হতে পারে যেমন- বাস টপোলজি, স্টার টপোলজি, রিং টপোলজি, মেশ টপোলজি ইত্যাদি
। নীচে বিভিন্ন টপোলজিগুলো দেওয়া হলো:

নেটওয়ার্ক ক্যাবল:
এক কম্পিউটার থেকে অন্য কম্পিউটারের ডাটা পাঠানোর জন্য যে ক্যাবল ব্যবহার করা
হয় থাকেই নেটওয়ার্ক ক্যাবল বলে ।
নেটওয়ার্কিং করার জন্য বিভিন্ন ধরনের ক্যাবল ব্যবহার করা হয় । যেমন:
 কোএক্সিয়াল ক্যাবল
 ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবল
 ফাইবার অপটিক ক্যাবল
কোএক্সিয়াল ক্যাবল:
কোন কোন লোকাল এরিয়া নেটওয়ার্কে কোএক্সিয়াল ক্যাবল ব্যবহার করা হয়।
কোএক্সিয়াল ক্যাবল বিভিন্ন ধরনের হয়ে থাকে। যেমন- ৫০ওহম (আরজি-৮, আরজি-১১ আরজি-৫৮),
৭৫ ওহম(আরজি-৫৯) এবং ৯৩ ওহম(আরজি-৬২)। এ ক্যাবলের দাম অনেক কম। তামার তৈরি বলে ইএমআই
সমস্যা রয়েছে।

97
ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবল:
ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবল দুই দরনের হয়ে থাকে।
 শিল্ডেড ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবল
 আনশিল্ডেড ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবল
শিল্ডেড ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবল:
শিল্ডেড ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবলে প্রতিটি ট্যুইস্ট জোড়া থাকে একটি করে
শক্ত আচ্ছাদনের ভেতর। ফলে ইলেকট্রিক ইন্টারফারেন্স অনেক কম থাকে। এই ক্যাবলের ডাটা
ট্রান্সফার স্পীড ৫০০ এমবিপিএস হয়ে থাকে।

আনশিল্ডেড ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবল:

আনশিল্ডেড ট্যুইস্টেড পেয়ার ক্যাবলে পেয়ারের বাইরে অতিরিক্ত কোন শিল্ডিং
থাকে না কেবল বাহিরে একটি প্লাষ্টিকের জেকেট থাকে। এই ক্যাবলের ডাটা ট্রান্সফার রেট
১৬ এমবিপিএস।

ফাইবার অপটিক ক্যাবল:

এই ক্যাবলে তামার তারের চেয়ে কাচকে মিডিয়া হিসেবে ব্যবহার করা হয়েছে। ফলে
ইলেকট্রো ম্যাগনেটিক ইন্টারফারেন্স নেই। এই ক্যাবলের ডাটা ট্রান্সমিশন স্পীড অনেক
বেশী। ফাইবার অপটিক ক্যাবল দুই ধরনের হয়ে থাকে। সিঙ্গল মোড ফাইবার এন্ড
মাল্টিমোড ফাইবার। এই প্রধান অসুবিধা হলো দাম অনেক বেশী এবং ইনস্টল করা কঠিন।

98
রিপিটার:
রিপিটার হলো এমন একটি ডিভাইস যা সিগন্যালকে এমপ্লিফাই করার জন্য ব্যবহার করা
হয়। ১৮৫ মিটার দূরত্ব অতিক্রম করার আগেই আপনি একটি রিপিটার ব্যবহার করে সেই
সিগন্যালকে এমপ্লিফাই করে দিলে সেটি আরো ১৮৫ মিটার অতিক্রম করতে পারে। এটি কাজ করে
ওএসআই মডেল এর ফিজিক্যাল লেয়ারে।

হাব:
হাব হলো একাধিক পোর্ট বিশিষ্ট রিপিটার। এটি কাজ করে ইলেকট্রিক সিগন্যাল
নিয়ে। নেটওয়ার্ক এড্রেস কিংবা নেটওয়ার্ক এডাপ্টারের ম্যাক এড্রস নিয়ে হাবের
মাথাব্যাথা নেই। এটিও কাজ করে ওএসআই মডেল এর ফিজিক্যাল লেয়ারে।

ব্রিজ:
ব্রিজ এমন একটি ডিভাইস যা একাধিক নেটওয়ার্ক সেগমেন্টকে যুক্ত করে থাকে। এটি
প্রতিটি সেগমেন্ট বিভিন্ন ডিভাইসের হিসেব রাখার জন্য ব্রিজিং টেবিল তৈরি করে। ইহা
ওএসআই মডেল এর ডাটালিংক লেয়ারে কাজ করে।

সুইচ:
সুইচ হলো একাধিক পোর্ট বিশিষ্ট ব্রিজ । এটি প্রতিটি নোডের ম্যাক এড্রেস এর
তালিকা সংরক্ষন করে । এটি ওএসআই মডেল এর ডাটালিংক লেয়ারে কাজ করে।

রাউটার:
99
 এক নেটওয়ার্ক থেকে আরেক নেটওয়ার্কে ডাটা পাঠানোর পদ্ধতিকে বলা হয় রাউটিং।
আর রাউটিং এর জন্য ব্যবহুত ডিভাইস হলো রাউটার। ইহা ওএসআই মডেল এর নেটওয়ার্ক
লেয়ারে কাজ করে।

গেটওয়ে:
বিভিন্ন ধরনের নেটওয়ার্কসমূহকে যুক্ত করার জন্য ব্যবহিত ডিভাইসটি হলো
গেটওয়ে। ইহা প্রটোকলকে ট্রান্সলেশন করে থাকে। ইহা ওএসআই মডেল এর ৭ লেয়ারেই কাজ
করে।

100
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ll p¡b k¤š² z H dlel ®eVJu¡LÑL A¡f¢e Ju¡e hma f¡le z ah f¡bÑLÉ qµR , HC Ju¡el HL¢V Awn h¡ ¢l-
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AhÙÛ¡u b¡L z öd¤j¡œ ®L¡Çf¡e£l A¢deÙÛ hÉ¡¢š²hNÑ f¡pJu¡XÑ hÉ¡hq¡l Ll ®pC ¢lp¡pÑ hÉhq¡l Lla
f¡l z L¡Çf¡e£l p¤l¢ra ¢lp¡pÑ pð¢ma HC ®eVJu¡LÑ Awn¢VL hm¡ qu C¾VÊ¡eV ( Intranet ) z C¾V¡le-
Vl jaC haÑj¡e C¾VÊ¡eVJ hÉ¡fL Se¢fÊua¡ ®fuR z

C¾V¡leV ¢L?
C¾V¡leV Hl f¤l¡ në¡¢V qµR C¾V¡lL¡eLVX ®eVJu¡LÑ ( Interconnected Network ) z C¾V¡leV
Hje HL¢V ¢pøj h¡ hÉ¡hÙÛ¡ k¡ p¡l¡ ¢hnÄhÉ¡f£ ¢hÙ¹ªa z C¾V¡leVl Ef¡c¡e qµR Hl CES¡l,
abÉ, V¢mk¡N¡k¡N hÉhÙÛ¡ Hhw L¢ÇfEV¡l z Hph Ef¡c¡el j¡dÉj HL ÙÛ¡e ®bL AeÉ ÙÛ¡e HL
Afll p¡b abÉ A¡c¡e-fÊc¡e Ll b¡L z H¢V A¡pm j§ma HL¢V ®eVJu¡LÑ k¡ öd¤ fÊu¡SeLC
®jV¡ue¡, a¡l p¡b L¢ju A¡e pjul c£OÑa¡ z fÊ¢a¢ce A¡jl¡ C-jCm Ll¢R , ¢h¢ieÀ abÉ pwNÊq Ll
¢R C¾V¡leVl j¡dÉj z ¢eaÉ ea¤e Eá¡hel gm ¢ce ¢ce C¾V¡leVl p¤k¡N-p¤¢hd¡ Hhw abÉl
pj¡l¡q ®hs QmR z pª¢ø qµR ea¤e ea¤e në J ¢hou z p¡Ch¡l LÉ¡g , p¡Ch¡l Lue , C¾V¡leV
Lj¡pÑ , C¾V¡leV ®g¡e , CmLVÊ¢eL ®jCm, CmLVÊ¢eL h¤L ,CmLVÊ¢eL m¡ChÊl£ , CmLVÊ
¢eL LÉ¡Çf¡p H dlel LuL¢V ¢hou z

C-jCm ¢L?
C¾V¡leV ®bL fÊ¡ç phQu p¤¾cl J QjvL¡l p¤¢hd¡ qm¡ C-jCm k¡l f¤l¡ e¡j Electronic
Mail z L¢ÇfEV¡ll j¡dÉj C¾V¡eVl jdÉ ¢cu ¢h¢ieÀ dlel abÉ A¡c¡e-fÊc¡e Ll¡C qµR C-jCm z
A¡pm H¢V C¾V¡leVl j¡dÉj ¢Q¢W A¡c¡e-fÊc¡e HL ¢hno fÜ¢a z H¢V j§max ¢Q¢W A¡c¡e-
fÊc¡el SeÉ Se¢fÊu qmJ haÑj¡e Hl hÉhq¡ll f¢l¢d A¡lJ hª¢Ü ®fuR z Hje C-jCm Hl j¡dÉj XL¥-
j¾Vp g¡Cm , R¢h , hC , ¢h¢ieÀ dlel ®fÊ¡NÊ¡¢jw ®L¡¢Xw pq A¡lJ ¢h¢ieÀ dlel ¢h‘¡fe J
¢h‘¡fe p¡jNÊ£ Ae¡u¡pC f¡W¡e¡ pñh qµR z C-jCm haÑj¡e phQu cʦa J pqSmiÉ L¢jE¢eLne h¡
®k¡N¡k¡N j¡dÉj k¡a pju J c§laÆ L¢ju A¡e¡ k¡u ®Q¡Ml ¢e¢joC z

Ju¡ôÑ Ju¡CX Juh(World Wide Web)x

www AbÑ¡v Ju¡ôÑ Ju¡CX JuhL pwrf Juh e¡jJ A¢i¢qa Ll¡ qu b¡L z Juh hma A¡jl¡ h¤¢T,
H¢V HL¢V hªqv ¢pøj k¡ AeL…m¡ p¡iÑ¡l ( k¡ Juh p¡iÑ¡l ¢qph ¢hh¢Qa qu ) pwk¤¢š²l j¡dÉj
N¢Wa quz Hph Juh p¡iÑ¡l C¾V¡leV CES¡lcl ®kL¡e dlel abÉ plhl¡q Lla prj z H abÉ qa f¡l

101
fÊQ¢ma ®V„V g¡Cm, R¢h,në h¡ AeÉ ®L¡e gljVl X¡V¡ z H pLm abÉ hÉhq¡l Ll¡l SeÉ CES¡lL
®L¡e hÊ¡CS¡l ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j hÉhq¡l Lla qu zhaÑj¡e hým hÉhq©a Hje c¤¢V hÊ¡ES¡l qµR
C¾V¡leV H„fÔ¡l¡l, g¡u¡lg„ j¢Sm z

102
p¡i¡Ñl ¢L?
p¡i¡Ñl qµR ®eVJu¡LÑl ®L¾cÐÙÛm k¡l ¢ial Hje ¢LR¤ abÉ J ¢ecÑn ®cu¡ b¡L k¡l
p¡q¡kÉ ®p-pjÙ¹ ®eVJu¡LÑL f¢lQ¡me¡ Ll z k¡L LÓ¡u¾V-p¡i¡ÑlJ hm¡ qu b¡L, AbÑ¡v k L
¢ÇfEV¡l abÉ ®cu¡ b¡L ®p¢V qm¡ p¡i¡Ñl Hhw k¡l¡ ®p abÉ Ae¤u¡u£ Qm a¡l¡ qm¡ LÓ¡u¾V
z

p¡i¡Ñll fËL¡lic x
Bfe¡l ®eVJu¡LÑl BL¡l hª¢Ül p¡b p¡b p¡i¡Ñll pwMÉ¡J h¡sa b¡Lh z Bl ®prœ HLL¢V p¡i¡Ñll
L¡S ¢iæ dlZl ®cu¡ ®ka f¡l z fË¢a¢V p¡iÑ¡l b¡Lh ¢hno dlZl L¡Sl SeÉ z p¡iÑ¡ll fËL¡l ¢ejÀ
®cu¡ qm¡ z

 g¡Cm p¡i¡Ñl x g¡Cm p¡i¡Ñll L¡S qm¡ ®eVJu¡LÑ CES¡lcl SeÉ ¢h¢iæ g¡Cm ®nu¡l
Ll¡ k¡a CES¡ll¡ pqS ®kL¡e pju a¡cl fËu¡Se£u g¡Cm fËhn Lla f¡l z g¡Cm p¡i¡Ñl Qm
Hje HL ®eVJu¡LÑ p¡¢iÑp k¡l j¡dÉj ®L¡e p¡i¡Ñl X¡V¡ ®ØV¡l Ll¡ k¡u z ®p X¡V¡L
fs¡ k¡u Hhw fËu¡Se AeÉœ ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹l Ll¡ k¡u z
 C-®jCm p¡i¡Ñl x öd¤ j¡œ C-jCm Bc¡e fËc¡el SeÉ HC p¡i¡Ñl¢V hÉhq©a qu z
 X¡V¡hS p¡i¡Ñl x X¡V¡ HÉ¡¢¾VÊ Ll¡l SeÉ HC p¡iÑ¡l hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu z
 ¢f˾V p¡i¡Ñl x HL¢V ¢f˾V¡l hÉhq¡l Ll ®eVJu¡LÑl ph¡C k¡a ¢f˾V ¢ea f¡l ®p
SeÉ HC pi¡Ñl hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu z HC p¡i¡Ñll L¡S qm¡ ®eVJu¡LÑ hÉhq¡l L¡l£cl SeÉ ¢f˾V
phÑl¡q Ll¡ z
HL p¡i¡Ñl ¢h¢nø ®eVJu¡LÑ x
H¢V fË¡b¢jL ÙÛll ®eVJu¡LÑ z fËbj ¢cL ®R¡V ®R¡V ®L¡Çf¡e£…m¡ p¡d¡lZa ¢fu¡l V¥
¢fu¡l ®eVJu¡LÑ Ns ®a¡m z a¡l fl HLV¥ Eæ¢a OVm ®k¡N Ll HL¢V p¡i¡Ñl z aMeC HL jXm
®bL BlL jXml fËc¡fÑZ OV z HL¢V j¡œ p¡i¡Ñl b¡L¡u ®p¢V HLC p¡b HL¡¢dL i¥¢jL¡ f¡me Ll
b¡L z H¢V HLC p¡b g¡Cm p¡i¡Ñl, ¢f˾V p¡i¡Ñl, X¡V¡hS p¡i¡Ñl CaÉ¡¢c ¢qp¡h L¡S Ll z
HL¡¢dL p¡i¡Ñl ¢h¢nø ®eVJu¡LÑ x
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p¡i¡ÑlL ¢h¢iæ L¡Sl SeÉ Le¢gN¡l Ll¡ qu z ®L¡e¢VL h¡e¡e¡ qu g¡Cm p¡i¡Ñl ®L¡e¢VL ¢f˾V
p¡iÑ¡l z HdlZl ®eVJu¡LÑL hm¡ qu j¡¢ÒVp¡iÑ¡l ®eVJu¡LÑ z p¡lZa 50 bL 500 ¢V CES¡ll SeÉ
j¡¢ÒVp¡iÑ¡l ®eVJu¡LÑl clL¡l qu z j¡¢ÒVp¡iÑ¡l ®eVJu¡LÑl hs¡ p¤¢hd¡ qm¡ HL¢V p¡iÑ¡ll Efl
f¤l¡ ®eVJu¡LÑ ¢eiÑln£m eu z
H¾V¡lfË¡CS ®eVJu¡LÑ x
H¾V¡lfË¡CS ®eVJu¡LÑ ®~al£ qu M¤hC hs ®L¡Çf¡e£l SeÉ k¡cl LjÑrœ nql ®bL nql,
®cn ®bL ®cn ¢hÙ¹ªa z HdlZl eVJu¡LÑ ¢XS¡Ce h¡Ù¹h¡ue J f¢lQ¡me¡ Ll¡ p¢aÉC ®hn L
¢We z ®kje dl¡ k¡L j¡Cœ²¡pgV LfÑ¡lnel Lb¡ Hcl p¡l¡ ¢hnÄS¤s luR B’¢mL A¢gp z Hph A¢g-
pl CES¡l k¢c ®L¾cУu i¡h ®L¡Çf¡e£l abÉ hÉhq¡l Lla Q¡u a¡qm H¾V¡lfË¡CS ®eVJu¡LÑ
¢XS¡Ce J h¡Ù¹h¡ue Lla qh z q¡S¡l q¡S¡l CES¡l J na na p¡iÑ¡ll pjeÄu H¾V¡lfË¡CS ®eVJu¡LÑ
p¢aÉC ®hn ¢hn¡m BL¡l d¡lZ Lla f¡l HdlZl ®eVJu¡LÑl fË¢a¢V A¢gpL je qu ¢p‰m
h¡ j¡¢ÒVp¡iÑ¡l ®eVJu¡LÑ z Hph ®eVJu¡LÑ Bh¡l flØfl k¤š² qu NX EW H¾V¡lfË¡CS
®eVJu¡LÑ z
p¡iÑ¡l q¡XÑJu¡l x
BNC hm¢R p¡iÑ¡l pgVJu¡l k¡C Q¡m¡C e¡ ®Le a¡l SeÉ AhnÉC q¡XÑJu¡l m¡Nh z ®eVJu¡LÑ
Af¡l¢Vw ¢pØVj ®L¡e¢V hÉhq¡l Ll¢R Hhw ®L¡e dl¡Zel p¡iÑ¡l ¢qph H¢VL hÉhq¡l Llh¡ a¡l
Efl ¢i¢š Ll p¡i¡Ñl q¡XÑJu¡l h¡R¡C Ll¡ clL¡l z ah fË¢a¢V p¡i¡Ñll ¢LR¤ ®~h¢nø b¡L¡l clL¡l z
 ¢eiÑlk¡NÉa¡ x p¡iÑ¡l qµR ®eVJu¡LÑl ®L¾cТh¾c¤, Hl hÉbÑa¡ j¡e f¤-
l¡ ®eVJu¡LÑC ALS¤ qu k¡Ju¡ z a¡C p¡iÑ¡l q¡XÑJu¡l Hje qJu¡ clL¡l k¡a Bf¢e ¢e¢ÕQa qa
f¡le ®k Qma Qma qW¡v ®L¡e q¡XÑJu¡l hå ¢Lwh¡ ALS¤ qu e¡ k¡u z
103
 pÇfÐp¡lZk¡NÉa¡ x ®k q¡XÑJu¡l Bf¢e hÉhq¡l Ll¦e e¡ ®Le ®p¢VL k¡a pÇfÐp¡lZ
h¡ fË¢aÙÛ¡fe Lla f¡le ®p hÉhÙÛ¡ b¡L¡ clL¡l z ®kje dl¡ k¡L, Bf¢e haÑj¡e ®k j¡c¡lh¡XÑ
hÉhq¡l LlRe a¡a 300 ®jN¡q¡VÑS fËppl hÉhq¡l LlRe z Hl ph¡ÑµQ d¡lZ rja¡ k¢c 300
®jN¡q¡VÑS qu b¡L a¡qm haÑj¡el EµQrja¡l fËppl Bf¢e hÉhq¡l Lla f¡lRe e¡ z Bfe¡l
p¡iÑ¡ll ®jj¢l ¢Lwh¡ AeÉ¡eÉ LÇf¡e¾V ALS¤ qu ®Nm ®p¢VJ k¡a pqS fË¢aÙÛ¡fe
Ll¡ k¡u ®p¢cL mrÉ l¡Ma qh z
 gÒV Vm¡l¾p x kai¡m q¡XÑJuÉ¡lC hÉhq¡l Lle e¡ ®Le ¢LR¤ ¢LR¤ q¡XÑJuÉ¡l BR
®kje q¡XÑ¢Xú k¡l Efl Bf¢e LMe¡ f¤l¡j¡œ¡u ¢eiÑl Lla f¡lhe e¡ Hhw ®pph q¡XÑJuÉ¡l A-
LS¤ qu ®Nm AeL r¢a qu ka f¡l z HlLj ®rœ gÒV Vm¡l¾p h¡ œ¦¢V pqerja¡ BR Hje
q¡XÑJuÉ¡l hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu z ®kje ¢hno dlZl ¢LR¤ q¡XÑ¢Xú BR k¡a ®L¡e Awn œ¦¢V
®cM¡ ¢cm AeÉ Awn ®bL ®p X¡V¡ f¡Ju¡l k¡uz HC gÒV Vm¡l¾p hÉhÙÛ¡ pgVJu¡ll j¡dÉ-
jJ Ll¡ ®ka f¡l z ®kje ECä¡S He¢V J ECä¡S 2000 H HLC p¡b HL¡¢dL gÒV Vm¡l¾p
hÉhÙÛ¡ ®eu¡ ®ka f¡lz

104
RJ 45 Connector :

RJ45 Connector
Cramping Tools :

Crimping tools
CE ¢V ¢f LÉ¡hm Hl p¡b RJ-45 L¡eƒl Hl Su¾V ®cJu¡l/¯al£ Ll¡l ¢euj
x
CE ¢V ¢f LÉ¡hm A¡jl¡ p¡d¡lZa c¤C i¡h ¢cu b¡¢L
L) ®øÊV LÉ¡hm
M) œ²p Ai¡l LÉ¡hm
øÊV LÉ¡hm x øÊV LÉ¡hm p¡d¡lZa p¤CQ qa ¢f¢p®a pwk¡N ®cJu¡l SeÉ hÉhq¡l Ll¡ qu
b¡L zHR¡s¡J ¢h¢ieÀ L¡S ®øÊV LÉ¡hm hÉhq¡l qu b¡L z
®øÊV LÉ¡hm °al£ Ll¡l SeÉ ¢e¢cÑø HL¢V L¡m¡l ®L¡X A¡R ¢ejÀ ®pC L¡m¡l ®L¡X Hl
d¡l¡h¡¢qLa¡ ®cJu qmx
1 z q¡mL¡ Ljm¡
2 z Ljm¡
3 z q¡mL¡ ph¤S
4 z e£m
5 z q¡mL¡ e£m
6 z ph¤S
7 z q¡mL¡ Mul£
8 z Mul£
e¡V x LÉ¡hml c¤C fÊ¡¿¹ HLC ¢p¢lu¡m Ae¤k¡u£ p¡S¡a qh z¢e®jÀ ¢Qœl j¡dÉj ®cM¡e¡ q-
m¡ x

PIN Pair
105
œ²p Ai¡l LÉ¡hmx HC LÉ¡hm p¡d¡lZa p¤CQ qa p¤CQ L¡eLne ®cJu¡l SeÉ hÉhq¡l
Ll¡ qu z HR¡s¡J ¢h¢ieÀ dlel L¡S hÉhq¡l qu b¡L z
œ²p Ai¡l LÉ¡hm °al£ Ll¡l L¡m¡l ®L¡X d¡l¡h¡¢qL i¡h ¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ qmx

1 z q¡mL¡ ph¤S 1z q¡mL¡ Ljm¡

2 z ph¤S 2z Ljm¡
3 z q¡mL¡ Ljm¡ 3z q¡mL¡ ph¤S
4 z e£m 4z e£m
5 z q¡mL¡ e£m 5z q¡mL¡ e£m
6 z Ljm¡ 6 z ph¤S
7 z q¡mL¡ Mul£ 7z q¡mL¡ Mul£
8 z Mul£ 8 z Mul£

eVJu¡LÑ C¾V¡l gp L¡XÑ ¢L ?

®L¡e L¢ÇfEV¡l L ®L¡e ®eVJu¡LÑ ¢j¢Xu¡l p b pwk¡N ®cu¡l SeÉ HL¢V ¢h -
no C¾V¡lgpl clL¡l quz eVJu¡LÑ C¾V¡lgp L¡XÑ h¡ mÉ¡e L¡XÑ HC C¾V¡l gpl L¡S
Llz HC ®eVJu¡LÑ HX¡ÃVl ®k L¡e ¢j¢Xu¡l SeÉ L¢ÇfEV¡l L L¡eƒ Ll¡l p¤k¡N ¢ca
f¡lz ¢h¢iæ ¢j¢Xu¡l SeÉ ¢h¢iæ ®eVJu¡LÑ HX¡ÃVl l uR Hhw Efk¤š² L¡ eƒl ¢cu
®pph L¢ÇfEV¡lL ®eVJu¡LÑ k¤š² Ll¡ ®k a f¡lz L¢ÇfEV¡l Af¡ l¢Vw ¢pØVjl p¡b
®k¡N¡k¡N Ns¡l SeÉ eVJu¡LÑ C¾V¡lgp L¡XÑ ¢hno pgVJu¡l hÉhq¡l L l b¡L k¡L
hm¡ qu XÊ¡Ci¡lz Efk¤š² XÊ¡Ci¡l e¡ b¡L m ®p¢V Af¡l¢Vw ¢pØVjl p¡b ®k¡N¡k¡N
Lla f¡le¡ Hhw ®eVJu¡LÑ g¡wne ¢c a f¡l e¡z

fË V¡Lm ¢L J ®Le ?
HL¢V ¢Xi¡Cp B l¢V ¢Xi¡Cpl p¡b ¢Li¡h ®k¡N¡k¡N Llh a¡l ¢LR¤ ¢e¢cÑø
¢euj-L¡e¤e BRz HC ph ¢euj-L¡e¤e ®pV Ll¡ LC hm fËV¡Lmz fËV¡LmL
Bjl¡ a¥me¡ Lla f¡¢l i¡o¡l p¡ bz HLSe BlL Sel p¡b ®k¡N¡k¡N Lla Q¡Cm ®kje
c¤SelC HL¢V Lje i¡o¡ Se¡ b¡L¡l clL¡l ®aj¢e c¤¢V L¢ÇfEV¡ ll jdÉ ®k¡N¡k¡Nl
SeÉ AhnÉC c¤¢V L¢ÇfEV¡ ll HLC fËV¡Lm b¡La qhz

106
107
TCP/IP
টিসিপি/আইপি হলো ইন্টারনেট ব্যবহারের জন্য প্রটোকল স্যুট । এই প্রটোকল স্যুটে
দুটি প্রটোকলের নাম দেওয়া হয়েছে। এই প্রটোকল দুটি হলো: ট্রান্সমিশন কন্ট্রোল
প্রটোকল (TCP) ও ইন্টারনেট প্রটোকল (IP)। TCP ব্যবহৃত হয় কানেকশন-অরিয়েন্টেড
নির্ভরযোগ্য ট্রান্সমিশন সার্ভিসের জন্য, আর IP ব্যবহৃত হয় ওই নেটওয়ার্কের প্রতিটি
হোস্টের এড্রেস নির্ধারণের জন্য।

টিসিপি কি?
টিসিপি হলো ট্রান্সমিশন কন্ট্রোল প্রটোকল । ইহা কানেকশন ওরিয়েন্টেড একটি
একুনলেজ সিগন্যাল এর মাধ্যাম কানেকশন তৈরি করে থাকে।
আইপি কি?
টিসিপি/আইপি নেটওর্য়াকে প্রতিটি হোস্টকে একটি নম্বর দিয়ে নির্দেশ করা হয়। এই
নম্বরেই হলো আইপি যা ৩২ বিটের হয়ে থাকে ।এই ৩২ বিট, ৮ বিট করে ৪টি ভাগে ভাগ করা থাকে ।

আইপিগুলোকে ৫টি ভাগে ভাগ করা হয়েছে

১. ক্লাস-এ
২. ক্লাস-বি
৩. ক্লাস-সি
৪. ক্লাস-ডি
৫. ক্লাস-ই

ক্লাস-এ
নেট হোস্ট হোস্ট হোস্ট
৮ বিট ৮ বিট ৮ বিট ৮ বিট
শুরু : ০০০০০০০০=০
শেষ : ০১০০০০০০=১২৭
যেসব আইপি এড্রেসের প্রথম বিট শুন্য(০) সেগুলো ক্লাস এ এর অর্ন্তগত। এধরনের আইপি
এর ক্ষেত্রে প্রথম ৮ বিট নেটওয়ার্ক আইডি আর বাকি ২৪ বিট হোস্ট আইডি। যদি
নেটওয়ার্ক আইডি এর সংখ্যা কম আর হোস্ট আইডির সংখ্যা বেশি প্রয়োজন হয় তাহলে আমরা
ক্লাস-এ এর আইপি সিলেক্ট করব।
ক্লাস-বি
নেট নেট হোস্ট হোস্ট
৮ বিট ৮ বিট ৮ বিট ৮ বিট
শুরু : ১০০০০০০০=১২৮
শেষ : ১০১১১১১১=১৯১
এই ক্লাসের আইপি এড্রেসের প্রথম দুইটি বিটের মান হবে ১০। এধরনের আইপি এর ক্ষেত্রে
প্রথম ১৬ বিট নেটওয়ার্ক আইডি আর বাকি ১৬ বিট হোস্ট আইডি। যদি নেটওয়ার্ক আইডি এর
সংখ্যা যে রকম প্রয়োজন পাশাপাশি হোস্ট আইডির সংখ্যাও প্রায় সমপরিমান প্রয়োজন হয়
তাহলে আমরা ক্লাস বি এর আইপি সিলেক্ট করব।
ক্লাস-সি
নেট নেট নেট হোস্ট
৮ বিট ৮ বিট ৮ বিট ৮ বিট
শুরু : ১১০০০০০০=১৯২
শেষ : ১১০১১১১১=২২৩
এই ক্লাসের আইপি এড্রেসের প্রথম তিনটি বিটের মান হবে ১১০। এধরনের আইপি এর ক্ষেত্রে
প্রথম ২৪ বিট নেটওয়ার্ক আইডি আর বাকি ৮ বিট হোস্ট আইডি । যদি নেটওয়ার্ক আইডি এর

108
সংখ্যা বেশি আর হোস্ট আইডির সংখ্যা কম প্রয়োজন হয় তাহলে আমরা ক্লাস-সি এর আইপি
সিলেক্ট করব।

109
ক্লাস-ডি
এটি একটি বিশেষ ধরনের ক্লাস যাকে বলা হয় মাল্টিকাস্ট নেটওয়ার্ক। কোন হোস্ট
নেটওয়ার্কের সকল রাউটারকে খু‍জে পাওয়ার জন্য এধরনের আইপি ব্যবহিত হয়। এই ক্লাস
২২৪ থেকে ২৩৯ পযর্ন্ত।

ক্লাস-ই
এই ক্লাসের আইপি গুলো সাধারণত বৈজ্ঞানিকগবেষনা কাজে ব্যবহিত হয়ে থাকে। এই
ক্লাস ২৪০ থেকে ২৫৫ পযর্ন্ত।

একটি বিষয় জানা থাকা দরকার আইপি কিন্তু ২ ধরনের হয়ে থাকে ।
১) প্রাইভেট আইপি
২) পাবলিক আইপি

প্রাইভেট আইপি এর রেঞ্জ হলো:

ক্লাস এ এর ক্ষেত্রে-১০.০.০.১ থেকে ১০.২৫৫.২৫৫.২৫৪
ক্লাস বি এর ক্ষেত্রে-১৭২.১৬.০.১ থেকে ১৭২.৩১.২৫৫.২৫৪
ক্লাস সি এর ক্ষেত্রে-১৯২.১৬৮.০.১ থেকে ১৯২.১৬৮.২৫৫.২৫৪

এছাড়া বাকি আইপি গুলো হলো পাবলিক আইপি।

সবশেষে টিসিপি /আইপি মডেল যে লেয়ার গুলো নিয়ে কাজ করে । তা হলো
৪.এপ্লিকেশন
৩.ট্রান্সপোর্ট
২.ইন্টারনেট
১.নেটওয়ার্ক ইন্টারফেস

110
®m¡L¡m H¢lu¡ ®eVJu¡LÑ °al£ Ll¡l SeÉ L¢ÇfEV¡l ¢LR¤ Le¢gN¡l
®p¢Vw Lla qu z A¡jl¡ HMe ®pC ®p¢Vw…m¡ d¡l¡h¡¢qLi¡h S¡eh
x

 fÊbj Computer Name Hhw Workgroup f¢lhaÑe Lla qh z

L¢ÇfEV¡l ®ej Hhw Ju¡LÑNʦf f¢lhaÑe Ll¡l ¢euj d¡l¡h¡¢qL i¡h ¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ qm¡ x
 My Computer > R/ Click
 Properties > Click
 Computer Name Tab > Click

 Change > Click

Type Computer Name

Type Workgroup Name

 L¢ÇfEV¡l ®ej ®mM¡l pju AhnÉC je l¡Ma qh ( z ; : x / - + Space \ ) ¢Qq² cJu¡ k¡h e¡ ah
®R¡V q¡al Hhw hs q¡al ®mM¡ V¡Cf Ll¡ k¡h z
 Ju¡LÑNʦf ®mM¡l pju ph…m¡ ®mM¡ hs q¡al qh z

111
 L¢ÇfEV¡l ®ej Hhw Ju¡LÑNʦf ®mM¡l fl OK – OK – OK Lla qh Hhw phno L¢ÇfEV¡lL
¢lø¡VÑ Lla qh AeÉb¡u ®k EŸnÉ ¢eu L¢ÇfEV¡l ®ej Hhw Ju¡LÑNʦf f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ quR a¡q¡
p¢WL i¡h L¡S Llh e¡z ( ®e¡V x ®eVJu¡LÑ AeÉ¡eÉ L¢ÇfEV¡l ®ej HLC lLj ®mM¡ k¡h
e¡ ¢L¿¹ Workgroup HLC qm ®L¡e pjpÉ¡ qh e¡ z )

112
A¡C ¢f HÉ¡XÊp ®p¢Vw Hl ¢euj¡hm£ x
A¡C ¢f HÉ¡XÊp ®p¢Vw Hl SeÉ ( Stert > Setting > Control Panel > Network Connection > Open )
Abh¡
 fÊbj Desktop H My Network Place > R / Click
 Properties > Click

 Lan or High Speed Internet : Local Area Connection Icon > R/Click
 Properties > Click

Step-1 Click

Step -2 Click-1

 Internet Protocol ( TCP/IP) > Click

 Properties > Click
 Use the following IP address > Radio h¡Ve > Click
 ¢ejÀ ¢Qœ ¢Li¡h A¡C ¢f ¢mMa qh ®pV¡ ®cM¡e¡ qm¡

113
 öd¤ HC Aw­n ¢LÓL Ll­a q­h

 A¡C ¢f HXÊp ®mM¡l Hhw Subnet msk ®cJu¡l fl OK Lla qh z

g¡ô¡l/XÊ¡Ci ®nu¡l Ll¡l ¢eujx
 fÊbj ®k XÊ¡Ci/g¡ô¡l ®nu¡l Llh ®pC XÊ¡Ci/g¡ô¡l Hl Efl > R / Click
 Properties / Sharing and security ®a > Click ( Properties H Click Ll ¢Li¡h Share Lla qu ®pV¡ ¢Q-
œl j¡dÉj ¢ejÀ ®cMh )
HC Aw­n ¢LÓL Ll­a q­h

¢Qœ x ®nu¡¢lw - 1

¢Qœ x ®nu¡¢lw - 2

114
 ¢Qœ - 1 H HL¢V XÊ¡Cil Efl R/Click Ll¡l fl Sharing Tab ¢pmƒ Lla qh z
 HL¢V jÉ¡pS ¢ch ®kje - If you understand the risk but still want to share......... HC ®mM¡¢Vl Efl
Click Lla qh z
 ¢Qœ - 2 ®a c¤¢V ®QL h„ f¡Ju¡ k¡h
L)  Share this folder on the network
M)  Allow network users to change my file
A¡fe¡l ®g¡ô¡l Hhw XÊ¡Ci¢V ®nu¡l qm ®pC XÊ¡Ci / ®g¡ô¡l Hl ¢eQ q¡al ¢Qq² ®cM¡ k¡h z

e¡V x HM¡e Share this folder on the network HC ®QL h„ Click Llm A¡fe¡l XÊ¡Ci/-
g¡ô¡l¢V ®eVJu¡LÑ ®nu¡l qh Hhw Allow network users to change my file HC ®QL
h„ Click Llm ®eVJu¡LÑl ¢ial ph¡C A¡fe¡l g¡Cm / ®g¡ô¡l hÉhq¡l Lla f¡lh ,pw-
n¡de Lla f¡lh Hje ¢L ¢XmV fkÑ¿¹ Lla f¡lh z A¡l k¢c Allow network users to
change my file HC ®QL h„ Click e¡ L¢l a¡qm öd¤j¡œ fsa f¡lh ®L¡e fÊL¡l pw-
n¡de Hhw ¢XmV Lla f¡lh e¡ z
¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l Hhw ®eVJu¡LÑ ¢fʾV¡l Ceøm Ll¡l ¢euj x
HL¢V ®eVJu¡LÑ AeL…m¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l bL HL¢V ¢fʾV¡l ¢fʾV ®cJu¡l SeÉ ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l
Ll¡ qu z¢ejÀ A¡jl¡ ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l Hhw ®eVJu¡LÑ ¢fʾV¡l Ceøm Ll¡ ¢nMhx
¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l Hl ¢euj x
 Start > Click
 Setting > Control Panel > Printer and Faxes > D/Click
 A¡fe¡l L¢ÇfEV¡l CeømL«a ¢fʾV¡l Hl Efl R/ Click L¢l

¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l

 Properties > Click
 Select Sharing Tab
 Share this printer radio batton > Click
 Apply – OK > Click ( Share qm ®pC Printer Icon Hl ¢eQ q¡al ¢Qq² fÊc¢nÑa qh )

115
eVJu¡LÑ ¢fʾV¡l Ceøm Ll¡l ¢euj x
 Start >Click
 Setting > Control Pael > Printer and Faxes > D/Click
 Go to File Menu and Add Printer > Click ( ¢Qœ x Add Printer -1 ®cM¤e )

Next Click

¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l - 1

 Next > Click

Next Click

¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l - 2

 A network printer....................... radio batton > Click

 Next > Click

Next Click

¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l - 3

 Next > Click
 ¢Qœ - 3 H Printer Name ¢ca qh z

116
 Type Printer Name

Next Click

¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l - 4

Yes Click

¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l - 5

Finish Click

¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l - 6

Install L«a Printer

Icon
¢Qœ x ¢fʾV¡l ®nu¡l - 7
 Network Printer Install qJu¡l fl ( Start > Setting > Control Panel > Printer and Faxes > Open > Install
L«a Printer Hl Efl > R/Click > Set as default Printer > Click ) Network H Ah¢ÙÛa AeÉ¡eÉ pLm L
¢ÇfEV¡l qa ¢fʾV ¢ea f¡lhe CµR¡ja z

117
Network H Workgroup Hl Computer …m¡L ®cM¡l ¢euj x
 Start > Click > Setting > Control Panel > Network Connection > D/Click

Click

¢Qœ x 1
 ¢ejÀ ¢Qœ Workgroup Hl ¢h¢ieÀ L¢ÇfEV¡l …m¡L ®cM¡ k¡µR z

Workgroup Name Show q­h

¢Qœ x 2

 HL¡¢dL Workgroup b¡Lm ¢ejÀl ¢Qœl ja ¢h¢ieÀ e¡j Workgroup ®cM¡h x

¢Qœ x 3

118
 L¢ÇfEV¡l pÇf¢LÑa AeÉ¡eÉ ¢hou pj§q
Computer Virus ¢L ?
Computer Virus HL dlZl r¢aL¡lL ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j zComputer Virus h¡¢qll Evp ®bL L¢ÇfEV¡ll ®jj¡l£a
fÊhn Ll ®jj¡l£a ®N¡fe ¢hÙ¹¡l m¡i Ll j§mÉh¡e ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j, abÉ eø R¡s¡J AeL pju L¢ÇfEV¡lL
AQm Ll ®cu z

VIRUS Hl e¡jLlZ
L¢ÇfEV¡ll f¢li¡o¡u i¡Cl¡p (VIRUS) në¢VL i¡Pm f¡Ju¡ k¡u - i¡CV¡m Cegljne ¢lp¡pÑp
A¡ä¡l ¢pS (Vital Information Resourcess Under Seize) – AbÑ¡v …l¦aÆf§ZÑ Evp…m¡ h¡Su¡ç Ll¡ q-
uR zfÊMÉ¡a NhoL - Ô®éX ®L¡qe ' i¡Cl¡p e¡jLlZ Lle z
L¢ÇfEV¡l i¡Cl¡pl jlZ¡Ù» x H¢¾Vi¡Cl¡p ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j
fÊ¢a¢ce p¡l¡ ¢hnÄl ¢h¢ieÀ ÙÛ¡e ®bL ApwMÉ ea¤e ea¤e i¡Cl¡p pª¢ø qµR z Hph
i¡Cl¡pl Efl NhoZ¡ Ll Hl fÊ¢aodL AbÑ¡v H¢¾Vi¡Cl¡pJ °al£ qµR z i¡Cl¡pl p¡b a¡m ¢j¢mu H
¢¾Vi¡Cl¡p ¯al£ Ll¡ AeL pju , ®jd¡ J AbÑl fÊu¡Se z a¡C hªqv ®L¡e h¡¢Z¢SÉL fÊ¢aù¡e
R¡s¡ A¡fXVX H¢¾Vi¡Cl¡p °al£ Ll¡ M¤hC Løp¡dÉ zhaÑj¡e ¢hnÄl LuL¢V Se¢fÊu H¢¾Vi¡Cl¡pl
e¡j ¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ qm x
 McAfee Antivirus
 Norton Antivirus
 AVG Antivirus
 Kaspersky Antivirus
 IBM Antivirus
 PC Cillin
 BitDefender
 Panda Antivirus
 Avast Antivirus HR¡s¡J h¡S¡l AeL dlel m¡Cp¾p H¢¾Vi¡Cl¡p f¡Ju¡ k¡u k¡ C¾V¡leVl j¡dÉj
A¡fXV f¡Ju¡ k¡u z

i¡Cl¡p Rs¡e¡l j¡dÉjpj§q ¢ejÀ ®cJu¡ qm¡ x

 h¡¢qll q¡XÑ¢Xú , gÓ¡p ¢Xú , ¢p¢X J ¢X¢i¢X h¡ AeÉ ®L¡e ¢Xúl j¡dÉj ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j h¡ ®XV¡
A¡c¡e fÊc¡el pju z
 C¾V¡leV J C - ®jCml j¡dÉj z
 eVJu¡LÑ ¢p®øjl HL L¢ÇEV¡ll p¡b AeÉ L¢ÇfEV¡ll Abh¡ p¡iÑ¡ll ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j
Abh¡ ®XV¡ A¡c¡e - fÊc¡el j¡dÉj z
 f¡ClVX pgVJuÉ¡l Hl j¡dÉj z

i¡Cl¡p A¡œ²¿¹ qJu¡l mrZ x

HLSe L¢ÇfEV¡l hÉhq¡lL¡l£ a¡l L¢ÇfEV¡l LMe p¢WLi¡h L¡S LlR Ah¡l LMe p¢WLi¡h L¡S Ll-
Re¡ a¡ AhnÉC h¤Ta f¡lh h¡ Ae¤ih Lla f¡lh z i¡Cl¡p A¡œ²¿¹ L¢ÇfEV¡l p¡i¡¢hLl Q¡Ca HLV¥
®ql ®gl L¡S Lla ®cM¡ k¡u z i¡Cl¡p A¡œ²¿¹ ¢L ¢L mrZ ®cM¡ ¢ca f¡l ¢ejÀ a¡ ¢eu p¡j¡eÉ A¡-
m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ qm x
 L¢ÇfEV¡l Q¡m¤ qa A¡Nl Q¡Ca AeL ®hn£ pju ®eu¡ z
 qW¡v Ll g¡Cm Ed¡J qu k¡u Abh¡ e¡j f¢lh¢aÑa qu k¡u z
 g¡Cml ¢LR¤ Awn Ah¡¢’a ¢Qq² h¡ h¡aÑ¡ ®cM¡ k¡u z
 Aü¡i¡¢hL Hll ¢Qq² h¡ pwLa fÊc¢nÑa qJu¡ z
 ¢pøjl a¡¢lM J pju f¢lh¢aÑa qJu¡ z
 Ak±¢š²Li¡h ¢Xúl g¡L¡ ÙÛ¡e Lj k¡Ju¡ z
 L¡Sl j¡TM¡e qW¡v L¢ÇfEV¡l qÉ¡‰ qu k¡u , n¡V X¡Ee Abh¡ ¢lø¡VÑ qu k¡u z
 AeL pju h¡u¡pl ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j j¤R ®gm L¢ÇfEV¡lL AQm Ll ®cu z
 EXE Hhw COM g¡Cml A¡L¡l ®hs k¡u z

119
Malware, derived from malicious software, is any program or file that is harmful to a computer
user. Malware includes computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, and also in more general terms
spyware programs that collect information about a computer user without permission.

Spyware is any program that covertly gathers user information through an Internet connection
without the user's knowledge.

Adware is similar to spyware in that it that gathers user information and browsing patterns and uses
this information to display advertisements in the Web browser. Unlike Spyware, Adware contains a
disclosure telling you that your information will be used.

Malware, "malicious software", is software developed for the purpose of doing harm.

Malware can be classified based on how they get executed, how they spread, and/or what they do. The
classification is not perfect, however, in the sense that the groups often overlap and the difference is
often not obvious.

Classes of malicious software

Viruses
The first type of malware to evolve was the computer virus. Viruses work and spread (within the
infected system) by attaching themselves to other pieces of software (or in the case of macro viruses,
to documents), such that during the execution of the program the viral code is executed. Viruses
spread across computers when the software or document they attached themselves to is transferred
from one computer to the other.

Computer worms are similar to viruses but are stand-alone software and thus do not require other
pieces of software to attach themselves to. They do modify their host operating system, however, at
least to the extent that they are started as part of the boot process. Worms spread, either by exploiting
some vulnerability of the target system, or by using some kind of social engineering to trick users into
executing them.

Trojan horses are similar to viruses in that they get executed by being part of an otherwise useful
piece of software. However, Trojan horses are attached to the host software manually, they cannot
infect other pieces of software the way viruses can, nor can they replicate themselves. To spread,
Trojan horses rely on the useful features of the host software, which trick users to install them. One of
the most insidious types of Trojan horse is a program that claims to rid your computer of viruses but
instead introduces viruses onto your computer.

A Backdoor is a piece of software that allows access to the computer system, bypassing the normal
authentication procedures. Based on how they work and spread there are two groups of backdoors.
The first group works much like a Trojan, i.e., they are manually inserted into another piece of
software, executed via their host software and spread by their host software being installed. The
second group works more like a worm in that they get executed as part of the boot process and are
usually spread by worms carrying them as their payload.

Spyware is a piece of software that collects and sends information (such as browsing patterns in the
more benign case or credit card numbers in more serious ones) on users. They usually work and
spread like Trojan horses. The category of spyware is sometimes taken to include adware of the less-
forthcoming sort.

120
An Exploit is a piece of software that attacks a particular security vulnerability. Exploits are not
necessarily malicious in intent — they are often devised by security researchers as a way of
demonstrating that a vulnerability exists. However, they are a common component of malicious
programs such as network worms.

A Rootkit is software inserted onto a computer system after an attacker has gained control of the
system. Rootkits often include functions to hide the traces of the attack, as by deleting log entries or
cloaking the attacker's processes. Rootkits may also include backdoors, allowing the attacker to easily
regain access later; or exploit software to attack other systems.

Phoney or Hoax Viruses

There are many instances where hoax virus warning messages have been sent which suggest that the
recipient may have a particular virus, together with helpful instructions about how to confirm and
eliminate the virus. These messages almost invariably tell you to look for a particular file and if it is
present, delete it. In most cases the file which they mention is a Windows system file which if deleted,
will cause serious running problems. If in doubt, run an internet search on Google for the filename,
and you will almost cetainly find information about it, and any recent scam.

Prevention --> Spam Blockers

How to stop Malware

As with all unwanted internet files and applications, there are three essential actions to be considered:
1. Malware Scanning to detect whether any file has secreted itself on your drives or in your registry
2. Malware Removal. This involves software that can identify and remove the malware
3. Malware Prevention. It is essential that you block any further invasion once you have removed any
existing malware files

121
 CwlS£ ®bL fÊ¢ahZÑ£L«a në J pj¢øpj§q x
ICT – Information and Communication Technology
Wimax- Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (HV¡ Qa¤bÑ fÊSeÈl ®VLe¡m¡¢S )
BIOS–Basic Input Output System
CPU–Central Processing Unit
CD ROM–Compact Disc Read Only Memory
DVD ROM–Digital Versatile Disc Read Only Memory
FDD–Floppy Disc Drive
HDD–Hard Disc Drive
HTML–Hypertext Mark up Language
HTTP – Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HTTPS – Hypertext Transfer Protocol with Secure
IDE- Integrated Drive Electronics
IP- Internet Protocol
TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
UPS – Uninterruptible Power Supply
LCD – Liquid Crystal Display
LAN – Local Area Network
LED – Light Emitting Diode
PPI – Pixel per Inch
RAM – Random Access Memory
ROM – Read Only Memory
SVGA – Super Video Graphics Array
VGA – Video Graphics Array
URL – Uniform Resource Locator
USB – Universal Serial Bus
WAN – Wide Area Network
www – World Wide Web
PDF – Protable Document Foramt
WIFI - wireless fidelity
FTP – File Transfer Protocol
YMAX - World Interoperability for Microwave Access

122
123
A¡p¤e Hh¡l A¡jl¡ ECä¡S H„¢f ®pV¡fl fl A¢gp H„¢f Ceøm L¢l
x

A¢gp H„¢f Ceøm Ajl¡ ¢Qœl p¡q¡kÉ ¢nMh z

A¡fe¡l CD Abh¡ L¢ÇfEV¡l hÉ¡LA¡f l¡M¡ Office XP pgVJuÉ¡l¢V Jfe Ll¦e z mrÉ Ll¦e CD KEY Abh¡ Serial
Key e¡j HL¢V ®V„V XL¥j¾V A¡R Hhw HL¢V ®pV¡f g¡Cm A¡R z ®pV¡f g¡Cm¢VL j¡Ep à¡l¡ c¤Ch¡l
¢LÓL L¢l z ®pV¡f öl¦ qh flhaÑ£a CD KEY Abh¡ Serial Key ¢cu Next h¡Ve Click L¢l z¢ejÀ ¢Qœ mrÉ
Ll¦e x

cdkey: FM9FY - TMF7Q – KCKCT - V9T29 - TBBBG

124
®QL h­„ ¢VL j¡LÑ L­l ®e„V h¡V­e ¢LÓL
Ll¦e

125
 HM¡­e A¡f¢e Custom Abh¡ Install Now ®l¢XJ
h¡V­e ¢LÓL L­l Next h¡V­e Click Ll¦e z

flhaÑ£ û£e mrÉ Ll¦e, AeL…m¡ ®QL h„ ®cM¡ k¡µR HC ®QL h„…m¡ ®kV¡ A¡eQL Llhe
®pCV¡ A¡fe¡l L¢ÇfEV¡l Ceøm qh e¡ z Choose detailed.....®l¢XJ h¡Ve ¢LÓL Ll Next h¡Ve Click Ll¦e z

Click Ll¦e

Click Ll¦e

¢ejÀl ¢Qœ Office Tools h¡Ve HÉ¡l¡ L£-a ®fÊp Ll Run all from My Computer H ¢LÓL Ll¦e z

Click Ll¦e

Click Ll¦e

126
 Click Ll¦e

Click Ll¦e

qu ®Nm A¢gp H„¢f ®pV¡f Hh¡l h¡wm¡ pgVJuÉ¡l Ceøm Ll ¢ee z

A¢gp ®fÊ¡NÊ¡j¢V i¡mi¡h Ceøm quR ¢Le¡ a¡q¡ ®QL Ll¡l SeÉ Word/Power Point/Excel g¡Cm A-
fe Ll ®cM¤e Hhw V¡Cf Ll¦e z

127