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FLUID MECH LEC 2

The document discusses practical applications of Bernoulli's Equation, focusing on orifice meters and Pitot tubes for measuring fluid flow. It outlines the design and function of orifice meters, including their differences from venturimeters, and explains the operation of Pitot tubes for velocity measurement. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations related to flow rates and pressures in these devices.

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4 views

FLUID MECH LEC 2

The document discusses practical applications of Bernoulli's Equation, focusing on orifice meters and Pitot tubes for measuring fluid flow. It outlines the design and function of orifice meters, including their differences from venturimeters, and explains the operation of Pitot tubes for velocity measurement. Examples are provided to illustrate calculations related to flow rates and pressures in these devices.

Uploaded by

sagwetimothy825
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ECE 2212 FLUID MECHANICS II

Practical applications of Bernoulli’s Equation


1.2 Orifice meter
• This is a device employed for measuring the discharge of fluid through a pipe
and it consists of a flat circular plate having a circular sharp edged hole (called
orifice) concentric with the pipe.
• It also works on the same principle of a venturimeter.
• The diameter of the orifice may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the diameter of the
pipe but its value is generally chosen as 0.5. A differential manometer is
connected at section (1) which is at a distance of 1.5 to 2 times the pipe
diameter upstream from the orifice plate, and at section (2) which is at a
distance of about half the diameter of the orifice from the orifice plate on the
downstream side.
• Let, A1 = Area of pipe at section (1),
V1 = Velocity at section (1),
p1 = Pressure at section (1), and
A2 V2 and p2 are corresponding values at section (2).
Fig. 1.2. Orificemeter
• Applying Bernoulli's equation at sections (1) and (2), we get:
Differences between a venturimeter and orificemeter
1) The venturimeter can be used for measuring the flow rates of all
incompressible flows. (gases with low pressure variations, as well as liquids),
whereas orificemeters are generally used for measuring the flow rates of
liquids.
2) In venturimeter, the flow velocity is measured by noting the pressure
difference between the inlet and the throat of the venturimeter, whereas in
the orificemeter the
NOTE: The following relationship holds for flow measurement in these devices.
Cd=Cc x Cv
Where; Cd is the coefficient of discharge
Cc is the coefficient of contraction
Cv is the coefficient of velocity
Example 1
The following data relate to an orificemeter:
Diameter of the pipe = 240 mm
Diameter of the orifice = 120 mm
Sp. gravity of oil = 0.88
Reading of differential manometer = 400 mm of mercury
Co-efficient of discharge of the meter = 0.65.
Determine the rate of flow of oil.
1.3 Pitot tube
• This is one of the most accurate devices for velocity measurement. It works on
the principle that if the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, the pressure
there is increased due to conversion of kinetic energy into pressure.
• It consists of a glass tube in the form of a 90° bend of short length open at both
its ends. It is placed in the flow with its bent leg directed upstream so that a
stagnation point is created immediately in front of the opening (Fig. 1.3).
• The kinetic energy at this point gets converted into pressure energy causing the
liquid to rise in the vertical limb, to a height equal to the stagnation pressure.
Fig. 1.3. Pitot tube.
• The height of liquid rise in the Pitot tube indicates the stagnation head. The
static pressure head may be measured separately with a piezometer (Fig. 1.3).
• Both the static pressure as well as stagnation pressure can be measured in a
device known as Pitot static tube. (Fig. 1.31).
• Static pressure is the pressure exerted by fluid in all directions, when it
is in rest.
• Stagnation pressure is the sum of static and dynamic pressure of fluid
in motion.
𝑣2
• Dynamic head is given by
2𝑔
Fig. 1.31. Pitot static tube.
• It consists of two concentric Pitot tubes with an annular space in between as
shown in Fig. 1.31.
• The outer tube has additional two or more holes drilled perpendicular to the
direction of flow and thus the liquid level in it gives the static head, while the
inner tube works as a normal Pitot tube. If a differential manometer is
connected to the tubes of a Pitot static tube it will measure the dynamic
pressure head.
• Taking y as the manometric difference, then

where, Sm = Specific gravity of manometric liquid, and


S = Specific gravity of the liquid flowing through the pipe.
• When a Pitot tube is placed in the fluid-stream the flow along its outer surface
gets accelerated and causes the static pressure to decrease. Also the stem,
which is perpendicular to the flow direction, tends to produce an excess
pressure head. In order to take these effects into account eqn. (1) is modified to
give the actual velocities as:

• Where, C = A connective coefficient which takes into account the effect of stem
and bent leg.
• The most commonly used form of Pitot static tube known as the Prandle-Pitot-
tube is so designed that the effect of stem and bent leg cancel each other, i.e., C
= 1.
Example 2. A submarine fitted with a Pitot tube moves horizontally in sea. Its axis
is 12 m below the surface of water. The Pilot tube fixed in front of the submarine
and along its axis is connected to the two limbs of a U-tube containing mercury,
the reading of which is found to be 200 mm. Find the speed of the submarine.
Take the specific gravity of sea water = 1.025 times fresh water
Example 3. Petroleum oil (sp. gr = 0.9 and viscosity = 13 cP)flows isothermally
through a horizontal 5 cm pipe. A Pitot tube is inserted at the centre of a pipe and its
leads are filled with the same oil and attached to a U-tube containing mercury. The
reading on the manometer is 10 cm. Calculate the volumetric flow of oil in mils. The
co-efficient of Pitot tube is 0.98.

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