BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC MỞ THÀNH PHỐ HỒ CHÍ MINH

------
Lê Thị Kim Thoa - 2157013104
- Abstract: + Depression is a leading contributor to the global burden of disease and is
associated with personal, societal, and economic burdens.1 Depression in young people is
an increasing concern not only because it occurs during a period of rapid social,
emotional, and cognitive development, and key life transitions, 2 but because of its
prevalence in young people (ie, ages 10–24 years) has risen sharply in the past decade ( A
Bastounis et al.
- The effectiveness of the Penn Resiliency Programme (PRP) and its adapted versions in
reducing depression and anxiety and improving explanatory style: a systematic review
and meta-analysis

 J Adolesc (2016) M Achterberg et al.

Distinctive heritability patterns of subcortical-prefrontal cortex resting
state connectivity in childhood: a twin study
Neuroimage
(2018)
 J LeMoult et al.
Depression: a cognitive perspective
Clin Psychol Rev
(2019)
-
-
- More than 264 million people suffer from depression worldwide. (World Health Organization, 2020)
- Adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old had the highest rate of major depressive episodes (14.4%) followed
by young adults 18 to 25 years old (13.8%). (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Association,
2018)

- Figure 2 shows the past year prevalence of major depressive episode among U.S. adolescents
in 2020.
o An estimated 4.1 million adolescents aged 12 to 17 in the United States had at least
one major depressive episode. This number represented 17.0% of the U.S. population
aged 12 to 17.
o The prevalence of major depressive episode was higher among adolescent females
(25.2%) compared to males (9.2%).
o The prevalence of major depressive episode was highest among adolescents reporting
two or more races (29.9%). ( https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-
depression#part_2566)
-

- Among the leading causes of the global burden of disease depression currently
ranks third place worldwide and first place in middle- and high-income countries
[1, p. 43]. Wittchen et al. [2] (
1
Lê Thị Kim Thoa - 2157013104
- Depression is a common mental disorder characterized by sadness, inability to experience
happiness, self-criticism, and physical symptoms such as poor concentration, fatigue, loss of
energy, and disturbed sleep or appetite (World Health Organization, 2017). Depression can
seriously affect adolescents’ physical and mental development (Li and Li, 2022), leading to
truancy and school avoidance, delinquency, and confrontation, and can increase their risk of
substance abuse and, in severe cases, even suicide (Egger et al., 2003; Rowe et al.,
2006; Johnson et al., 2018).

- Psychological traumas in the past. One of the risk factors that is associated with the

development of this illness and its increased clinical severity is the exposure to
early traumatic events [2].( Kendler KS, Kuhn JW, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual abuse,
stressful life events and risk for major depression in women. Psychological
Medicine. 2004;34(8):1475–1482. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]) Traumatic events can include
witnessing or experiencing physical or sexual abuse, violence in families and communities, loss of a loved one,
refugee and war experiences. It is estimated that 26% of children in the United States will witness or experience
a traumatic event before the age of 4 years.1( Briggs-Gowan, M. J., Ford, J. D., Fraleigh, L., McCarthy, K., & Carter,
A. S. (2010). Prevalence of exposure to potentially traumatic events in a healthy birth cohort of very young
children in the northeastern United States. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 23, 725–733) the relationship of
childhood trauma and an increased risk of depression in adulthood has been confirmed in several cross-sectional
(e.g., [25, 26]) and longitudinal (e.g., [27, 28]) studies. Most studies rely on either community based surveys
(e.g., [26, 27, 29–31]) or psychiatric outpatient samples with heterogeneous (e.g., [24, 32]) or homogeneous
(e.g., [33]) psychopathology and also ask for a possible relative specificity of trauma types and diagnoses.
-
+ For example, several studies (e.g., [10, 34, 35]) documented the association of sexual abuse in childhood and
depression in adulthood. Molnar et al. [26] showed that among men and women suffering from sexual abuse the
risk of developing a depression was 1.8 times higher. Others [34] even discuss four times higher risk.(
- Parental depression is a risk factor for adolescent depression. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?
id=10.1371/journal.pone.0258966 https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2002/177/7/depression-young-
people-what-causes-it-and-can-we-prevent-it Depression in a parent is a common and potent risk factor for
depression in the child [1, 2]. Children with a depressed parent are four times more likely to develop an
affective disorder; they have a 40% chance of experiencing depression by age 20 years, and a 60%
chance by age 25 years. Maternal depression is associated with depression in young people after
controlling for other factors, including socioeconomic status.34,35,36 A history of parental depression
also increases the risk of recurring depression37 and suicide attempts38 in adulthood. Parental
psychopathology has strong support as a risk factor, according to a linked routine data cohort study linking
1
Lê Thị Kim Thoa - 2157013104
General Practitioner(GP), hospital and education records of young people (aged 0 to 30 years) in Wales, they
demonstrated that working closely with families where depression (particularly chronic depression) is present in
either parent and treating parental depression to remission is likely to have long-term benefits for children’s
mental health and educational attainment.
- Stressful daily events are the other factor causing depression in youngpeople.
- While there's no single cause of depression, most experts believe there's a combination of biological,
social, and psychological factors that contribute to depression risk. Biologically, we think about genetics
or a family history of depression, health conditions such as diabetes, heart disease or thyroid disorders,
and even hormonal changes that happen over the lifespan, such as pregnancy and menopause.
Changes in brain chemistry, especially disruptions in neurotransmitters like serotonin, that play an
important role in regulating many bodily functions, including mood, sleep, and appetite, are thought to
play a particularly important role in depression. Socially stressful and traumatic life events, limited
access to resources such as food, housing, and health care, and a lack of social support all contribute
to depression risk. Psychologically, we think of how negative thoughts and problematic coping
behaviors, such as avoidance and substance use, increase our vulnerability to depression.
-

1
Lê Thị Kim Thoa - 2157013104
Project: Causes of Depression in young people.