ICT REVIEWER (1st QUARTER)

1.1 Basics of Electronic components

Simple Circuit is a closed loop path which an

electric current flow. A simple circuit requires
three (3) components.
1. Voltage source (eg. Battery, power supply or
typical electrical outlet)
2. Conductive path (typically made of wires) -
route through which current flow

3. Load or output (eg. light bulb, speaker,
 (a) single cell, (b) battery (c) battery holder
buzzer, electrical motor) - components that
single, (d) battery holder multiple, (e) battery
consumes power
holder coin
Series circuit - when all components or devices
Power Supply - also called power adapter, is a
are connected in a manner such that there is
component that supplies power to at least one
only one pathway for the charges to go
electric load.
through.
 It converts one type of electrical power to
 If one component is removed, then no
another (AC - DC).
current will flow through the circuit as there
is one path.
 Series connection is commonly used in old
Christmas light connection.


 (a) DC voltage source and (b) AC voltage
source
Wires - are used to carry loads.
 Electricity and signal wires come in two
Parallel circuit - has two or more pathways for different forms: solid wires and stranded.
charges to go through. Due to the nature of  Solid wire: solid core or single strand wire, is
multiple paths, one defective circuit won’t composed of a single metal strand (usually
damage the other. copper) that is insulated with non-
 This is the common circuitry in homes. conductive materials.
 Stranded wire: composed of roll-up strand
Voltage Source wires.
Battery is a device that converts stored  If you are to compare both wire with the
chemical energy into electrical energy. same size, stranded wire shows more
 It consists of two or more cells connected in flexibility than the solid wire.
series or parallel. A cell contains a positive Breadboard - a tool used for prototyping
terminal (cathode) and a negative terminal circuits temporarily as you don’t need to solder
(anode). the electronic components to it.
 Underneath the breadboard are strips of
metal, these metal strips connect the
terminals/holes on the top of the board.
 Power rails are also metal strips that are
identical to the horizontal ones except they
are all connected to each other.
Light Emitting Diode (LED) - one of the most
commonly used electrical component in
projects.
 These LEDs are polarized, so you have to
be very careful in hooking them up. Control System - brain of the Mechatronic
 The positive lead (longer leg) is called System
anode, while the negative lead(shorter leg)  gathers information from inputs (sensors
is called the cathode. and switches), interprets that information
to control output devices in the form of
Resistors - electronic components that resist motors or displays based on a user
the flow of electrons(current). designed program
 The ability to reduce the current of a  One type of control system is the
resistor is called resistance and is measured microcontroller
in unit of ohms (symbol is the Greek capital Microcontroller - tiny, self-contained computers
omega: Ω). but does not include any “human interface”
 The lower resistance of a material in ohms devices like keyboard or mouse
is, the better it acts as a conductor.  “computer on a chip” designed for control
 Conversely, the higher resistance is, the and measurement applications
better it acts as an insulator.  “embedded chip” r embedded to the
 passive components device it controls
 R1 is ANSI standard symbol, and R2 is  any device that controls, measures,
European standard symbol. stores, calculates in digital form has
microcontroller embedded inside
Input Devices IoT (Internet of Things) - system that allows
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY people around the world to exchange data to
 Sensors are defined as a “device that connect almost “all things”.
receives a measurand and converts it into  It is now the latest trend in the
an electrical signal that is compatible with development of microcontroller projects.
electronic circuits”. Arduino - open-source prototyping platform
 translate non-electrical signal into electrical that gives you the ability to design/develop
output that can easily be read and interactive projects.
understood Arduino Uno - based on an ATMega328
 The measurand can be light, motion, microcontroller
pressure, heat or chemicals.  has 14 digital input/output pins and 6
 The active element of a sensor is called analog input pins.
transducer.  can be connected via USB, battery or an
 Transducer is a device that converts one AC-DC adapter.
form of energy to another
Contact Sensor - device that senses
mechanical contact and converts it into
electrical signals.
switch - most common type of contact sensor.
 Switches usually have two or more sets of
contacts and are designed to have either
open or closed contact when it is not
actuated.
Push-Button - type of switch that functions 
momentarily. ▪ (appliances, computers, mp3 1. USB port – Provides power to your
etc.) Arduino Board and communication
Toggle Switch - activated (open/closed) by the with your PC.
movement of its lever or handle. 2. Reset button – Restart stored program
 high current and voltage applications. in the memory.
 A common application is a light switch. 3. RX and TX LEDs –RX is for receiving
Tilt sensor is a device that opens and closes a while TX is for transmitting.
circuit depending on the orientation and 4. Digital pins – labelled 0 to 13. These
position. are all digital input and output pins
(HIGH and LOW) or sensing voltage of
1.2 Creating series and a parallel circuit 5 volts.
 5. Analog Pin – These are input pins that Selecting the Microcontroller - Tools >
can detect voltages between 0 to 5 Board > Arduino Uno
volts. They can also have an output Selecting the Port - Tools >
value of between 0 to 1023. Port/COM5(Arduino/Genuino Uno)
6. ATmega microcontroller - This is Saving an Arduino - Sketch File > Save , Ctrl
where the instructions on what the +S
microcontroller will do is sent and Creating a New Arduino Sketch - File > New,
processed. Ctrl + N.
7. 5V and ground pins – Provide power at Opening an Arduino Sketch - File > Open,
5V and ground Ctrl + O.
8. External power supply – Can be used To Check for Syntax Error - Sketch >
to power the board with a 7-12 V Verify/Compile, Ctrl + R
power supply or battery Uploading the Sketch in the Microcontroller
Unit - Sketch > Upload or press Ctrl + U.
Arduino simplifies the process of working
with microcontrollers by developing its own Programming
software COMMENT - single line comments (//)
Arduino Integrated Development more than one line comment /*
Environment (IDE) - free software(open Variables - used to label and store a piece of
source) developed by Arduino to program data
microcontroller.  This provides us simple way to access,
sketch is the name that Arduino uses for a save and change information.
program. unit of code.  int: a 16-bit integer
Interface of Arduino Software  char: an 8-bit variable.
1. Title Bar - shows the filename of the  byte: an 8-bit variable
sketch. ▪ It also contains the minimize,  boolean: also 8 - bit variable
maximize, and close buttons of application.  long: a 32-bit integer
2. Menu Bar - allow access to all the  float: also a 32- bit variable
different functions and commands of the Functions - These are used to do different
Arduino IDE procedures in your program loop.
3. Toolbar  pinMode() is used to configure a pin as
Verify - Before sketch can be sent to the either an input or an output.
prototyping board, it needs to be converted  digitalWrite() is used to turn digital pins
into set of instructions that the board HIGH or LOW
understands.  delay() caused Arduino to wait or pause
New Sketch - opens new window to create for a length of time
new sketch.
Open - Opening existing sketch. This loads a 1.3 Wireless connection
sketch from a save file on your computer. Code or source code - computer program or
Save - saves changes on your sketch. set of instructions written by a programmer
Upload - This compiles and sends sketch to to enable the computer or electronic device
your board. to perform its task.
4. Serial Monitor - A monitor used for serial Sketch - file generated or saved using the
communication. Arduino IDE with the extension name .ino.
5. Tab menu - Lets you create multiple Compiling refers to the process of translating
sketch in IDE. Usually used in advance the code written in a programming language
programming. into machine-readable language (a language
6. Sketch Editor - This is where you write/ that a computer can understand)
edit sketches. Error message will be displayed in the Status
7, Text Console - Shows you the status of bar
sketch after verifying. This is also where Syntax – a set of rules, format, statements,
error message is displayed. commands, or declarations in a
8. Line number - Shows you what line programming language
number your cursor is on.  Almost every line of code in Arduino
must end with a semicolon (;) just like
other programming languages.
  It is sometimes referred to as program EEPROM - electrically programmable read-
terminator and indicates the end of the only memory.
statement in a program. Flash memory and EEPROM memory : non-
Looping is among the powerful basic volatile
concepts in computer programming that SRAM : volatile and will be lost when the
repeatedly executes a sequence of power is cycled.
instructions until a certain condition is ARRAYS - Array is a group of variables of
reached. similar type that are accessed with single
pinMode () function - used to set up a variable.
specific pin as either digital input or digital FOR LOOP - for() statement is a loop
output. statement that cycle back and forth through
digitalWrite() Function ; HIGH or LOW - 5V for a block of statements until given condition
HIGH and 0V (ground) for LOW becomes false.
WHILE LOOP -The while() statement function
digitalWrite (pin, VALUE) allows your program to loop continuously,
Parameters and infinitely, as long as a given condition
pin: the pin number inside the parenthesis is true.
VALUE: HIGH, LOW increment is adding one of a series on a
delay() Function - causes the program to fixed scale variable
pause for a specific period of time in decrement is subtracting one of a series on a
milliseconds before executing the next line fixed scale variable.
of code delay (ms); ms: the number of
milliseconds to paus

Arduino’s main chip,

SRAM(static random access memory) - holds
all the variables. There are only 2KB (2048
bytes of SRAM),
Flash RAM holds Arduino’s bootloader and
the entire compiled sketch. The total size is
32KB (32,756 bytes).
 The boot loader use 500 bytes, leaving
about 32, 256 byte for your compiled
sketch.