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Neural Control and Coordination

The document discusses the structure and functions of the human brain, detailing its protection by the skull and the layers of cranial meninges. It differentiates between the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as resting and action potentials, and explains neural coordination and synaptic transmission. Additionally, it covers the roles of sodium ions in action potential generation, the distinctions between cerebrum and cerebellum, and the significance of grey and white matter in the brain.

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10 views

Neural Control and Coordination

The document discusses the structure and functions of the human brain, detailing its protection by the skull and the layers of cranial meninges. It differentiates between the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as resting and action potentials, and explains neural coordination and synaptic transmission. Additionally, it covers the roles of sodium ions in action potential generation, the distinctions between cerebrum and cerebellum, and the significance of grey and white matter in the brain.

Uploaded by

Studyholic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER­21

NEURAL CONTROL AND COORDINATION


1) Briefly explain the structure of the human brain.
Ans. Human brain is well protected by the skull. Inside the
skull, the brain is covered by cranial meninges consisting of an outer
layer called duramater, middle layer called arachnoid and an inner
layer called pia mater. The brain can be divided into three major
parts:
i. Forebrain: The forebrain consists of cerebrum, cerebellum and
hypothalamus.
ii. Midbrain: It is located between the thalamus/hypothalamus of
the forebrain and and pons of the hind brain.
iii. Hindbrain: The hindbrain comprises pons, cerebellum and
medulla.
2) Differentiate between central neural system and peripheral neural
system.
Central neural system (CNS) Peripheral neural system (PNS)
 Main coordinating centre  It is not the main
of the body. coordinating centre of the
body.
 Lies inside the skull.  Does not lie inside the
skull.
 Includes brain and spinal  Includes all the nerves of
cord. the body associated with CNS.
3) Differentiate between Resting potential and Action potential.
Resting potential Action potential
 It is the potential  It is the potential
difference across the nerve difference across the nerve
fibre when there is no fibre when there is conduction
conduction of nerve impulse. of nerve impulse.
 An active sodium­  The sodium­potassium
potassium pump operates and pump operates in a reverse
+ +
sends Na ions outside the manner and sends Na ions into
neuron to maintain the resting the neuron.
potential.
 The outer side of the  The outer side of the
neuron is positively charged neuron is negatively charged
and the interior of the neuron is and the interior of the neuron is
negatively charged. positively charged.

4) Explain neural coordination.


Ans. The process through which two or more organs interact
and complement the functions of one another through the neural
system, is called neural coordination. The neural system and the
endocrine system jointly coordinate and integrate all the activities of
the organs so that they function in a synchronized fashion. The neural
system provides an organised network of point to point connections
for a quick coordination. The endocrine system provides chemical
integration through hormones.
5) Write short notes on fore brain, mid brain and hind brain.
Refer text book [Page no: 321]
6) Briefly explain the mechanism of synaptic transmission.
Ans. A nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to
another through junctions called synapses which are formed by the
membranes of a pre­synaptic neuron and a post­synaptic neuron may
or may not be separated by synaptic cleft. There are two types of
synapses, namely, electrical synapses and chemical synapses. At
electrical synapses, the membranes of pre and post­synaptic neurons
are in very close proximity so that, electrical current can flow directly
from one neuron into the other across these synapses. Transmission
of an impulse across electrical synapses is very similar to impulse
conduction along a single axon and transmission is always faster than
that across a chemical synapse. But it is not common in human body.
At a chemical synapse, the membranes of the pre and post­synaptic
neurons are separated by a fluid filled space synaptic cleft. Chemicals
called neurotransmitters are involved in the transmission of impulses
at these synapses.
+
7) Explain the role of Na in the generation of action potential.

Ans. The action potential is determined by Na+ ions. The Na+


channels which are closed in the resting state, open and cause the
inflow of Na+ ions by diffusion into the inside of axoplasm. Thus the
electric potential of the membrane changes and it is said to be
depolarised.
8) Differentiate between cerebrum and cerebellum.
Cerebrum Cerebellum
 It is a part of forebrain.  It is a part of hindbrain.
 It consists of two cerebral  It is divides into three lobes.
hemispheres.
 It initiates voluntary  It maintains posture and
movements. equilibrium.

9) What does the white and grey matter in the human brain indicate?
Ans. The cerebral cortex is known as the grey matter as it
appears grey in colour which is attributed to the neuron cell bodies
imparting the colour. Fibres of the tracts are covered with the myelin
sheath, which constitute the inner part of the cerebral hemisphere.
They give an opaque white appearance to the layer and, hence it is
known as the white matter.
10) Where is the hunger centre located in the human brain?
Ans. Hypothalamus­ It is a small region of the brain, which
is located at the base of the brain, near to the pituitary gland.
11) Draw the labelled diagram of a neuron.

12) Draw the labelled diagram of human brain.

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