FROM SLIDES OF 2023 EDITION

SLIDES BOOK OF

MATHEMATICS
FOR BSN 3RD SEMESTER

COMPILE FROM SLIDES OF LECTURER SIR

IFTIKHAR UL HAQ KMU INS
CONTENTS
UNIT I
FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS FOR NURSES……………………01
UNIT II
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS…………………………….…………………………..05
UNIT III
DOSAGE CALCULATIONS……………………………………………………….…..06
UNIT IV
DOSAGE CALCULATION……….…………………………………………………….08
UNIT V
PEDIATRIC MEDICATIONS……………..……………………………………………09
UNIT VI
PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS……………………………………….……………..10
UNIT VII
CONCEPT OF PERCENTAGE…………………………………………………………12
DESCRIPTION
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º It contains slides from lectures delivered by Sir Iftikhar Ul Haq
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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

UNIT I FUNDAMENTALS OF MATHEMATICS FOR NURSES

CONVERSION
There are three measurement systems commonly used in health care facilities: The matric, household, and
apothecary system. In order to compare measured amounts in the system, approximate equivalents have been
developed. 1 Teaspoon is approximately equivalent to 5 millilitres.
RULE FOR CONVERSION
Always convert from one unit of measure to another by the shortest number of steps possible.

RULE FOR CONVERSION

Units and milliequivalents (meq) cannot be converted to units in other systems. They have their value given and will
never need to be converted.
º 1 unit = 1000 milliunits º Cubic centimeters (cc’s) and millimetres (ml’s) are the same equivalents.
o However, ml is the preferred usage.
Matric Weight
1 milligram (mg) = 1000 microgram (mcg) 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg) 1 kilogram (Kg) = 1000 grams (gm)
Matric Weight to Volume
1 gram (gm) = 1 millilitre (ml) (approximately)
COMMON PHARMACOLOGIC ABBREVIATIONS
To transcribe medication orders and document drug administration accurately, review the following commonly used
abbreviations for drug measurement, dosage forms, routes and times of
administration, and related terms.

BASIC MATH REVIEW

1. Roman Numerals
i. I = 1 ii. V = 5 iii. X = 10
The basic form is to place the larger numerals to the left and add other numerals. xxxiii = 33 ( 30 + 3 = 33)
Roman Numerals
There is an exception to the basic form. If smaller numeral precedes a larger numeral, the smaller should be
subtracted from the larger. • ix = 9 (10 – 1 = 9)
If there seems to be several ways of writing a number – use the shorter form.
• xvvi – incorrect • xxi – correct (10 + 10 + 1 = 21)
Roman Numerals
Only one smaller numeral is allowed to precede a larger numeral. • viii = 8 – correct • iix = 10 - incorrect

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

FRACTIONS
The term fraction means a type of division. A fraction is a part or piece of a whole number that indicates division of
that number into equal units or parts. A fraction is written with one number over another, for example ¼. The line
between the numbers is a division sign.
DENOMINATOR OF A FRACTION
The denominator of a fraction refers to the total number of equal parts into which the whole has been divided.
It is also called as a divisor.
Rule:
The larger the number in the denominator, the smaller the value of the equal parts (or fraction) of the whole.
NUMERATOR OF A FRACTION
The numerator of a fraction tells how many parts of the whole are being considered. If you divide a circle into four
equal parts, each part (1) that you are considering is the top number of the fraction and is called the numerator.
The numerator is also called the dividend.
Rule:
The larger the number in the numerator, the more parts of the whole are being considered.
FRACTIONS
The number above the line (Nomirator) is divided by the number under the line (Deniminator).
Numerator/Denominator
i. 2/3 = Proper fraction = numerator is smaller than denominator.
ii. ii. 3/2 = Improper fraction = numerator is larger than denominator.
iii. 1 ½ = Mixed fraction = Whole number and a fraction.
To change an improper fraction to a mixed number:
a. Divide the numerator by the denominator b. Place remainder over denominator (13/5 = 2 3/5)
To change a mixed number to an improper fraction:
a. Multiply denominator by the whole number b. Add numerator c. Place sum over the denominator
3 ½ = 7/2
To reduce a fraction to its lowest denominator:
a. Divide numerator and denominator by the greatest common divisor b. The value of the fraction does not change.
Example: Reduce 12/60
12 divides evenly into both numerator and denominator (12/12 = 1) , (60/12 = 5) >>>>> ( 12/60 = 1/5)
Example: Reduce 9/12
3 divides evenly into both (9/3 = 3) , (12/3 = 4) >>>>> (9/12 = ¾) Example: Reduce 30/45
15 divides evenly into both (30/15 = 2), (45/15 = 3) >>>> (30/45 = 2/3)
ADDITION OF FRACTIONS
Rule: You cannot add or subtract a fraction unless the fractions have the same denominator, however you can
multiply or divide when denominators are not alike.
Addition of fractions:
a. Must have common denominator b. Add numerators
Example: ¼ + 2/8 = (change 2/8 to ¼) = ¼ + ¼ = 2/4 = ½
SUBTRACTION OF FRACTIONS
Subtraction of fraction:
a. Must have common denominators b. Subtract numerators
Example: 6/8 – ¾ = (change 6/8 to ¾) = ¾ - ¾ = 0
MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONS
a. To multiply a fraction by a whole number, multiply numerator by the whole number and place product over
denominator. 4 * 3/8 = 12/8 = 1 4/8 = 1 ½
b. To multiply a fraction by another fraction, multiply numerators and denominators. 5/6 * ¾ = 15/24 = 5/8
DIVISION OF FRACTIONS
a. Invert terms of divisor b. Then multiply
Example 1: (2/3) / (4/5) = (2/3) * (5/4) = 10/12 = 5/6
Example 2: (4) / (5/6) = (4) * (6/5) = 24/5 = 4_4/5
DECIMALS
In the next slide, reading from right to left, each place is 10 times larger in value.
For example, 100 is 10 times larger than 10 and 1.0 is 10 times larger than 0.1.1

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

CHANGING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS

a. Express the decimal in words
b. Write the words as a fraction
c. Reduce to lowest terms
Example 1: 0.3
a. Three tenths
b. 3/10
c. Already reduced to lowest terms
CHANGING DECIMALS TO FRACTIONS
Example 2: 0.84
a. Eighty-four hundredths
b. 84/100
c. 21/25
CHANGING FRACTIONS TO DECIMALS
Divide the numerator by the denominator
Example 1: ¾
Example 2: 8/40
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS
Use the decimal point as a guide and line up the
numbers by their decimal place so that all the ones
places are lined up under each other, all the tens places lined up and so on.
Addition example 1: (7.4 + 12.39) Addition example 2: (0.003 + 2.4 + 0.15 + 0.02157)
Subtraction example 1: (86.4 – 3.817) Subtraction example 2: (6.079 – 0.85)
MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS
a. Multiply the numbers as if they were whole numbers
b. Count the total number of decimal places to the right of the decimal point for each of the numbers
c. Use that total to count decimal places in the answer i. (17.3 * 0.45)
DIVISION OF DECIMALS
To divide a decimal by a whole number, the decimal is placed directly above the decimal in the dividend.
Quotient
Divisor ∫ Dividend
Example 1: 3.0 ÷ 0.6 Example 2: 22.36 ÷ 1.3
Rounding off Decimals
Decide how far the number is to be rounded, such as to the tenths place or the hundredths place. Mark that palace
by putting a line under it. If the digit is to the right of that place is less than 5, drop that digit and any others to the
right. If the digit to the right of the place to be rounded to is 5 or grater, increase the number in the place by 1 and
drop the digits to the right.
Rounding off Decimals
Example 1: 7.423957 = 7.42 (rounded to nearest hundredths)
Example 2: 87.852 = 87.9 (rounded to nearest tenths)
Practice-1
º Roman Numerals
i. xvi = ------------- ii. xxi = -------------- iii. 29 = --------------- iv. 19 = --------------- v. 3 = -----------------
Practice-2 (Fractions)
1. 15/2 = ----------- 2. 13/6 = ---------- 3. 7/4 = ------------ 4. 11/3 = ----------- 5. 15/8 = -----------
6. 37/5 = ------------- 7. 4/6 = -------------- 8. 3/9 = -------------- 9. 15/60 = ----------- 10. 6/12 = ------------
11. 1/16 + 4/5 + ¾ =------- 12. 5/9 + 2/5 = ------- 13. 2/7 + ½ + 9/14 = ----- 14. ½ - 1/3 = ------
15. 9/12 – ¾ = ------ 16. 6/7 – 2/3 = ----- 17. 7/8 × 2/3 = ---- 18. 1 ½ × ¾ = -----
19. 12/25 × 1/100 = ---- 20. 2/8 ÷ ½ = ---- 21. 1 ½ ÷ 1/3 = ----- 22. 2 ½ ÷ 1/6 = ----
23. 2/9 ÷ ½ = ----
Practice-3 Decimals
Change fractions to decimals:
1. 6/8 = ----- 2. 5/10 = ---- 3. 3/8 = ----- 4. 2/3 = -----
Change decimals to fractions:
1. 0.54 = ----- 2. 0.0154 = ---- 3. 0.60 = ------ 4. 0.2 = -----

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

Practice-3 Decimals
Add decimals:
1. 1.64 + 0.6 = ---- 2. 0.02 + 1.0 = ----- 3. 2.63 + 0.01 = ----- 4. 1.54 + 0.3 = ----- 5. 0.008 + 2.002 = ------
Subtract decimals:
1. 1.23 – 0.6 = ----- 2. 0.02 – 0.01 = ---- 3. 2.45 – 0.03 = ----- 4. 0.45 – 0.02 = ---- 5. 2.002 – 0.008 = ---
Practice-3 Decimals
Multiply decimals:
1. 0.23 × 1.63 = ----- 2. 0.03 × 0.123 = ---- 3. 1.45 × 1.63 = ----- 4. 0.2 × 0.03 = -----
Divide decimals:
1. 3.2 ÷ 4 = ---- 2. 1.86 ÷ 3.0 = --- 3. 1.00 ÷ 25 = ----- 4. 68.8 ÷ 2.15 = ----
Practice-3 Decimals
Round to hundredths:
1. 0.4537 = ----- 2. 0.00584 = ------
Round to tenths:
1. 9.888 = ------ 2. 50.09186 = -----
Round to tens:
1. 5619.94 = ----- 2. 79.13 = -------

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

UNIT II MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

RATIOS AND PROPORTIONS
A ratio compares 2 quantities and can be written as a fraction, 3 to 4 or ¾ . 4 quarters to 1 dollar is a ratio and can
be written 4/1 or 4:1. Other familiar ratios are 60 minutes to 1 hour; 2 cups to 1 pint; 16 ounces to 1 pound.
A proportion is 2 ratios equal to each other. 4 quarters = 8 quarters ,
1 dollar 2 dollars
This proportion can be read 4 quarters are to 1 dollar as 8 quarters are to 2 dollars. In a proportion, the products of
cross multiplication are equal
BASIC STEPS
There are 4 basic steps to solving proportion problems.
i. Set up a known ratio. ii. Set up a proportion with known and desired units. Use x for the quantity that is
desired or unknown. Be sure the units are the same horizontally. Example: ounces = ounces
pounds pounds
ii. Cross multiply. iv. Solve for x.
To solve a proportion problem such as 3 lbs. = ? Ounces:
a. Set up a known ration of pounds to ounces. º 1 lb. : 16 oz.
b. Make a proportion using the known ratio on one side and the desired ration on the other. 16 oz. = X oz.
1 lb. 3 lbs.
c. Cross multiply. ( 1 × X = 16 × 3 ) d. Solve for x: 1 (x) = 16 × 3 >> X = 48 Therefore, 3 lbs. = 48 ounces.
Another name for a ratio with numerator and denominator of approximately the same value is a conversion factor.
The ratios 4 quarters to 1 dollar and 2 pints to 1 quart are conversion factors. Systems of measure use conversion
factors to change from one unit to another.
MATRIC SYSTEM
The basic unit of weight in the matric system is the gram (G or gm.). The basic length is the meter (m) and, The basic
volume is the liter (l or L). Matric measurement uses the decimal system as the basis for its units.
The prefix of the unit identifies its decimal
location and value.
CONVERSION EXAMPLES .01
0.5 G = -------mg. Solve: 1000mg = x mg Cross Multiply: 1 × x = 1000 × 0.5
1G 0.5 G x = 500 mg
CONVERSION EXAMPLES .02
2000 mcg = ----------mg. Solve: 1000 mcg = 2000 mcg Cross Multiply: 1000 × x = 1 × 2000
1 mg x mg x = 2000/1000 x = 2 mg
CONVERSION IN HOUSEHOLD SYSTEM
Household system: The units of volume include drop (gtts), teaspoon (tsp or t.), tablespoon (tbsp. or T) and ounces
(oz.) i. 1 tsp = 60 gtts ii. 1 tbsp. = 3 tsp. iii. 1 oz. = 2 tbsp.
CONVERSION EXAMPLES .03
4 tsp. = ----------x gtts. Solve: 60 gtts = x gtts Cross Multiply: 60 × 4 = 1 × x 240 = x
1 tsp. 4 tsp. 4 tsp. = 240 gtts
PRACTICE PROBLEMS
i. 7 kg = --------mg. ii. 2.5 gm = ------mg. iii. 0.5 ml = ------- L. iv. 1.34 kg = ------- mg.
v. 0.05 L = -------- ml. vi. 5.07 kg = ------ gm. vii. 00193 L = ----- ml. viii. 3.7 mg = ------- gm.
i. 2 tsp. = --------- gtt. ii. 1 ½ tbsp. = ------ tsp. iii. 45 gtts = -------- tsp. iv. 5 tbsp. = ----- oz.
v. 8 oz. = ------- tbsp. vi. 12 tsp = -------- tbsp.

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

UNIT III DOSAGE CALCULATIONS

SINGLE-STEP CALCULATION
Medication may be ordered in a form or amount different from what is available. Proportion may be used to
calculate the right dosage.
Steps:
a. Set up proportion. b. Check to be sure units are the same horizontally. c. Cross multiply and solve for x.
EXAMPLE 1
60 mg of medication is ordered. Tablets are available which have 30 mg of medication in each of them. How many
tablets are needed to give 60 mg ?
a. Set up the problem as a proportion. 30 mg are to 1 tablet as 60 mg are to x tablets. 30 mg = 60 mg
1 tab x tab
b. Remember to have the same units horizontally (mg to mg and tab. To tab.).
c. Cross multiply and solve for x. 30x = 60 x = 60/30 = 2
2 tablets = 60 mg = the amount of medication ordered.
Example 2
Ordered : 15 mEq , Available : 10 mEq/5 ml , How many ml’ s needed ?
Solve: 10 mEq = 15 mEq 10 x = 75
5 ml x ml x = 7.5 ml
Example 3
Ordered : gr 1/800 , Available : gr 1/200 per ml , How many mls ?
Solve: 1 1
200 gr = 800 gr 1(x) = (1)
1 ml x ml 200 800 x = 2/800 = ¼ = 0.25 ml
MULTIPLE-STEP CALCULATIONS
It may be necessary to convert from one unit to another first before solving a dosage problem.
Steps:
a. Set up proportions b. Convert to like units c. Substitute converted unit into the proportion
d. Cross multiply and solve for x
Example 1
240 mg are ordered. Medication is available in 2 grains/1 tablet. How many tablets should be given.
Solve: 2 gr 240 mg (units do not match. Convert to like units)
1 tab x tab
1 gr = 60 mg 1 gr = x gr x=4 2 gr = 4 gr
60 mg 240 mg 1 tab. X tab. x = 2 tablets
Example 2
Ordered : 0.016 gm , Available : 4 mg/ 1ml , How many ml should be given ?
Solve: 4 mg = 0.016 gm
1 ml x ml (units do not match)
Convert to like units: 1 gm = 0.016 gm
1000 mg x mg Cross Multiply: 1 × x = 1000 × 0.016 x = 16 mg
Substitute converted units into proportions. 4 mg = 16 mg 4 x = 16
1 ml x ml x = 4 ml
Example 3
Ordered : 10.5 grans , Available : 300 mg / 5 ml , How many ml’s should be given ?
a. Set up proportion 300 mg = 10.5 gr
5 ml x ml
b. Convert to like unit: 1 gr = x gr
60 mg 300 mg 60 x = 300 × 1 x = 300/60 = 5 gr
c) Substitute converted units into the proportion 5 gr = 10.5 gr
5 ml x ml
d) Cross multiply and solve for x 5 x = 52.5 x = 10.5 ml
Example 4 & 5
Two tablespoon of a liquid every 2 hours for 12 hours. How many ml’s of the drug will the client receive over the 12
hours period ?
A client is to receive 2 gm of a drug. The drug comes 500 mg/ 5 ml. Each vial contains 10 ml’s. How many vials would
you need ?

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

DROP FACTOR (DROPS/ML)

The size of the drop entering the drip chamber based on the size of the IV tubing. Drop factors range from 10 gtt per
mL to 60 gtt per mL. 1 ml = 1 cc
Normal I/V set : 15 (drops) gtt/ml (micro drop) Blood transfusion set : 10 (drops) gtt/ml
º Buretrol : 60 (drops) gtt/ml
GUIDE LINES FOR DRUG CALCULATION
Simple Calculation:
Formula: Required dose ÷ stock dose × dilution
Example : Order is to give Inj. Lasix 5 mg stat I/V. Pharmacy provides Inj. Lasix 20 mg/2ml.
5 mg ÷ 20 mg × 2 ml = 0.5 ml
DROPS/MIN
Stat order normal saline 1 liter @ 200 cc/hr. How many drops per minute ?
Formula :
Drops/min = Rate × D.F ÷ 60 (mins) = 200 × 15 ÷ 60 = 50 gtt/min 200 cc = 50 gtt/min
250 cc = 62 gtt/min
Example. 06
If a patient is receiving 1 Litre of D/Water with 120 mEq of kcl at 40 cc/hr, how much kcl the patient is receiving per
hour ? 1000 cc = 40 cc
120 mEq x mEq 1000 × x = 120 × 40 > X = 4800 ÷ 1000 = 4.8 mEq/hr
Example. 07
Inj. Solumedrol 125 mg in 2 cc is available. You need to give 60 mg to a patient. How many cc you will give ?
Solve:
Set proportion 125 mg = 60 mg
2 cc x cc Cross multiply : 125 × x = 2 × 60 => x = 120/125 = 0.96 cc
Example. 08
Three years old baby came to ED for Inj. Claforan 350 mg I/V. The vail is 500 mg and you have to dilute with 5 cc of
sterile water. How many cc you will give to the child ?
Solve: 500 mg = 350 mg
5 cc x cc 500 × x = 5 × 350 .> x = 1750 ÷ 500 = 3.5 cc
CRITERIA FOR GRADING DOSAGE CALCULATION EXAMS
1. Each problem must be set up in the fractional format. 3. Must show units in formulas.
2. Must show fractional format for each step in multiple step problems. 4. Must solve for x in each formula.
5. Always convert from one unit of measure to another by the shortest number of steps.
Practice Exam
1. Ordered : 40 units Available : 100 U/ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
2. Ordered : 3 mg Available : 1.5 mg/ tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
3. Ordered : 1.5 gr Available : ½ gr / tablet º How many tablets should be given ?
4. Ordered : 100 mg Available : 250mg /tab. º How many tablets should be given ?Cont.
5. Ordered : 5 mg Available : 10 mg/2 ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
6. Ordered : 0.125 mg Available : 0.25mg/tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
7. Ordered : 1/200 gr Available : 1/100gr/tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
8. Ordered : 0.5 mg Available : 2mg/ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
9. Ordered : 0.3 gm Available : 300mg/tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
10. Ordered : 150 mg Available : 1 gr/ tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
11. Ordered : 0.03 gm Available : 6mg/8ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
12. Ordered : 2 gr Available : 60mg/tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
13. Ordered : 0.75 gm Available : 250 mg/tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
14. Ordered : 600 mg Available : 60 mg/ml º How many tsp should be given ?
15. Ordered : 0.25 Gm Available : 125 mg/ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
16. Ordered : 250 mg Available : 0.5 gm/tab. º How many tablets should be given ?
17. Ordered : 2 mg Available : 10 mg/2 ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
18. Ordered : 1/6 gr Available : 5 mg/ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
19. Ordered : 60 mg Available : 30 mg/5 ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
20. Ordered: 800,000 units Available : 2,000,000 units/10 ml º How many ml’ s should be given ?
21.Ordered : 2 Tbs. Q2h for 12 hours.
º How many ml’ s of the drug will the pt. receive over 12 hours period ?

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

UNIT IV DOSAGE CALCULATION

DOSAGE BY WEIGHT
Order : 25 mg/kg of body wt. Available : 5 gm/20 ml
How many ml’s do you give to a 30 lb. child ? . The order first needs to be clarified to establish exactly what has been
ordered.
STEPS
Step 1 :
1. Clarify the order (How much medicine is 25 mg/kg for a 30 lb. patient)
a. Set up proportions. 25 mg = x mg
1 kg 30 lbs. (Units don’t match so they must be converted)Cont.
b. Convert to like units. 2.2 lbs = 30 lbs.
1 kg x kg 2.2 x = 30 x = 13.64 kg
(Note : Remember to round the kg to hundredths place before continuing with the problem)Cont.
c. Substitute converted units into the original proportion. 25 mg = x mg
1 kg 13.64 kg
Cross Multiply: 25 × 13.64 = 1 × x x = 341 mg (Total desired dose for a 30 lbs. child is 341 mg)
Step 2:
a. Set up proportion 5 gm = 341 mg
20 ml x ml
b. Convert to like units 1 gm = x gm
1000 mg 341 mg.
Cross Multiply 1000 x = 341 x = 0.341 gm
d. Substitute converted units and solve for x. 5 gm = 0.34 gm
20 ml x ml Cross Multiply: 5 x = 20 × 0.34 x = 1.364 ml
Round off the final answer = 1.4 ml , Give 1.4 ml to 30 lbs. child ordered to have 25mg/kg of B.W
EXAM PRACTICE
1. A twenty-two pound infant is to receive 2 mg/kg of a drug. The drug is available in 10 mg/0.5 ml. How many ml’s
will be given ?
2. A client weighing 110 lbs. is to receive a drug at the dosage of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. How many mg of the
drug will the client receive ?
3. A client is to receive 0.2 ml/kg of a drug every 2 hours. The client weighs 110 lbs. How many ml’s of drug will the
client receive in 24 hours ?
4. A 66 lbs. child is to receive a drug 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. How many mg’s will the child receive ?
5. A sixty-six pound child is to receive 0.4 mEq/kg of a drug. The drug is available in 2 mEq/4 ml. How many ml’s will
be given ?

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UNIT V PEDIATRIC MEDICATIONS

Steps
1. Convert pounds to kilograms.
2. If weight is in ounces, convert ounces to nearest hundredths of a pound and add this to total pounds.
3. Since 16 oz. = 1 lb., change oz. to part of a pound by dividing by 16.
4. Convert total pounds to kilograms to nearest hundredths.
Example 1
• Order : Lasix 15 mg. Per Oral B.D
• Desired Dose : 2 mg/kg/day
• The infant weighs 16 lbs. 10 oz., How many mg will you give ? Single dose? & BID dose ?
Solve: Convert oz. to lbs. 16 oz. = 10 oz.
1lb x lb x = 0.63 lb.
Child’s total weight is : 16 lb + 0.63 lb = 16.63 lbs. , Convert lbs. to kgs. 2.2 lb = 16.63 lbs.
1 kg x kg
x = 7.56 kg 2 mg = x mg
1 kg 7.56 kg x = 15.12 mg
The total desired dose for the infant is 15.12 mg/day . So, OD or once daily dose (Single dose) would be 15.12 or 15
mg . B.D or twice daily (10:00 AM & 10:00 PM) dose would be 15/2 = 7.5 mg
Example 2
• Order : 115 mg/ml tid. (TDS)
• Desired dose : 30 mg/kg/day in divided doses.
• Infant weighs 25 lbs. 4 oz., How many mg will you give in 1 day ?
Solve : Convert oz. to lb. 4 oz./16 lbs. = ¼ or 0.25 . So, infant’s weight is : 25 lbs. + 0.25 lb. = 25.25 lbs.
Now convert lbs. into kgs. 2.2 lbs = 25.25 lbs
1 kg x kg x = 11.48 kgs
Calculate total dose in mgs: 30 mg x mg
1 kg 11.48 kg x = 344.4 mg
Now calculate total ml’s for 344.4 mgs 115 mg = 344.4 mg
1 ml x mls 115 × x = 1 × 344.4 and x = 2.99 0r 03 mls
so, you can give only 3 ml of the medicine in a day . As the order is in TDS dose, hence you will give 01 ml of the
medicine every 8 hourly.
PRACTICE EXAM
1. A 20 pound, 8 ounce child is to receive cosmegen 20 mcg/kg of body weight . How many micrograms should the
child receive ?
2. Ordered : Phenergan 1 mg/kg of body weight. How many mgs should you give to a 45 pound post-op child ?
3. Ordered : 30 mEq per kg. Client weighs 8 lb. 8 oz. º How many mEq should you give ?
4. Ordered : 40 mg per kg of body wt. Available : 100 mg per 1 ml
º How many ml’s should you give to a 8 lb. 4 oz. infant ?
5. Ordered : 40 mEq /kg of body weight. Pt. weighs 8 lbs. 6 oz. º How many mEq should you give ?

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

UNIT VI PARENTERAL MEDICATIONS

DIRECTIONS FOR CALCULATING IV PROBLEMS
A. To find flow rate stated in ml’s per hour (If not given in the order) :
Divide the total volume of the solution in ml by the total number of hours to run.
º Example 1: 1000 ml IV solution ordered to infuse over 8 hours. 1000 ml = x ml
8 hrs 1 hr 8 x = 1000 >> x = 125 ml/hr
Example 2
1000 ml solution to infuse over 6 hours.
Solve: 1000 ml
6 hrs = 166.6 ml/hr = 167 ml/hr
B. TO FIND FLOW RATE STATED IN DROPS PER MINUTE :
Drop factor is the number of drops it takes to equal 1 ml with a specific type of IV tubing. The drop factor is stated on
the tubing package. ml/hr. × drop factor
60 min/hr gtts/min (60 minutes/hr is a constant in this formula)
Example 3
The drop factor is a 15 gtts/ml and the flow rate is 120 ml/hr. Find gtts./min or drops per minute.
Solve : 120 ml/hr × 15 gtts/ml
60 mins/hr = 1800/60 = 30 gtts/min.
Example 4
The drop factor is 20 gtts/ml and the flow rate is 100 ml/hr. Find gtts/min.
Solve: 100 ml/hr × 20 gtts/ml
60 mins/hr = 2000/60 = 33 gtts/min
Example 5
C. To find how much drug is in 1 ml of fluid:
Keflin 500 mg is available in 1000 ml of fluid. Find out how much of medicine is in 1 ml of the mentioned fluid.
Solve: 500 mg = x mg
1000 ml 1 ml Cross Multiply: 1000 x = 500 --- > x = 0.5 mg/ml
Example 6
D. How much drug in hour?
500 mg/1000 ml of keflin was infused in 10 hours. Find mg/hr.
Solve : 500 mg = x mg
10 hrs 1 hr Cross Multiply: 500 = 10 x x = 50 mg/hr
Example 7
Order: 5 mg , Available : 2 mg/ml , How many ml do you give ?
Solve: 2 mg = 5 mg
1 ml x ml Cross multiply: 2 x = 5 x = 2.5 ml
Example 8
IV order : D5W with 20 mEq Kcl per liter to infuse at 50 ml/hr. Available dose is inj. Kcl 10 mEq/5 ml. Solve the
problem. To find out how many ml of Kcl will contain 20 mEq. 10 mEq = 20 mEq
5 ml x ml
Cross Multiply: 10 x = 100 x = 10 ml
The drop factor is 60 gtts/ml. How many gtts/min will IV run? 50 ml/hr × 60 (DF)
60 min./hr = 50 gtts/min
How much fluid will the patient receive in 24 hrs ? 50 ml/1 hr × 24 hrs = 1200 ml.
How many mEq of Kcl will the patient receive in one hour ? 20 mEq = x mEq
1000 ml 50 ml
Cross Multiply: 20 × 50 = x × 1000 x = 1 mEq
PRACTICE EXAM
1. Ordered : 2mg/kg. Client weighs 44 lbs. How many mg will client receive ?
2. Ordered : D5 ½ N/S to infuse 2 liters over 16 hours. How many ml’s/hr will be infused per hr ?
3. Ordered: IV of D5 ½ N/S at 100 ml/hr. ( DF: 20 gtt/ml ). How many drops per minute ?
4. Order : 500 ml of LR with 20 mEq Kcl over 8 hours. (DF: 15 gtts/min) How many drops/min ?
5. Order: 1.5 Gm P.O. Available is 500 mg/tab. , How many tablets will you give ?
6. Order : gr/ 1/6 IM. Available is 30 mg/ml. How many ml’s will you give ?
7. Order : 0.5 gm p.o., Availaable is 250 mg/ml. How many ml’s will you give ?
8. Order : 200,000 units IM. Available is 500,000 units/5 ml. How many ml’s will you give ?
9. Order : 200 mg IM. Available is 500 mg/ml. How many ml’s will you give ?

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 MATH SLIDES BOOK ©

10. Order : 750 mcg p.o., Available is 0.5 mg/tab., How many tablets will you give ?
11. Order : 250 mcg IM. Available is 1 mg per 2 ml. How many ml’s will you give ?
12. Order : 1000 ml of D5W to infuse over 12 hours (DF: 20 gtts/min).
• How many ml per hour ? • How many drops per minute ?
13. Order : 1000 ml of D5 NS to infuse at 125 ml/hr (DF: 60 gtts/min). How many drops per minute ?
14. Order : 1000 ml of D5W with 2 gm of keflin to infuse in 1 hour (DF: 15 gtts/min).
• How many drops per minute? • How many mg of keflin in 1 ml ?
15. 500 ml LR to infuse over 10 hours (DF: 60 gtts/min).
• How many ml per hour ? • How many drops per minute ?
16. 500 ml D5W with 500 mg Aminophylin to infuse at 150 ml/hr (DF: 20 gtts/min).
• How many drops per minute ?
17. 1000 ml LR to infuse over 10 hours (DF: 60 gtts/min).
• How many ml per hour ? • How many drops per minute ?
18. Order : 2 gm p.o. , Available is 500 mg/tab.
• How many tablets will you give ?

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UNIT VII CONCEPT OF PERCENTAGE
PERCENT AND IT’S VARIOUS FORMS
A percent is the number of parts of something, relative to the whole or 100 parts, ‘’ parts per hundred’’ It is a
fraction. The denominator is 100. The numerator, the ‘’parts per hundred’’ is the number before the % symbol. i.e.
º 5% = 5/100
It is a ratio. The numerator and denominator are separated by a colon. For example, 5% = 5:100.
It is a decimal. The numerator is taken to the hundredth part. For example, 5% = 0.05.
It is written with the symbol %, which means 100, after the number. Example: 5/100 = 5:100 = 0.05 = 5%
PERCENTAGE STRENGTH
Percentage strength refers to the grams of drug (solute) per diluent. Percentage strength, used in intravenous (IV)
solutions (e.g., 0.9%, 0.25%, and 0.45%), refers to the grams of drug (solute) per 100 parts of the diluent.
EXAMPLE
An IV order for 500 mL of 5 % dextrose and water contains 25 grams of dextrose.
º 5% = (5/100) × 500 = 25 grams º The percentage symbol can be found with:
o A whole number > 20% o A fraction > ½ %
o A mixed number > 20 (1/2 ) % o A decimal number > 20.5 %
FRACTIONS AND PERCENTS
Sometimes it is necessary to change a percent to a fraction or a fraction to a percent to make dosage calculations
easier.
RULE:
To change a percent to a fraction: drop the % symbol, write the number as the new numerator, divide the new
numerator by 100 (denominator), reduce, and change to a mixed number, if necessary.
EXAMPLE
Change 20% to a fraction
Drop the % symbol: 20 % now becomes 20. This number (20) now becomes the fraction’s new numerator. Divide the
new numerator (20) over 100 (the denominator will always be 100) 20% = 20 = 20/100 = 1/5
CHANGING A FRACTION TO A PERCENT
RULE:
To change a fraction to a percent: multiply the fraction by 100 (change any mixed number to an improper fraction
before multiplying by 100), reduce, and add the % symbol.
EXAMPLE
º Change: ½ = ? º ½ × 100/1 = 100/2 = 50/1 º 50/1 = 50 º Add % symbol: 50%

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