Xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
Ch--2
Graafian follicles are formed
from:
A stroma of ovaries
B solumnar epithelium of testes

C germinal epithilium

D assembely of ribosomes in bacteria

A.2. Following is the pathway followed by a sperm.
Write the answer in one word/sentences:

How many sperms will be produced from 24 spermatocytes during

spermatogenesis?
-Where does fertilization takes place in mammals?
How many polar bodies are formed during the formation of one
gamete?
-How many polar bodies are formed during the formation of ovum
during oogenesis?
=Write the name of three layers of gastrula.
Spermatogenesis is the example of.
How many germ layers are found in gastrula stage?
Write the duration of gastation period in human cases.
How many autosomes are found in human spermName the process
in which formation and maturation of ova.
1. Name the main store house of sperms.
Skeletal muscle is originated by these layer.
Name the process in which zygote starts dividing by specific mitotic
divisions.
In which month body hair developed in embryo.
 Case Study Questions
1.
A Human Spermatozoan
A diagrammatic sketch of a human sperm is given. Identify
the parts labelled A, Band C and mention their respective
functions.

(a)

2.
Read the graph given above and answer the following
questions:
 (a) Identify the ovarian hormones X and Y and name their
respective sources in the ovary.
(b) Why does the hormone X peak before the hormone Y? )
3. Study the flow chart given below and answer the questions
that follow:

(a) Name the hormone(s) (in full form) involved in each of the
stages,
(b) Specify the structure in the ovary that is the source of the
hormone at stage

(a) P is rete testis (b) P is epididymis which (c) P is epididymis that (d) P is rete testis which lies
which transports secretes fluid that carry sperms and secretion along inner side of each
sperms to outside. nourish the sperms of seminal vesicles testis and stores the sperms
4. Read the following and answer any four questions
from (i) to (v) given below:
Human male reproductive system comprises of a pair of
testes, primary sex organs associated with formation of
gametes and production of sex hormone. Study the given
figure of human male reproductive system and answer the
following questions.
 (i) Which of the following is correct for labelled part P?

(a) Q - Vasa efferentia (b) R - Ejaculatory duct (c) S - Seminal vesicle (d) T - Cowper's gland

1. (ii) Identify the correctly matched pair.

(a) It carries spermatozoa from (b) Q are only 2 in (c) It arises from (d) It constitutes male
epididymis to ejaculatory duct number. rete testis. sex accessory duct
1. (iii) Which statement is incorrect for Q?
2. (iv) Which structure passes through the prostate gland and
carries sperms and secretion of seminal vesicle?

(a) P (b) T (c) S (d) R

3. (v) Assertion: Mucus present in secretion of bulbourethral
gland decreases the number of sperms damaged during
ejaculation
Reason: Mucus lubricates the end of penis and lining of the
urethra.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is the
correct
4. explanation of assertion.
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the
correct explanation of assertion.
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) Both assertion and reason are false .
 (iv) (d) : During ovulatory phase, both LH and FSH attain a peak
level
(v) (b) Biology
1. What roles does pituitary gonadotrophins play during
follicular and ovulatory phases of menstrual cycle? Explain
the shifts in steroidal secretions.
2. The zygote passes through several development stages till
implantation.Describe each stage briefly with suitable
diagrams.
3. Describe the specific action of FSH, LH, oestrogen and
progesterone in the menstrual cycle.
Study the graph given below and answer the questions that
follow.

(i) Name the hormones 'X' and 'Y'.

(ii) Identify the ovarian phases during menstrual cycle.
(a) 5th-12th day of the cycle.
(b) 14th day of the cycle.
Read the following and answer any four questions from
(i) to (v) given below:
The first menstruation is called menarche, that usually occurs
between 12 and 15 years. In human females, menstruation is
repeated at an average interval of about 28129 days and is
called menstrual cycle. It is regulated by certain hormones, as
pituitary gland is stimulated by releasing factors produced in
the hypothalamus. The hormones produced by pituitary gland
influence the ovaries. The hormones secreted by the ovaries
affect the walls of the uterus.
(i) The breakdown of endometrium is characteristic of

(a) proliferative (b) luteal (c) ovulatory

(d) menstrual phase
phase phase phase
(ii) Which days of the menstrual cycle marks the proliferative
phase?

(a) 1-5 (b) 15-28 (c) 6-13 (d) 10-14

 (b) Primary follicle
(a) Empty Graafian follicle (c) Endometrium rebuilds and (d) LH surge inducing
changes' into Graafian
changes into corpus luteum. estrogen secretion increases release of an ovum.
follicle.
(iii) Which of the following occurs during secretory phase?

1. (iv) Identify the hormones that attain peak level during

ovulatory phase

(a) FSH (b) Progesterone (c) LH (d) Both (a) and (c)
2. (v) Withdrawal of which hormone causes degeneration of
corpus luteum?
(a) FSH (b) LH (c) Progesterone (d) Estrogen

Case Study Questions

A. Acrosome
(i) The secretions.enzymes of acrosome dissolve the egg
envelopes and help the sperm enter the cytoplasm of the ovum.
B. Mitochondria
(i) The mitochondria in the middle piece provide energy for the
sperm motility in the female reproductive tract towards ovum.
C. Tail
(i) It facilitates the movement of sperm towards the ovum for
fertilisation.
(a) X is hormone estrogen.
(i) It is secreted by the cells of the developing follicle.
Y is hormone progesterone.
(ii) It is secreted by corpus luteum.
(b) (i) X is secreted by the cells of the follicle during follicular
phase before ovulation; after the rupture of Graafian follicle, there
is no secretion of estrogen.
(ii) Y is secreted by corpus luteum that is formed after ovulation in
the luteal phase; hence X peaks before Y.
1. (i) 1. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
2. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinising
hormone (LH)
3. Progesterone.
(b) Corpus luteum secretes progesterone.
2. (i) (b) : P is an epididymis that stores the sperms and
secretes a fluid which is considered to nourish the sperms
(ii) (b) : Q - Vas deferens, R - Ejaculatory duct S -
Bulbourethral gland, T - Seminal vesicle
(iii) (c) :Q (vas deferens) arises from cauda epididymis
(iv) (d)
(v) (a)
 (i) (d): During menstrual phase, the endometrium breaks down
and menstruation begins.
(ii) (c) : Proliferative phase extends for about 10-12 days usually
from day 6th to 13th in a 28 day cycle(iii) (a)(c) 16th-25th day of
the cycle.(iii)
Explain the ovarian events (a),
(b) and (c) under the influence of hormones 'X' and 'Y'
With reference for events starting from menstrued cycle till the
events of parturition give the name of the hormones involved at
each stage and explain their role.

Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) also called
Gonadotropin-releasing Factor (GnRF), is secreted by the
hypothalamus of the brain, which stimulates the release of
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone
(LH).FSH stimulates the ovarian follicles to produce oestrogens
during proliferative phase.LH stimulates the corpus luteum of the
ovary to secrete progesterone.
1.Menstrual phase is caused by the reduction of progesterone and
oestrogens.
2.Proliferative phase is caused by the increased production of
oestrogens.
3.LH causes ovulation.
LH also causes transformation of empty Graafian follicle into
corpus luteum by luteinisation inside the ovary. LH also stimulates
corpus luteum to secrete progesterone hormone to help in
implantation, placentation and maintenance of pregnancy.
4.Secretary phase is caused by increased production of
progesterone.
1. Cleavage is holoblastic type but there is tendency to show
size differences of the blastomeres from the very start.
Cleavage occurs during its passage through fallopian tube to
uterus.
The first cleavage takes place in the cytoplasm of ovum on
an imaginary axis (Animal pole to vegetal pole). The first
division results into two blastomeres. One blastomere is
slightly larger than the other. The larger cell divides first and
thus forms the three blastomeres. Then the smaller
blastomere divides and thus four blastomeres are formed. It
is 4 celled stage.
2nd cleavage is at right angle to the 1st cleavage. One
member of the large blastomeres of 4-cell stage divides
forming 5-cell condition followed 6-7 stage ultimately 8
celled stage. Successive cleavage divisions result in the
formation of solid mass of cells. Thus solid ball-like stage is
called morula stage.
Conversion of morula into blastula is initiated by dynamic
rearrangement of small blastomeres. A central fluid filled
cavity called blastocoel (segmentation cavity) appears.
Externally placed blastomeres lose their rounded form and
become flat. This trophoblast along with lining of uterus
forms extra-embryonic membranes. This provides protection
and nourishment to the developing embryo.
 Simultaneously zona pellucida disappears and embryo gets
implanted to the uterus. Below the blastodermic vehicle
there appears formative tissue i.e. inner cellmass. From this
inner cell mass, proper embryo is formed.
2. The menstrual cycle is controlled by rhythmic synthesis and
release of ovarian hormones under feedback control from
the hormones of anterior pituitary. These are discussed
below:
(i) Pituitary hormones The gonadotroph cells, of anterior
pituitary secrete FSH and LH in females. Their role in
menstrual cycle are:
(a) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) It is secreted
during the follicular phase of the cycle and is responsible for
follicular development on induction of LH receptors on
granulosa cells of the ovary.
(b) Luteinising Hormone (LH) Its primary function is to
stimulate the formation of corpus luteum and secretion of
estradiol and progesterone from ovary.
(ii) Ovarian hormones Ovary secretes the following
hormones under the effect of FSH and LH.
(a) Oestrogen It influences proliferation of the uterine
endometrium to prepare for implantation of the fertilised
oocyte.
(b) Progesterone secreted from corpus luteum under LH
influence, maintains endometrium for implantation It rising
level inhibits LH.
3. (i) Horne 'X' is Luteinising Hormone (LH) and 'Y' is Follicle
Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
 (ii) (a) Follicular phase (proliferative phase).
(b) Ovulatory phase (release of ovum) followed by luteal
phase.
(c) Luteal phase.
(iii) (a) FSH is secreted by the anterior pituitary, which
stimulates the ovarian follicle to secrete oestrogen, which in
turn stimulates the proliferation of the endometrium of the
uterine wall.
(b) Both LH and FSH attain a peak level in the middle of
cycle (about 14th day). Rapid secretion of LH leading to its
maximum level during the mid-cycle is called LH surge. It
induces rupture of Graafian follicle and thereby the release
of ovum (ovulation). Due to these events, this phase is
termed as evulatory phase of menstruate cycle.
(c) The remaining cells of ovarian follicles are stimulated by
the LH to develop corpos luteum. The corpus luteum
secretes large amount of progesterone, which is essential for
the maintenance of endometrium. This is known as
luteral phase.
4. (i) Rapid release of Luteinising Hormone (LH)
ruptures Graafian follicle and release ovum
(ovulation).
(ii) Corpus luteum secretes large amount of progesterone
hormone that is essential for the maintenance of the
endometrium required for implantation of blastocyst leading
to pregnancy.
(iii) Placenta produces several hormones like human
Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), human Placental Lactogen
(hPL). Relaxin is also produced during later phase of
pregnancy. Levels of other hormones like oestrogen,
progestogen, cortisol, prolactin and thyroxine also increase,
which is essential for supporting foetal growth, metabolic
changes in mother and maintenance of pregnancy.
(iv) Parturition signals originate from the fully developed
foetus and the placenta that induce mild uterine
contractions which triggers the release of oxytocin from
pituitary. Oxytocin acts on the uterine muscle causing
stronger uterine contractions.

1.
 The given figure depicts a diagrammatic sectional view of the human female
reproductive system. Select the option with correctly identified parts.

Match the functions given below with the associated part or parts of the human male
reproductive system labelled from A to G in the figure given below.

(i) Produces sperm

(ii) Connects the epididymis with the urethra
(iii) Produces secretion that lubricates the penis
(iv) Conducts sperms through the penis to the outside of the body .

2. Identify the parts labelled from A to E in the L.S. of testis given below.

T he following graph shows the levels of ovarian hormones during

a menstrual cycle. Which hormones do the labels A and B represent?
3. Identify the parts labelled from A to D in the given figure of developing human embryo
within the uterus.

In the given T.S. of human ovary, identify the structures labelled A to F and select the correct
option.

The image given below shows the section of seminiferous tubule. Identify the labels that
represent the spermatid and Sertolicells, respectively.
 Select the correct option to complete the flow chart showing influence of hormones
on gametogenesis in males.

View Solution

4.

Identify A, B, and C in the figure given below:

5. The diagram illustrates the fertilisation followed by cleavage and the early stages of
embryonic development. Select the option with correct identification. Select the
correct explanation for the labels A, B, C and D.

A represents the fertilised zygote.

B represents the stage of morula formation.
C represents the blastocyst.
D represents the blastocyst implantation. Question 3.
The graph shown below shows the levels of LH and FSH at various stages
of menstrual cycle. (MAY-2010)

a) Name the source of LH and FSH. b) The level of LH is maximum during

the middle day of the cycle. Mention its effect. c) Note the function of LH
in males.
Answer:a) Pituitary glandb) Helps for ovulationc) Stimulates the synthesis
of horrnones (androgens)

Question 4.The above graph shows the level of ovarian hormones in a

normally menstruacing woman during the follicular phase. (MARCH-2011)
a) Name ‘a’ and ‘b’ b) Mention the role of pituitary hormones in
maintaining this condition. c) Reconstruct the graph for Luteal phase.
Answer:a) i) Estrogens ii) Progesterone
b) FSH / Follicle stimulating Hormone, LH / Luteinizing Hormone
OR Gonadotropins---- One function each of FSH and LH.
c)

Question 5.
Some stages of the embryonic development are given below. Observe
these diagrams and answer the questions. (MAY-2011)

a) What is A & B? b) Name thetwo types of cells found in the blastocyst.

c) Which layer of blastocyst is attached to the endometrium? And name
that process.
Answer:a) A – Blastomere B – Morulab) Trophoblast and inner cell massc)
Trophoblast, Implantation

Question 6.Observe the diagram provided (Do not copy the

picture) (MARCH-2012)
a) Label A and B
b) On which day of menstrual cycle Graafian follicle rupture.
c) Name the process induces the rupture of Graafian follicle.
d) Write the name and function of the structure forming inside the ovary
after the rupture of Graafian follicle.
Answer: a) A – Primary follicle B – Tertiary follicle b) 14th day
c) The rupture of Graafian follicle and the release of ovum is called
ovulation.
d) The corpus luteum secretes large amounts of progesterone which helps
in the maintenance of the endometrium.

Question 7.The following statements compares the process of oogenesis

and spermatogenesis. Which one is not true? (MAY-2012)
a) Production of ovum ceases at certain age, but sperm production
continues even in old men.
b) Oogenesis begins in the embryonic stages, but spermatogenesis starts
at the onset of puberty.
c) Meiotic arrest occurs both in Oogenesis and spermatogenesis.
d) Polar bodies are formed in oogenesis.
Answer:
a) Replicationb) Transcriptionc) Translation d) Reverse transcription

Question 8.The diagram represents a process of gametogenesis. Closely

observe it and answer the following (MARCH-2013)

Is it spermatogenesis or Oogenesis?
What does the smaller shaded circle represent? Write down two
significance of production of the same.
Answer:
a) oogenesisb) polar bodiec) Retention of cytoplasm in ovum Maintaining
one functional haploid ovum

Question 9.Though one ovum is produced from a primary oocyte it can

result into a male or female child after fertilization. But in the case of
spermatocyte though 4 sperms are produced only two of them can result
to a female child after fertilization”. Justify. (MARCH-2013)
Answer:Two types of sperms are produced one with x chromosomes and
other withy chromosome. Sperm with x chromosome after fertilization
results in the formation of female baby

Question 10.Sterilization and IUDS are effective birth control measures,

but lactational amenorrhea may not be so effective. (MAY-2013)
a) How the sterilization procedure of males differ from that of females in
preventing pregnancy?b) Which part of the female reproductive organ is utilized for the
IUD procedure? How this procedure prevents pregnancy?
c) Why the lactational amenorrhea is not so effective?
Answer:
a) In males the sterilization method is called vasectomy but in females it is called Tubectomy
b) uterus, lUDs suppresses sperm motility and fertilizing capacity of sperm or they make
uterus unsuitable for implantation.
c) During intense lactation, menstrual cycle does not occur. Therefore the chance of
conception is almost nil. But the method is effective only upto six months following delivery

Question 11.Observe the diagram, and answer the questions: (MARCH-

2013)
a) Identify A and B.
b) What is the function of C ?
c) In which of the marked part reduction division takes place? What is the
significance of it?

Answer:a) A – Spermatozoa, B-Primary spermatocyteb) Sertoli cells

provide nutrition to the germ cells.c) Primary spermatocyte, chromosome
number reduced to half

Question 12.Diagram of a mammalian sperm’is given. Label the parts

marked. (MAY-2014) Answer:A – AcrosomeB – Nucleus containing
chromosomal material

Question 13Schematic representation of gametogenesis is given below.

Identify A. Write one difference between A& B. (MARCH-2015)
Answer: A) Spermatogenesis – It results 4 spermatozoB) Oogenesis – It
results one ovum and polar body

Question 14.1) In which part of the human reproductive system the

following events occur?
a) Fertilisation
b) Implantation
2) Diagram of a human biastocyst is given below. Identify A & B.

Answer:a) ampullary-isthmicjunctionb) Endometrium of the uterusA –

inner cell mass B – trophoblast

Question 15. Choose the odd one from the following and write the
common feature of others;

a) Estrogen b) Androgen c) Relaxin d) Progesterone

Answer: Androgen. Others are ovarian hormones.

Question 16.Complete the flow chart showing spermatogenesis by filling A

and B and answer the questions: (MAY-2015)

a) What is the chromosome number of primary spermatocyte

b) What is the significance of reduction division in spermatocyte?
Answer:A- Spermatogonia B- Spermatids
a) Primary spermatocyte-Diploid number, in man it is 23 pair, spermatids-
haploid number, in man it is 23
b) Reduction division helps to reduce chromosome number as half in
gametes (haploid). It helps keep chromosome number species as
constant for many generations.
Question 17.Match the columns A and B: (MARCH-2016)

Question 18.The process of fusion of a sperm with ovum is called

_______. (MAY-2016) Answer:Fertilisation

Question 19.Match columns A and B. (MAY-2016)

Question 20.LH and FSH are gonadotrophins. Distinguish their roles in

males and females. (MARCH-2017)
Answer:LH acts at the Leydig cells and stimulates synthesis and secretion
of androgens.
Androgens stimulate the process of spermato-genesis.
FSH acts on the Sertoli cells and stimulates secretion of some factors
which help in the process of spermiogenesis.
Female Rapid secretion of LH leading to rupture of Graafian follicle and
release ovum (ovulation). FSHhelpsinthe growth and development of
ovarian follicle.

Question 21.
Human female possess 44 + XX chromosome number. The chromosome
number of secondary oocyte is (MAY-2017)
a) 44 + Xb) 22 + Xc) 44 +XXd) 22 +XX
Answer:b) 22 + X

Question 22.Observe the diagram and answer the questions: (MAY-2017)

a) Identify A and Bb) Write the function of B.
Answer: a) A – peri vitelline space B- zona pellucida b) Prevent the entry
of further sperms after fertilization
15. (a) 2. The figures of the developmental stage of a microspore into a mature pollen grain are given
below. Choose the option showing the correct labellings for (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv).
68