Chapter 2

Curve Setting

CHAPTER 3

CURVE SETTING

3.1. Introduction

The horizontal alignment of a highway, railway or canal is made up of series of straight

lines and curves. The straight portions are called tangents. The curves used to connect the
tangents can be simple circular, multiple (compound) circular with two different radii,
reverse curves or circular curves joined to the tangents by spirals. Likewise the grade line
on a profile of any length is made up of straight lines and curves. The curves joining the
grade lines are called vertical curves, and are generally parabolas of second degree. Their
function is to provide a smooth transition from one grade to another-in other words, to
spread out the change in grade over a distance L. Refer figures 2.1 and 2.2.

T  g2
T g1
T

Fig 2.1 Simple circular curve joining tangents Fig 2.2 vertical curve joining g1and g2.

3.2. Notation for Circular Curves

Referring to fig 2.3 the point the notations used are defined below.

T B (PT)
V (PI)
E
M
T R

A (PC) R
O

Fig 2.3 Notation of circular curves

Point of intersection (PI) or vertex (V) is the point at which the two tangents meet.
If the work is progressing from left to right, then AV is the back tangent and VB is the
forward tangent.
Deflection angle between the tangents, which is equal to the angles subtended at the
center of the curve denoted by.
PC (point of curvature) or BC (beginning of curve) or TC (tangent- to curve) is the
beginning point of the curve.
PT (point of tangency) or EC (end of curve) or CT (curve to tangent) is the ending point
of the curve.
Long chord (C) is the chord joining the PC and PT along a straight line.

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

External distance (E) is the distance from the PI to the middle of the curve measured
along the bisector of the central angle.
Middle ordinate (M) is the distance from the middle of the curve to the middle of the long
chord.
Degree of curve (D) is the angle subtended at the curve center by a chord of 100m or ft
length according to chord definition, or it is the angle subtended at the curve center by an
arc of 100m or ft length according to arc definition

As the station method is most commonly used in recording the horizontal distances, and
as the PC of a curve will rarely be at a full station, the distance c 1 from the PC to the first
station on the curve will, in general be less than 100m or 100ft. The central angle
subtended by this distance is designated as d 1. The distance from the last full station on
the curve to PT is designated as c2 and the corresponding central angle is d2.
The radius of the curve is usually an integral multiple of 50m or 50ft.

3.3. Radius and Degree of a Curve

100m

R
R 100m

(a) (b)
Fig.2.4 Relation between radius and degree of a curve a) by chord definition, b)curve
by arc definitions.

By chord definition (from fig.2.4a)

Sin (D/2)=100/2R R = 50/sin (D/2) (2.1)
By arc definition (from fig.2.4b)
100/D=2R/3600 D=5729.578/R (2.2)

For D= 10, equation 2.1 gives R= 5729.651m, and equation 2.2 gives R= 5729.578m.
For sharper curves with more curvature and short radii, their difference is quite obvious
the student can illustrate this fact by taking D=50.

The arc definition is most frequently used in highway practice, whereas the chord
definition is used in railway practice since the difference between the arc and chord
length is insignificant in the latter case.

Measurements in the field with tapes must be made along the chords, and not along the
arc. When the arc basis is used, either correction have to be made for the difference
between the arc length and chord length, or the chords are made short so as to reduce the
error to a negligible value. In the latter case, usually 100-m chords can be used for curves
up to 10,50-m chords for curves from 10 to 30, 25-m chords from 3 to 50, and 10-m chords
for curves sharper than 50,all expressed in terms of the degree of the curve.

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Lecture Note
 Chapter 2
Curve Setting

3.4. Equations for Circular Curves

The relationships involving the radius R of a circular curve, the deflection angle 
between the tangents, and other elements of the curve are shown in fig. 2.3. The
following equations apply to both the chord and arc definitions.
Tangent distance (2.3)
T B (PT)
V (PI) External distance (2.4)
E
M
T R
Middle ordinate (2.5)

A (PC) R O
Long chord (2.6)

The length of the curve, or the difference in stationing between the PC and the PT, is
computed by
L=/D (expressed in stations), or L=100/D (expressed in ft or m)
L=R (where  is in radians) (2.7a.b,c)

Selection of a Curve

Any two given tangents can be connected by an infinite number of circular arcs. The
curve used in a particular case is determined by assuming one of D, R, T, L or E, and
computing the others knowing .
Field conditions frequently govern which quantity should be assumed. For instance for a
curve to be constructed along a riverbank, the external distance may be the limiting
factor. Similarly, on a winding road, the tangent lengths may govern the situation. On
high-speed modern pavements and railways, an attempt is made to keep the degree of the
curve below the given maximum. Where possible, radius of more than 300m (1000ft) is
adopted.

Stations of PI, PC and PT

The location of a planned highway or railway or canal is first located on the map sheet to
fit the existing conditions of man made and natural features, culture and topography. This
is refereed to as paper location. The coordinates of the PIs, PCs and PTs are carefully
scaled from the map. The coordinates can be used to determine the tangent lengths and
deflection angles. Once the lengths of tangents and deflection angles are known, the lines
can be staked out and stationed by using a theodolite. The net result of the field location
of the tangents is a set of lines from the point of beginning, throughout the project,
together with the deflection angles between the lines.
The length of the curve can be determined from equation 2.7. The line must be
restationed to make the stationing continuous along the straight line and curve
combination (fig.2.5).
PI
PI

26
Lecture Note PI
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Fig. 2.5 Stationing along straight line-curve combination

The station of the first PC is obtained by

PC1=PI1-T1
Where T is the tangent length (by equation 2.3) (2.8)
The PT station is computed by
PT1=PC1+L1 (2.9)
In which L is the length of the first curve (by equation 2.7)
Subsequent PC stations are computed from
PC2=PT1+S1-2 (2.10)
Where S1-2=(PI2-PI1)-(T1+T2)

3.5. Setting out Circular Curves

3.5.1 Setting out by two tapes from the long chord

This method suitable for curves of small radius such as kerb lines at road intersections,
and boundary walls. To set out the curve, points such as G must be located. The offsets y
are calculated for the corresponding distances x from F, which is the midpoint of AB the
long chord, and are set out at right angles to the long chord.

A V In fig 2.6 AF=FB=C/2

G VD =E
H D
GH=y
FH=x
F DF=M
DO=R
R Then, DF=DO-FO
B
O =M=R- (2.11)
Fig 2.6 Curve setting by two tapes
Draw GG’ parallel to AB. Then
G’O2+FH2=R2
(y+FO)2+x2=R2
{y+[R2-(C/2)2]1/2}2=R2-x2
(2.12)

Equation 2.12 gives the offsets to be measured from the long chord at intervals x.

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Example: Derive data necessary for setting out a kerb line if the radius of the curve is
12m, and the deflection angle between the tangents is 90 0. Offsets are required at 2-m
intervals.

Solution: The long chord C= 2Rsin(/2)=2*12*sin450=16.97m

M=3.51m by equation 2.11
Since offsets are needed at 2-m intervals, x=0,2, 4, 6, 8m respectively.
The offsets y are calculated from equation 2.12 for each value of x.
x, m=0 2 4 6 8
y,m=0 3.51=M 3.34 2.82 0.45

3.5.2 Setting out by offsets from tangents

This method is also suitable for short curves, and no attempt is made to keep the chords
of equal lengths.
A
OA=ON=R
U V
AU=MN=y
M N AM=UN=x
Then, ON2=MN2+OM2
RR R2=y2+(R-x)2
R
x=R-(R2-y2)1/2
O =R-R(1-y2/R2)1/2
B Expanding the term in parenthesis by binomial theorem,

x=R-R(1-y2/2R2 +…..)
Fig 2.7 Curve setting by two tapes x=y2/2R approximately (2.13)

Given the radius of the curve and the offset intervals y, the curve can be set out by
measuring offsets computed from equation 2.13. The curve is set out in two parts, starting
from each tangent point.

Exercise: Generate data for setting out for a curve with the following properties
Length of long chord=100m, Radius of curve=100m

a) x =5m for setting out by the method of section 2.5.1

b) y= 10m for setting out by the method of section 2.5.2

3.5.3 Setting out by deflection angles using a tape and theodolite

Curves are staked out usually by the use of deflection angles at the PC from the tangent
to the stations along the curve, together with the use of chords measured from station to
station along the curve. The method is based on the geometrical fact that an angle formed
by a tangent and a chord is measured by one-half its intercepted arc. Moreover, an
inscribed angle is measured by one-half its intercepted arc, and inscribed angles having
equal or the same intercepted arcs are equal.

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

<VAC=1/2*(<AOC)=1/2(21)=1
V B <CAD=1/2*(<COD)=1/2(2)=
E <VAD=1/2(<AOD)=1/2*(21+2)=1+
<DAE=1/2(<DOE)=1/2(2)=
D <VAE=1/2(AOE)=1/2(21+2+2)=1+2
<EAB=1/2(<EOB)=1/2(22)=2
C <VAB=1/2(<AOB)=1/2(21+2+2+22)=1++2

A O
Fig. 2.8 Curve setting by tape and theodolite

Let 1 be the deflection angle between the back tangent and the chord to the first
station on the curve. From the geometrical fact explained above, the central angle
subtended by the chord or arc to first station is 21.
21/c1=3600/2R  1=1718.873 c1/R minutes (2.14a)
Where c1 is the length of the initial sub chord (to first station on the curve)
Similarly, the deflection angle between chords from the PC to two successive stations
on the curve is given by.
 =1718.873c/R minutes (2.14b)
Where c is the normal chord length between the successive stations on the curve.
For a final subchord length of c2, deflection angle 2is
2=1718.873c2/R minutes (2.14c)
(Note:It is recommended that the length of the normal chord be not more than R/20 so
that the length of the chord can be approximated to the length of the corresponding
arc.)
Since the deflection angles are to be set out from the tangent AV, the total deflection
angles for setting out stations on the curve (such as C,D,G,E...) have to be computed
as:
<VAC=1=1
<VAD=1+ =2
<VAE=1++=3
<VAB=1+++2=1+2+2=B=/2 (CHECK)

Note that the sum of all deflection angles must equal /2, a check on the computations.
The procedure for locating the curve in the field is as follows: the PI is marked on the
ground and the deflection angle  is measured with the theodolite. Then based on an
assumed value of one of the elements of the curve, the other elements and the stationing
of the PC and the PT are computed and marked on the ground. Deflection angles of full
stations and substations will be computed as discussed above with the theodolite set up at
the PC, a backsight is taken along the back tangent line toward the PI. Then the deflection
angle to the first station (1) is turned off to locate the first curve station. The initial sub
chord is measured by a tape from the PC along the line of sight, thus locating the first
station on the curve. To locate the second station on the curve, the second deflection
angle (2) is turned off on the horizontal circle of the theodolite.
The normal chord distance between the first and second curve stations is laid off by
measuring from the first curve station, and the forward end of the chord is brought on the

29
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

line of sight. This procedure establishes the second curve station. Each station is located
by a line of sight from the PC and a chord distance from the preceding station, until the
end of the curve is reached or until another set up on the curve is necessary. The
previously established position of the PT provides a check on the fieldwork.

For a left-hand curve, the angles to be turned off on a clockwise-graduated thedolite are
(3600-1), (3600-2), (3600-3), etc where 1, 2 ,3, etc. are computed as outlined above.
These angles are turned from the back tangent.

Solved Example: Tabulate data needed to set out by a theodolite and tape for a circular
curve of radius 600m to connect two straights having a deflection angle of 18 024. The
through chainage of the PI is 2140.00m and a normal chord length of 20m is to used.

Solution: Given  =18024, R=600m,normal chord c=20m

Check that c R/20R/20=30m>c Hence, OK!
Tangent distance, T=R tan (/2)=600 tan9912=97.20m
Chainage of PI=2140.00m=21+40.00
T=97.20m =0+97.20
Chainage of PC=2042.80m=20+42.80

Next full station on the curve (@20-m intervals)=20+60.00

Therefore, length of initial subchord c=20+60.00-20+42.80=17.20m
Length of curve=R/180=600*18.24*/180=192.68m
Chainage of PC=2042.80m=20+42.80
Length of curve L=192.68m=1+92.68
Chainage of PT =2235.48m= 22+35.48

Last full station on the curve (@ 20-m intervals)=22+20.00

Therefore, length of final subchord c2=22+35.48-22+20.00=15.48m
 The curve has an initial subchord of 17.20
Eight normal chords of 20m
and a final subchord of 15.48m.

Calculation of defelection angles

Given the cord length c, the deflection angle from station to station on the is given by
=1718.873c/R minutes
Hence, 1=1718.873c/R=1718.873*17.20/600=49.27’
=1718.873c/R=1718.873*20/600=57.30’
2=1718.873c2/R=1718.873*15.48/600=44.35’

Now, calculate the chainage of each station and the cumulative deflection angles from the
back tangent to each station on the curve (tabulated below)

Chainage Chord, Deflection Total deflection. Total def. Angle on 20

m Angle Angle theodolite

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

PC=20+42.80 0 0 0 0
20+60.00 17.20 49.27' 0049.27' 0049’20"
+80.00 20.00 57.30' 1046.57' 1046’40"
21+00.00 20.00 57.30' 2043.87' 2044’00"
+20.00 20.00 57.30' 3041.17' 3041’20"
+40.00 20.00 57.30' 4038.47' 4038’20"
+60.00 20.00 57.30' 5035.77' 5035’40"
+80.00 20.00 57.30' 6033.07' 6033’00"
22+00.00 20.00 57.30' 7030.37' 7030’20"
+20.00 20.00 57.30' 8027.67' 8027’40"
+35.48 15.48 44.35' 9012.00' 9012’00"=/2 (check)

Exercise: Treat the above curve as a left-deflecting curve and tabulate data necessary for
setting cut by a clockwise graduated theodolite and tape from the PC.

3.5.4. Setting out by two thedolites

This method is suitable when the ground between the tangent points A and B is difficult
to chain or tape, as for example on very steep slopes, or if the curve is partly or wholly
over water or marsh. Two thedolites one being set at each tangent point are used. The
main disadvantage is two instruments and two surveyors and their assistants for locating
pegs, are needed.
If fig 2.9, let AF be the initial subchord to the first station on the curve.
V(PI) From geometry
A(PC)
<VAF=<FBA= 1
F
<FAG=<FBG= and so on.
G
R

B(PT)
O R

Fig 2.9 Curve setting by two theodolites

In order to locate station F on the curve using a clock wise graduated theodolite the
deflection angle at A (the PC) is set to 1= 1and the deflection angle at B (the PT) is set
to 3600-/2+1. To locate the next station G, the deflection angle at A is set to 2=1+
and the deflection at B is set to 3600-/2+2. A peg is driven at the point where the lines
of sight of the two theodolites intersect. This can be located by using a string and a
ranging pole.

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Solved Example: Calculate the deflection angles that are to be set off on the theodolite
for the solved example of section 2.5.3 given that the curve is to be set out by using two
theodolites.

Solution: the individual deflection angles 1.  and 2 are calculated in the same manner.

Chainage Chord, m Deflection Total deflec. Total del. From B

Angle(i) from A,i 360-/2+i
PC=20+42.80 0 0 0 335048’00”
20+60.00 17.02 49.27’ 0049’.20” 351037’20”
20+80.00 20.00 57.30’ 1046’.40” 352034’40”
21+00.00 20.00 57.30’ 2044’00” 353032’00”
21+20.00 20.00 57.30’ 3041’20” 354029’20”
21+40.00 20.00 57.30’ 4038’20” 355026’20”
21+60.00 20.00 57.30’ 5035’40” 356023’40”
21+80.00 20.00 57.30’ 6033’00” 357021’00”
22+00.00 20.00 57.30’ 7030’20” 358018’20”
22+20.00 20.00 57.30’ 8027’40” 359015’40”
22+35.48 15.48 44.35’ 9012’00” 360000’00”

Possible difficulties in setting out curves

1) When the entire curve can not be set out from one tangent point
Suppose that it is impossible to locate stations beyond F
from the set up at A ( the PC). The transit is shifted to FA
backsight with the A-vernier set on 1800 and telescope
direct is taken on the last instrument station, the PC in this
case. The upper motion is released and the telescope is
turned towards G with the angle (F+) being set off on the
horizontal circle. The line of sight is thus directed along
chord FG. The angle (F+) turned from the line AF
extended, is equal to the deflection angle at the PC for point
G, therefore, the vernier setting to locate point G from the
transit station F is the same that which would have been
used had the transit been remained at A (the PC).

The following procedure may be used to orient the transit at any point on the curve
1. Compute deflection angles as for use at the PC.
2. When set up at any point on the curve, back sight at any preceding transit station
with the telescope direct and the A-vernier set on 180 0+ deflection angle to the
preceding station for curves deflecting to the right,and 180 0-deflection angle to
the preceding station for angle deflection to the left.
3. To locate stations in the forward direction along the curve, release the upper
motion, turn the instrument through 180 0 , and turn the previously computed
deflection angles.

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

2. When the point of intersection is inaccessible

To locate A and B ( the PC and PT) on the ground,

a) Measure < AXY and <BYX with a theodolite
b)XY where X and Yare any two convenient points on the tangents
c) Deduce <VXY= 1800<AXYand <VYX=1800-<BYX
Evaluate , = 36 00 -<AXY -<BYX
1) Evaluate VX =XY(sin <VYX/sin SVY)
VY=XY(sin VXY/sin XVY)
2) Knowing  and R, AV=T=R tan /2
AX=AV-VX and BY=BV-VY
Measure AX from X to locate A (the PC). Similarly, measure BY from Y to locate B (the
PT).

3) When the instrument can not be set up at the first tangent point

This may be due to soft ground encountered at the PC. There are two cases.
Case 1. When the curve deflects to the right, the setting out should proceed from the
instrument set up at the PT with the following deflection angles set off on the vernier
3600-/2+1, 3600-/2+2, 3600-/2+3, etc. for stations starting from near the PC.
Case 2. For a curve deflecting to the left the angles to be setoff on the theodolite are/2-
1 ,/2-2, /2-3,etc. for station starting from near the PC.

3.6. Compound Curves

A compound curve consists of two or more simple curves, which deflect in the same
direction, are tangent to one another, and have two or more centers on the same side of
the curve. Figure shows a two-center compound curve.

There are several variables 1,2,3,TL,TR,RL and RR of which four are independent. Given
four of the variables, all other data necessary for setting out the curve can be computed as
outlined below.
In fig 2.12, =1+2
Since AA’V and A’DB’ are tangent to the first curve
AA’=A’D=t1
Similarly , BB’=DB’=t2
and t1=RL(tan1/2),t2=RR(tan2/2)
A’V = (t1+t2)(sin2/sin) and B’V=(t1+t2) (sin1/sin)
TL=t1+(t1+t2)(sin2/sin)and
TR =t2+(t1+t2)(sin1/sin)
Procedure for location of the curve in the field:

1) Set up the instrument at the PC, and set out the first curve between the PC and the
PCC(stations A and D in fig 2.12) by the use of deflection angles calculated as
outlined under section 2.5.3.

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

2) Shift the instrument to the PCC (station D in fig above ); set off 180 0 on the A vemier
and backsight to station A with the telescope direct; loosen the upper motion and turn
the telcscope by 1800. The line of sight is along the extension of AD and the reading
on the vemier is 00. Rotate the telescope by an angle of 1/2. The line of sight is now
along the common tangent A’DB’. Now set out the second curve in the same manner
as the first curve.
3) Check the observations by measuring <ADB which should be equal to (1800-/2).

Solved Example: Two straights AB BC are intersected by a line D 1D2. the straights are to
be joined by a two –center compound curve with radii of 600m and 800m each. If the
Chainage of the PI is 8248.10m, calculate the chainages of the PC,PT and PCC. Also
compute the defection angles required to set out the entire curve taking a normal chord of
20m. The angle BD1D2and BD2D1are 40030’ and 36024’ respectively.

Solution :
1=40030’; 2=36024’ ;RL=600m; RR=800m
(1)= 1+2=76054’
(2) t1=RLtan 1/2=600tan2015=221.40m
(3) t2=RRtan 2/2=800tan 1812=263.00m
(4) D1D2=t1+t2=484.40m
(5) BD1=D1D2(sin2/sin)=295.10m
(6) BD2=D1D2(sin1/sin)=323.00m
(7) TL=t1+BD1=516.50m
(8) TR=t2+BD2=586.00m

(9) chainage of PI (station B) =8248.10m

- TL = 516.50m
Chainage of PC =7731.60m
+ Length of first curve =L1=RL1/180 = 424.10m
Chainage of P.C.C (station D) =8155.70m
+ Length of second curve L2=RR2/180 = 508.20m
Chainage of PT (station C) =8663.90m

Deflection angles
Length of normal chord=20m
i) First curve c1=8.40m c=20m c2=15.70m
1=1718.873*8.40/600=024’3.8”
 =1718.873*20/600=057’17.7”
2=1718.873*15.70/600=044’58.6”

ii) Second curve c1=4.30m c=20m c2=3.90m

1=1718.873* 430/800=009’14.34”
 =1718.873* 20/800 =042’58.3”
2=1718.873* 3.90/800=008’22.8”

3.7. Reverse Curves

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Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Reverse curves are curves composed of two simple or compound curves turning in
opposite directions. There is a point where the two opposite turning curves intersect
called point of reverse curve (PRC). It is the PT of the first curve and the PC of the
second curve.
Deflection angles 1 and 2 and the distance between intersection points PI1 and PI2 are
measured in the field. One radius, one degree of curve can be assumed and others
calculated.
If R is assumed, the first tangent distance
T1=R tan 1/2
Subtracting T1 from the total distance between the points of intersection gives the value
of T2
R2=T2cot 2/2

3.8. Transition curves

Principle: The centrifugal force acting up on a vehicle as it moves along a curve increases
as the radius of the curve decreases. A vehicle moving from a straight- with no
centrifugal force acting up on it- in to a curve would suddenly receive the maximum
amount of centrifugal force for that radius of curve. To prevent this sudden lateral shock
on passengers in the vehicle a transition curve is inserted between the straight and the
circular curve. The radius of the transition curve varies from infinity at its tangency with
the straight to a minimum at its tangency with the circular curve. The centrifugal force
thus builds up gradually to its maximum amount.
Centrifugal force, P=mv2/R

Fig 2.13 Transition curve

Figure 2.13 shows a curve composed of two transition curves T0T1and T2T3, and a
circular curve T1T2. The following notations are used to define stations for a transition
curves.

1. Tangent to spiral (T.S) – is the beginning point of the first transition curve.
2. Spiral to curve (S.C)- is the ending point of the first transition curve.
3. Curve to spiral (C.S) – is the beginning point of the second transition curve.
4. Spiral to a tangent (S.T)- is the ending point of the second transition curve.

35
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

The provision of transition curves only prevents the sudden build up of centrifugal force
but will not eliminate it. Therefore some frictional force is required to hold the vehicle on
the road surface in the flat surface. This force can be eliminated by super elevation (cant)

Considering fig 2.14 it can be seen that a vehicle moving along a flat curve is subjected to
a side thrust equal to the centrifugal force. By lifting the outer edge of the reads or
railways (super elevation or cant) the resultant N can be made to lie along the normal to
the road surface for a given speed. Therefore the frictional force necessary to hold the
vehicle on the resultant mg road surface can be eliminated where
( 2.17)
Where V is the design average speed of the car for roads.
For railways it is generally the maximum probable
Fig 2.14 speed at which the train will use the track r is the
radius of curvature and g is the acceleration due to
gravity.
The super elevation must not be too great since the vehicle may stop on the curve. For
roads it varies between 1:14.5 to 1:48 for good drainage. In railways, a maximum super
elevation of 150mm is allowed.

Length of the transition curve

We know that P  v2/R where v2/R is the radial acceleration
Let the time taken to travel along the transition curve be t. t=Ls/v
Rate of change of radial acceleration,

From which (2.18)

A maximum comfort limit for  beyond which a side- throw is expected is 0.3m/s3.

Spiral formula
Transition curves may be spirals, parabolas or lemniscates.
The equation defining a spiral is
Where  is the deflection angle between the straight and the tangent to the transition
curve at a distance 1 along the transition curve.
L is the total length of the transition adopted to reach a minimum radius of R of
the circular curve. '

Deflection angles 
The deflection angle  to any point on the transition curve is /3, '/3
The total deflection angle being ’/3, where
(2.19)
The deflection angle  to any station on the Fig 2.15
transition in minutes is

36
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

(2.20)

Shift
When transition curves are included between circular curves, the circular curve is shifted
from its original position by a reduction S in its radius. The original curve of radius R+S
is replaced by two transition curves and a circular curve of radius R. The original tangent
point A is now moved to T0. The amount of the shift is calculated from the formula
(2.21)
Tangent length
The tangent length of the original circular curve AB is

The length T0A is taken to be half the length of the transition curve for all practical
purposes. Therefore, the tangent length of the combined curve is
(2.22)
Length of the circular portion of the curve
The central angle subtended by the circular portion of the curve is c=-2’
Lc=Rc=R(-2’) (2.23)

Offsets from tangent

The length x being offset from tangent to curve can be used to locate points on the
transition curve. It is calculated from
(2.24)

Where l is the length of appoint on the transition curve from To.

Setting out procedure

1. Set out the two transition curves starting from tangent points T 0and T3 using
defection angles calculated from the tangents, or for short curves, using lengths of
chords measured the tangent points along the line of sight.
2. To locate the circular curve, shift the instrument to T 1. Set up and back sight to T o
with the A verneir set on 180 and telescope direct. Release the upper motion, turn
the telescope through 180 and align the line of sight along the direction of the
tangent to the circular curve by setting of an angle of 2'/3 on the verneir. The
station on the circular curve can then be located by turning the deflection angles
computed as explained earlier.

Solved problem:
Two roads meet at a point V with a deflection of 8000’. Design a combined curve for the
following data: design speed of vehicle = 100km/hr, maximum centrifugal ratio= 1/4:;

37
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

maximum rate of change of radial acceleration = 0.3m/s 3. The curve consists of a circular
curve and two spirals.

Solution: =8000; V=100km/hr; V2 /gR=1/4;  =0.3m/s3

(1) V2/gR=1/4 R=4v2/g=4*(100/3.6)2,9.81=314.62m
(2) Length of transition curve

Length of circular arc

Combined (total curve) length L=Lc+2Ls=666.37m

Tangent distance

Chainage of PI (V) =428+62.00

-tangent distance = 383.27
Chainage of beginning of first transition (T0) =424+78.73
+Ls =227.08
chainage of end of first transition(T1) =427+0581
+Lc =212.21
Chainage of beginning of second and transition (T2)= 429+18.02
+Ls = 227.08
Chainage of end of curve (T3) = 431+4510

chainage of beginning of circular curve(T1) = 427+0581

chainage of end if circular arc (T2) = 429+18.02

Deflection angles for setting out the transitions (taking chords of multiples of 10m)
(Note: l is the progressive chainage from the PC of the transition curve)

Offsets from tangent

l,m Offsets x, m  1,m Offsets x, m 

0 0 0 120 4.03 155’29.0”
10 0.002 00’48.1” 130 5.12 215’31.9”
20 0.02 03’12.5” 140 6.40 237’11.1”
30 0.06 07’13.1” 150 7.78 302’6.6”
40 0.15 012’49.8” 160 9.56 325’18.2”
50 0.29 020’03” 170 11.46 351’46.1”

38
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

60 050 028’52.2” 180 13.60 419’50.2”

70 0.80 039’17.7” 190 16.00 449’30.6”
80 1.19 051’19.5” 200 18.6 520’47.2”
90 1.70 004’57.6” 210 21.60 553’40.1”
100 2.33 020’11.8” 220 24.84 6028’09.2”
110 3.10 037’02.3” 227.08 27.32 6053’32.3”
=’/3(Check )
Note: each transition curve is set out from the nearest tangent point.

Deflection angles for setting out the circular portion:

Length of initial subchord c1=427+20.00-427+05.81=14.19m

1=1718.873 c1/R=1718.873*14.19/314.62=117’31.4”
Length of normal chord c=20m
=1718.873c/R=149’16”
Length of final subchord c2=429+18.02 -429+00.00=18.02m
2=1718.873c2/R=1 38 ‘26.9”

3.9. Vertical curves

Curves used to provide smooth transition between grade lines in roads or railways are
called vertical curves. These curves provided a sight distance for the vehicle to react to
dangerous situations. In addition, they help the vehicle to negotiate the curve smoothly.
The parabola is most commonly used for connecting two different grades in order to
provide the transition. It is easy to compute the elevation of points on a parabola.
Moreover, a parabola provides a constant rate of change of grade. The results of the
vertical curve computation are the elevations at selected points along the route from the
beginning of the curve to its end. These elevations are used in turn to control grading
operations when the road bed is to be brought to the desired grade by excavation and
construction of embankments.
g2
g1
L L
g1 g2

Fig 2.16 Vertical curves opening up ward and down ward

Fig 2.16 shows a vertical curve joining two-grade lines g1and g2. The length of the
vertical curve is measured horizontally in stations of 100m is shown as L.

The beginning point and the ending of the curve are designated as BVC and EVC
respectively. The total change in grade is (g 2-g1). The rate of change of grade per station,
designated as r, is found from

39
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Where g1 and g2 are in percent. (2.25)

Either r or L must be assumed if two gradients are to be connected by a vertical curve,
and the value of the other computed.
An equal-tangent parabolic vertical curve is a curve where the point of vertical
intersection V lies midway between the two ends of the curve horizontally.

The two methods for computing the elements of the vertical curve are
1. Using the equation of the parabola
2. Using the geometric properties of the parabola

3.9.1 Vertical curve by equation of the parabola

Y

X
BVC
L EVC
g1 g2
Fig 2.17 Vertical curve by equation of the parabola
Fig 2.17 shows a vertical curve joining two-grade lines g1 and g2. The y-values are
elevations on the curve and the x- values are distances from the BVC in stations of 100m.
The x- axis lies on the datum.

The equation of a parabola with the axis in the y- direction is

Y=ax2+bx+c
When x= 0,y=c, the elevation of the BVC. The above equation becomes
Y=ax2+bx+elevation of BVC
First derivative of y with respect x gives the slope of the curve at point x

When x=0, the slope of the curve is g1. Therefore, g1=b.

The second derivative of y with respect to x is the rate of change of slope r of the curve.

Substituting in the equation of the parabola. We get

(2.26)
If the elevations above or below the BVC are required, the x- axis may be moved to the
x’-axis (fig.3.17) and c becomes zero. For these conditions,
(2.27)
Note: The value of r must be assigned its proper algebraic sign. If the curve opens
upward, r is plus; if it opens downward, r is minus. See fig.2.18

40
Lecture Note
 Chapter 2
Curve Setting

g2
g1
g2 g1
g2
g1
g1 r=+ve
r=+ve r=-ve r=-ve g2
Fig 2.18 algebraic signs of r

3.9.2 Vertical curves by offsets from grade lines

The three properties of an equal- tangent parabolic vertical curve are as follows (fig 2.19)

1. The offsets from the tangent to the curve at a point are proportional to the squares
of the horizontal distances from the point.
2. Offsets from the two grade lines are symmetrical with respect to the point of
vertical intersection of the two grade lines.
3. The curve lies midway between the point of intersection of the grade lines and the
middle point of the chord joining the BVC and EVC.

From the figure,

L
Elevation of M=1/2 (el. Of BVC +el. Of EVC)
BVC M Elevation of O=1/2 (el. Of V+ el. Of M)
a EVC
b c f g Given offset OV,
O e
A aA= OV (12/42) =OV(1/16)
B G
F bB= OV (22/42) =OV(4/16)
C E cC= OV (32/42) =OV(9/16)
V

Fig 2.19 properties of anequal-tangent vertical curve OV= OV (42/42) =OV (2.28)

Solved problem:A 200m vertical curve is to join two grade lines g 1and g2 which are –5%
and -3% respectively. The vertex of the intersection of the grades is at a
station of 62+00 and the elevation sis 1000.00m. Compute the grade
elevations at 20-m intervals throughout the curve. Use both methods.
Solution: An equal –tangent parabolic curve is provided

41
Lecture Note
 Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Method 1: Equation of parabola

The elements for setting out are tabulated below

x- stations Elev. On Elevation on Offsets from

curve, y, m grade line, 0m grade line, m
0.0 1005.00 1005.00 0.00
0.2 1004.02 1004.00 0.02
0.4 1003.08 1003.00 0.08
0.6 1002.18 1002.00 0.18
0.8 1001.32 1001.00 0.32
1.0 1000.50 1000.00 0.50
1.2 999.72 999.40 0.32
1.4 998.98 998.80 0.18
1.6 998.28 998.20 0.08
1.8 997.62 997.60 0.02
2.0 997.00 997.00 0.00

Method 2: Property of parabola

El. M=1/2 (el. BVC +el. EVC)=1/2[(100*0.05+1000)+(1000-0.03*100)]=1001.00m

El. O=1/2 (El. M+ El .V)=1/2(1001.00+1000.00)=1000.50m
The offset OV = 1000.50-1000.00=0.50m

aA=VO/25=0.5/25=0.02m=hH
bB= 4*VO/25=4*0.02=0.08m=gG
cC=9*VO/25=9*0.02=0.18m=fF
dD=16*VO/25=16*0.02=0.32m=eE

Elevation of stations on the curve are computed from knowledge of these offsets and
elevations on stations of the grade lines at 20-m intervals (as computed under method1
above).

Elev. On
1005 1004.0 1003.0 1002.0 1001.0 1000.0 999.40 998.80 998.20 997.60 997
grade, m
Offset, m 0.00 0.02 0.08 0.18 0.32 0.50 0.32 0.18 0.08 0.02 0.0
Elev. on
1005 1004.02 1003.08 1002.18 1001.32 1000.5 999.72 998.98 998.28 997.62 997
curve, m
3.10. Miscellaneous items relating to vertical curves

1. Elevations of intermediate points on vertical curves

42
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Sometimes it may be necessary to calculate the elevations of points on the curve at

irregular intervals. Such data can be furnished from the equation of the parabola directly,
where x is the horizontal distance in stations beyond the BVC.
Example: For the example problem of section 2.9, determine the elevation on the curve at
62+25.80.
Solution The equation of the curve is
The BVC station is at 61+00.00. Therefore, x =62+25.80-61+00.00=1+25.80=1.258

The elevation of the intermediate points can also be determined by the use of the
properties of the parabola as follows:
starting form the EVC.
This is obtained by first calculating the elevation at the station and then computing the
offset at the station.

i. Location of Highest or lowest point

When g1 and g2 have opposite algebraic signs, there exists a high or low point between the
BVC and EVC. This point will probably not fall on a full station, and yet its position is of
paramount importance under some conditions, as for example, when drainage facilities
are being considered, or to locate a clearance point. The high or low point (or where the
slope of the curve is zero) may be obtained from

(2.29)

where x is the distance in station from the BVC to the high or low point.
The elevation of the point is then computed by substituting x in to

Example: For a vertical curve length 800m that joins two grades g 1=5% and g2=3%,
determine whether a high or low point exists on the curve. Also find its elevation.
Solution: r =(g2-g1)/L=(-3-5)/8=-1
x=-g1/r =-5/1 =5.0 stations from the BVC.
Since 5.0 stations is in the limit of the curve, a high or low point exists on the curve.
The elevation of the point is

ii. Sight Distance

Vertical curves should be so constructed that drivers will have certain minimum sight
distance in order to see vehicles or other objects on the road. The driver should be able to

43
Lecture Note
 Chapter 2
Curve Setting

see an object of a given height at no less than the estimated distance he would travel
while reacting to place his foot on the brake pedal plus the distance required to stop.
The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
has developed criteria for the distance required to pass a vehicle moving in the same
direction and th distance required to stop a vehicle in an emergency. The former distance,
called the safe passing sight distance (Ssp) is based on the assumption that the eyes of the
driver of a vehicle are about 3.75 ft (1.125m) above the pavement and the top of the no-
coming vehicle is about 4.50ft (1.35m) above the pavement. The latter required distance,
called the safe stopping sight distance (S np) is based on the assumption that an obstruction
ahead of the vehicle is 0.50ft (0.15m) above the pavement. The values of S spand Snp for
different design speeds are given in the table below.

Design
Ssp(ft) Snp(ft)
speed (mph)
30 1100 200
40 1500 275
50 1800 350
60 2100 475
70 2500 600
80 2700 750

If it is assumed that the safe passing sight distance is less than the length of the vertical
curve L, then, (2.30)
but if it is assumed that the safe passing sight distance is greater than the curve length L,
then, (2.31)

If the safe stopping sight distance is assumed to be less than the length of the curve L,
then, (2.32)

but if the safe stopping sight distance is assumed to be greater than the length of the curve
L,
then, (2.33)
in which L, Ssp and Snp are in feet and g1 and g2 are expressed as ratio.

Example: Two grades g1=+2% and g2=-3% are joined by a vertical curve. Calculate the
lengths of vertical curves required for the safe passing and safe stooping sight distances
recommended by AASHTO for a design speed of 40mph.

Solution:
Assume that the length f the curve is greater than the safe passing sight distance. Then

44
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

Assume that the safe passing sight distance is greater than the length of the curve. Then

Therefore, the length of the curve required for the safe passing sight distance is 3409ft
since Ssp<L.
Assume that the safe stopping sight distance is less than the length of the vertical curve.
Then

Assume that the safe stopping sight distance is greater than the curve length. Then

Therefore, the length of the curve required for the safe stopping sight distance is 270ft
since Snp>L

With a highway with four or more traffic lanes, the safe stopping sight distance can be
used to determine the length of a vertical curve because there is little chance of meeting
on-coming vehicles in the passing lane. On a two-lane highway, however, the safe
passing sight distance must be used if a vehicle is allowed to pass another one traveling in
the same direction on the vertical curve.

Exercises

1) How can you locate the intersection point of the lines of sights of the two
theodolites when you set out a simple circular curve by two theodolites?
2) In setting out a circular curve you may encounter an obstruction on the route.
Describe how you set out the curve beyond the obstruction point in (i) one
section: (ii) in two sections.

45
Lecture Note
Chapter 2
Curve Setting

3) It is proposed to connect two straight portions of a road that make a deflection of

40 by a horizontal curve. From a study of the map of the project area, a
preliminary design was produced with a circular curve of 400m radius. On a later
date, the design was modified due to anticipated construction difficulties. The
modified design consists of two spirals and a circular arc. The midpoint of the
circular arc is to be shifted from that of the original curve of 400m radius by 4m
towards the center the (PI). Design the combined curve. The chainage of the P.I is
25+25.80.
4) The elevations of the BVC of an equal- tangent parabolic vertical curve joining
two grades are to be 224.42m and 226.42m. The first grade is –4% but the second
grade is not established. The approximate length of the curve is 400m. Determine,
by using any one method
i) The station and elevation of the PI if the station of the BVC is 25+00.
ii) The second grade.
iii) The elevation on the vertical curve and the offsets from the grade lines to the
curve at 50-m intervals.
iv) The position and elevation of the highest or lowest point if there is any. State
which one it is.
5) Two tangents AV and BV form a deflection angle of 45 o. A point C is located by
coordinates VC=81.06m and HC=47.22m, VC being measured along AV and HC
being measured perpendicular AV. It is desired to connect the tangents by a
simple curve passing through point C. Compute R, D and T for the curve. The
chainage of V is 17+40.00.
6) A-4% grade intersects A+3% grade at an elevation of 36.00m at station 67+00. it
is desired to connect the two grades by a vertical curve passing through a point
with an elevation of 41.40m at station 68+00m. Determine the length of the curve.

Field practice problems

1) Set out a simple horizontal curve by a theodolite and tape:

Tangent distance =25m
Deflection angle-60o
In your procedure, assume that there is an obstruction immediately after the fifth
station on the curve. Move the instrument to this station and set out the remainder
of the curve from this set up.
2) Set out the curve in 1 above by two theodolites.

46
Lecture Note