Chemical Calculations
Chemical Calculations
10th Grade
Chemistry Lecture Notes (2)
Unit 1
FUNDAMENTAL LAWS of CHEMISTRY
&
CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS
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Chemical Reactions and Equations
Chemical reactions are the result of a chemical change where atoms are reorganized into one or
more new arrangements.
Bonds are broken [requires energy] and new ones are formed [releases energy].
If we want to make 2 water molecules, we will need _____ H atoms and _____ O atoms.
If we want to make 5 molecules of water, we need _____ H atoms and _____ O atoms.
The ratio of atoms we will need to make any number of water molecules is always the same:
Although this works, most of the reactions occurring around us involve much larger amounts of
chemicals. Even a tiny sample of a substance will contain millions, billions, or a hundred billion billions of
atoms and molecules. How do we compare amounts of substances to each other in chemical
terms when it is so difficult to count to a hundred billion billion?
Actually, there are ways to do this, which we will explore in this section. In doing
so, we will increase our understanding of STOICHIOMETRY:
Reactants: The starting materials and appear on the left side of the equation.
Products: New substances resulting from a chemical change and appear on the right side of the
equation.
The states of the reactants and products are written in parentheses to the right of each compound.
o (g) = gas; (ℓ) = liquid; (s) = solid; (aq) = in aqueous solution (dissolved in water).
A Reaction Must Be Balanced
o Stoichiometric Coefficients are used to make the same number of each type of atom
appear on each side of the equation, making the equation consistent with the law of
conservation of mass.
–2–
Don’t Balance by Changing Formula Subscripts: This changes the nature of the reaction. For
example, hydrogen and oxygen can make water OR hydrogen peroxide.
1) Combination reactions
2) Decomposition reactions
3) Combustion reactions
–3–
2) Decomposition (or Analysis) Reaction:
3) Combustion Reactions
–4–
Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations
In WRITING chemical reactions, we have to know what the reactants and products are, to
write the correct molecular formula for each reactant and each product.
Finally, it should be known that atoms are conserved Balance the equation.
In BALANCING chemical equations:
o Begin with the most complicated-looking thing.
o Save the elemental thing for last.
o MEMORIZE THE FOLLOWING:
a) __ Al + __ Fe2O3 → __ Fe + __ Al2O3
Ex: 4 X + 5 O2 4 NO + 6 H2O
is a balanced equation. What is the formula of X?
–5–
Ex: At 1000 ºC, ammonia gas, NH3 (g), reacts with oxygen gas to form gaseous nitric oxide, NO(g),
and water vapor. This reaction is the first step in the commercial production of nitric acid by the Ostwald
is 2 : 1 : 2
The complete reaction requires twice as many mol of magnesium as there is every 1 mol of oxygen.
For each 1 (one) mol of Al2(SO4)3 produced; ____________ times as many mol of Al(OH)3 are
required to react with ____________ times as many mol of H2SO4.
–6–
Ex: Interpret this balanced chemical equation in terms of mol. P4 + 5 O2 P4O10
“____ mol of molecular phosphorus reacts with ____ mol of elemental oxygen to make ____ mol of
tetraphosphorus decoxide.”
Ex: Interpret this unbalanced chemical equation in terms of mol. ____ N2 + ____ H2 ____ NH3
“____ mol of elemental nitrogen reacts with ____ mol of elemental hydrogen to produce ____ mol of
ammonia.”
Reactants Products
1 mol CH4 ____ mol O2 ____ mol CO2 ____ mol H2O
____ g O2
____ g CH4 ____ g CO2 ____ g H2O
–7–
Mol-to-Mol Conversions
a) the number of mol of carbon dioxide produced if 0,4 mol of ethane, C2H6, reacts with an excess
of oxygen.
b) How many mol of oxygen gas are required to completely react with 3 mol of propane?
c) How many mol of water vapor can be produced from the combustion of 0,5 mol of propane with
plenty of oxygen?
–8–
Other Conversions
Mol-to-Mass or Mass-to-Mol, Mass-to-Mass, Mol-to-Volume or Volume-to-Mol, Mass-to-Volume or
Volume-to-Mass Calculations, …….
Ex (mol to mass)
Consider the balanced equation of the Haber process for the production of ammonia.
How many grams of NH3 could be produced from the reaction of 2 mol of N2 with excess H2?
[H=1, N=14 g/mol] N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g)
Ex (mass to mass)
How many grams of aluminum are required to produce 51 grams of Al2O3? Assume there is adequate
oxygen for a complete conversion of aluminum. (Al=27, Al2O3=102 g/mol)
4 Al + 3 O2 2 Al2O3
Ex (mass to mass)
12 grams of magnesium reacts completely with oxygen gas. Calculate the mass of oxygen consumed
during the reaction and the mass of magnesium oxide produced. (Mg=24, O=16 g/mol)
–9–
Ex (volume to mass)
How many grams of MnO2 are required to produce 11,2 liters of Cl2 gas at STP? (MnO2=87 g/mol)
MnO2 + 4 HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O
Ex (volume to volume)
Given the balanced equation below calculate:
a) The volume of the H2 that react with 12 L N2
b) The volume of the NH3 produced from 4 L N2
c) The volume of N2 and H2 to produce 60 L of NH3
(Assume that all volume measurements are made under identical conditions.)
EXERCISES
1) What is the sum of all coefficients when the following equations are balanced using the smallest
possible integers?
2) Express in mol terms what this chemical equation means. CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O
___ mol of CH4 reacts with ___ mol of O2 to make ___ mol of CO2 and ___ mol of H2O.
– 10 –
3) For the balanced chemical equation given below how many mol of Cu+2 are formed when 4 mol of H+
are reacted?
3 Cu (s) + 2 NO (aq) + 8 H+ (aq) 3 Cu+2 (aq) + 4 H O (ℓ) + 2 NO (g)
3 2
4) For the unbalanced chemical reaction given below, determine the number of mol of both products formed
when 0,5 mol of AlCl3 react.
5) Write the balanced chemical reaction for the combustion of C5H12 and determine how many mol of
H2O are formed when 0,8 mol of O2 are reacted.
6)
a. Write the balanced equation when Al is heated with S and aluminum sulfide (Al2S3) is formed.
b. Calculate the number of mol of aluminum that combines with 0,6 mol of S.
c. Calculate the number of mol of aluminum sulfide produced from 0,4 mol of aluminum.
7) What mass, in grams, of hydrogen is formed when 3 mol of aluminum reacts with excess hydrochloric
acid according to the following equation? (H=1 g/mol)
– 11 –
8) *** When propyne gas, C3H4, burns in air, carbon dioxide and water are produced. (C=12, H=1, O=16)
a. Write the balanced equation representing the reaction.
d. What is the gram of H2O produced together with 1,2 mol of CO2?
23
g. How many liters of C3H4 at STP must be burned to produce 3,6×10 CO2 molecules?
h. How many grams of C3H4 can be burned with 112 L of air at STP?
– 12 –
Limiting Reagent
As the reaction is being carried out, each reactant is being consumed. The reaction will end as
soon as one of the reactant runs out.
The reactant that runs out first is called the Limiting Reagent.
The amount of product that is produced is called the Theoretical Yield.
All reactants which are not the limiting reactant are called Excess Reactants (Leftover). They will
not be fully consumed during the reaction.
Let’s illustrate the concept of a limiting reaction by considering an example far removed from chemistry.
Suppose you wish to make several sandwiches using two slices of bread and one slice of cheese
for each sandwich. Using Bd = Bread, Ch = Cheese and Sandwich = Bd2Ch
2 Bd + Ch Bd2Ch
You will able to make only ____ sandwiches before you run out of bread.
An analogous situation occurs in chemical reactions when one of the reactants is used up
before the others. The reaction stops as soon as anyone of the reactant is consumed.
The reactant that is used up first is called the Limiting Reactant (L.R.).
This reactant determines the amount of product being formed.
There are generally two ways to determine which reactant is the Limiting Reactant:
1. Each reactant, in turn, is assumed to be the limiting reactant, and the amount of product that would
be formed is calculated. The reactant that yields the smallest amount of product is the Limiting
Reactant. The disadvantage of this method is that you have to do more calculations.
2. Calculate “the mol of reactant / coefficient of that reactant” in the balanced chemical
equation.
The reactant that has the smallest mol-to-coefficient ratio is the limiting reactant.
The reactant that has the greatest mol-to-coefficient ratio is the leftover (excess).
What if in case of equality?
…
– 13 –
Ex: Suppose that you have a mixture of 10 mol of H2 and 7 mol of O2, which react to form water. Which
reactant is limiting? Which is the excess reactant? How much water will be produced?
Note: You can’t assume it is the reactant in the smallest amount since the reaction stoichiometry must be
considered. 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2 H2O (g)
Ex: According to the equation given below, how many mol of NH3 gas can be obtained when 2 mol of N2
and 9 mol of H2 reacts?
Anytime the quantities of more than one reactant are given it is probably a L.R. problem.
Ex: 6 mol of aluminum hydroxide is mixed with 6 mol of sulfuric acid, and the following reaction occurs:
(a) Determine the limiting reactant.
(b) Determine the amount (in mol) of excess reactant that remains.
(c) Calculate the mass of Al2(SO4)3 produced. Al2(SO4)3 = 342 g/mol
– 14 –
Ex: According to the given equation below, equal number of mol of CS2 and O2 are reacted and 4 mol of
SO2 are formed. How many mol of gases are there in the mixture at the beginning?
Ex: Suppose that 56 g of nitrogen and 24 g of hydrogen was allowed to react. Calculate the number of
grams of ammonia that could be formed. (N=14, H=1 g/mol)
– 15 –
Ex: For the following reaction: P2O5 (s) + 3 H2O (ℓ) 2 H3PO4 (aq)
288 g of P2O5 and 54 g of H2O were supplied.
a) Which is the limiting reactant?
b) What is the theoretical yield of H3PO4?
c) How many grams of excess reactant is left in the reaction vessel? (P2O5 = 144, H2O = 18 g/mol)
23
Ex: Given 3×10 molecules of nitrogen and 6,72 L of hydrogen at STP are reacted. How many grams of
NH3 are produced? (N=14, H=1)
– 16 –
Limiting Reagent and Percent (%) Yield
Theoretical Yield = the maximum amount of product that can be formed based on the L.R.
Actual Yield
Percent Yield = x 100
Theoretical Yield
Ex: Consider the problem in which it is calculated that 80 g NH3 could be formed. Suppose that reaction
was carried out, and only 20 g NH3 was formed. What is the percent yield?
Ex: Methanol, CH3OH can be produced by the following reaction. Assume H2 is the limiting reactant and
4 mol of H2 are used in the reaction. If 1 mol of CH3OH is produced by the reaction, what is the percent
yield?
2 H2 + CO CH3OH
Percent Yield =
– 17 –
5 10. Sınıf
Kimya
Kimyanın Temel Kanunları ve Kimyasal Hesaplamalar - 5
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
http://odsgm.meb.gov.tr/kurslar/
5 10. Sınıf
Kimya
Kimyanın Temel Kanunları ve Kimyasal Hesaplamalar - 5
7. Bir öğrenci kimya dersinde 3 ayrı deney yapmış ve bunla- 10. Pb(NO3)2(suda) + 2KI(suda) → PbI2(k)+ 2KNO3(suda)
rın sonuçlarını kaydetmiştir.
Yukarıda verilen tepkime ile ilgili;
1. Deney 2. Deney 3. Deney I. Çözünme-çökelme tepkimesidir.
1. İki veya daha fazla kimyasal türün tepkimeye girerek bile- 4. Aşağıdaki tepkimelerden hangisi analiz tepkimesidir?
şik oluşturmasına sentez tepkimesi denir.
A) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(s)
Buna göre;
B) 2KClO3(k) → 2KCl(k) + 3O2(g)
I. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) –
C) Pb2+(suda) + 2Cl (suda) → PbCl2(k)
II. 4Fe(k) + 3O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(k) D) 2Fe(k) + O2(g) → 2FeO(k)
III. 2BaO2(k) → 2BaO(k) + O2(g) E) N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
tepkimelerinden hangileri sentez tepkimesidir?
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6 10. Sınıf
Kimya
Kimyanın Temel Kanunları ve Kimyasal Hesaplamalar - 6
7. Cu(k) + HNO3(suda) → Cu(NO3)2(suda) + NO(g) + H2O(s) 10. H2SO4(suda) + 2KOH(suda) → X(suda) + 2H2O(s)
tepkime denklemi en küçük tam sayılarla denkleştiril- Verilen denkleştirilmiş tepkimede X ile gösterilen bileşik
diğinde HNO3’ün katsayısı kaç olur? aşağıdakilerden hangisidir?
A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 E) 12 A) Potasyum oksit
B) Potasyum sülfat
C) Dipotasyum sülfat
D) Potasyum (II) sülfat
E) Potasyum peroksit
tepkimesine göre 48 gram CH4 gazının tamamen tepkimesine göre 5,4 gram Al’nin, yeteri kadar HCl
yanması sonucu kaç gram H2O oluşur? ile tepkimesi sonucu NK’da kaç litre H2 elde edilir?
(H:1 g/mol, C:12 g/mol, O:16 g/mol) (Al:27 g/mol)
A) 108 B) 72 C) 54 D) 36 E) 18 A) 3,36 B) 6,72 C) 11,2 D) 22,4 E) 44,8
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7 10. Sınıf
Kimya
Kimyanın Temel Kanunları ve Kimyasal Hesaplamalar - 7
7. 0,25 mol C3H8On bileşiğinin tam yanması için NK’da 10. 2AgNO3 (suda) + K2S(suda) → Ag2S(k) + 2KNO3(suda)
112 L hacim kaplayan hava harcandığına göre formül- 34 gram AgNO3 ile 22 gram K2S tam verimle tepkimeye
deki n sayısı kaçtır? giriyor.
1
(Havanın hacimce ’i O2’dir.) Buna göre aşağıda verilen bilgilerden hangisi doğrudur?
5
(AgNO3:170 g/mol, K2S:110 g/mol)
A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
A) Sınırlayıcı bileşen AgNO3’tür.
B) 0,1 mol KNO3 oluşur.
C) 12 gram K2S artar.
D) 12 gram AgNO3 artar.
E) Tepkime sonunda kapta 0,3 mol madde bulunur.
MEB 2018 - 2019 ● Ölçme, Değerlendirme ve Sınav Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü 11. CaC2(k) + 2H2O(s) → Ca(OH)2(suda) + C2H2(g)
8. MgCO3(k) + 2HCI(suda) → MgCI2(suda) + CO2(g) + H2O(s)
2 mol su içine CaC2 ilave edildiğinde tepkimeden NK’da
168 gram MgCO3 katısından yukarıdaki tepkime denkle- 4,48 litre C2H2 gazı açığa çıkıyor.
mine göre 66 gram CO2 oluşmaktadır.
Buna göre tepkimede kaç gram su artmıştır?
Buna göre bu tepkimenin verimi % kaçtır? (H2O:18 g/mol)
(Mg:24 g/mol, C:12 g/mol, O:16 g/mol, H:1 g/mol)
A) 7, 2 B) 14,4 C) 28,8 D) 36 E) 56
A) 75 B) 66 C) 52 D) 48 E) 25
9. C ve H’den oluşan organik bir bileşiğin 5,8 gramı yakıldı- 12. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
ğında NK’da 8,96 litre CO2 oluşuyor. tepkimesine göre 14 gram N2 ile 6 gram H2 gazları ka-
Buna göre bu organik bileşiğin basit formülü aşağı- palı bir kapta tepkimeye giriyor.
dakilerden hangisidir? Buna göre;
(O:16 g/mol, C:12 g/mol, H:1 g/mol)
I. N2 sınırlayıcı bileşendir.
A) CH2 B) CH3 C) C2H5
II. 3 gram H2 artar.
D) C3H4 E) C4H10
III. Tepkime sonunda 17 gram NH3 oluşur.
yargılarından hangileri doğrudur?
(H:1 g/mol, N:14 g/mol)
1. Kapalı kapta 10’ar litre SO2 ve O2 gazlarının tepkimesin- 4. 6,8 gram NH3’ün tamamı;
den SO3 gazı oluşmaktadır.
4NH3 + 7X → 4Y + 6Z tepkime denklemine göre
Aynı koşullarda tepkime sonunda kapta kaç litre gaz 22,4 gram X ile tepkimeye girerek bir miktar Y ve
bulunur? 10,8 gram Z oluşuyor.
A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 E) 25 Buna göre oluşan Y maddesinin mol kütlesi kaç
g/mol’dür? (N:14 g/mol, H:1 g/mol)
A) 46 B) 40 C) 24 D) 18 E) 10
MEB 2018 - 2019 ● Ölçme, Değerlendirme ve Sınav Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü 5. S(k) + 2H2SO4(suda) → 3SO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
2. Mg(k) + O2(g) → MgO(k)
tepkimesine göre 6,4 gram S ve 19,6 gram H2SO4’den
tepkimesine göre eşit kütlede Mg ve O2 elementi alınarak
1,8 gram H2O oluşmaktadır.
0,4 mol MgO elde ediliyor.
Buna göre;
Buna göre hangi elementin kaç gramı tepkimeye gir-
memiştir? (O:16 g/mol, Mg:24 g/mol) I. Sınırlayıcı bileşen H2SO4’tür.
A) 2,4 g Mg II. Tepkime verimi %50’dir.
B) 6,4 g O2 III. 0,1 mol S artar
C) 4,8 g Mg yargılarından hangileri doğrudur?
D) 3,2 g O2 (H:1 g/mol, O:16 g/mol, S:32 g/mol)
E) 9,6 g Mg
A) Yalnız I. B) Yalnız III. C) I ve II.
D) II ve III. E) I, II ve III.
I. O2 sınırlayıcı maddedir.
II. KCl artan maddedir.
III. 2 mol KClO3 maddesi oluşur.
yargılarından hangileri doğrudur?
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8 10. Sınıf
Kimya
Kimyanın Temel Kanunları ve Kimyasal Hesaplamalar - 8
7. Fe metalinin 400 gramı açık havada bırakıldığında top- 10. 1 mol CxHyOz bileşiği, 6 mol O2 ile tamamen yandığında
lam kütle 96 gram artarak Fe2O3 bileşiği oluşuyor. 5 mol CO2 ve 4 mol H2O oluşuyor.
Başlangıçtaki Fe metalinin % kaçı oksitlenmemiştir? Buna göre bu bileşiğin formülü aşağıdakilerden han-
(Fe:56 g/mol, O:16 g/mol) gisidir?