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Earth in space

The document explains the formation of planets, the role of gravity in the Solar System, and the effects of Earth's rotation and tilt on seasons and eclipses. It covers various celestial phenomena such as tides, solar and lunar eclipses, and the characteristics of asteroids, comets, and moons. Additionally, it describes the measurement of distances in space and the concept of constellations.

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2 views

Earth in space

The document explains the formation of planets, the role of gravity in the Solar System, and the effects of Earth's rotation and tilt on seasons and eclipses. It covers various celestial phenomena such as tides, solar and lunar eclipses, and the characteristics of asteroids, comets, and moons. Additionally, it describes the measurement of distances in space and the concept of constellations.

Uploaded by

widaya8239
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Earth in

space
Check- point 1
Learning objectives
⮚ Describe how planets form from dust and gas, which are pulled
together by gravity.
⮚ Know that gravity is the force that holds components of the Solar
System in orbit around the Sun.
⮚ Describe tidal forces on Earth as a consequence of the gravitational
attraction between the Earth, Moon and Sun.
⮚ Explain how solar and lunar eclipses happen.
Rotation of Earth
● The Earth rotates from the west
towards east (anticlockwise).

● Earth rotates on its axis, and it


takes 24 hours or 1 day to
complete one rotation.

● The sun appears to move across


the sky because the Earth is
spinning.

● The Sun rises in the east and


sets in west.
FOUCAULT PENDULUM
Axis

The Earth’s tilted axis explains:


• different day lengths in summer and
winter
• Different temperature in summer and
winter
• The varying height of the sun in the sky
in summer and winter
Orbit
The axis about which the Earth rotates is not
perpendicular to the plane of the Earth’s orbit.
Earth revolves around sun (star), and it takes
365 ¼ (365.25) days or one year to
complete this revolution.
⮚ As the Earth moves in its orbit there is a time of
year when the northern hemisphere is tilting
towards the Sun and the southern hemisphere is
tilting away from it.

⮚ Northern hemisphere will have summer season


and southern hemisphere will have winter season.

⮚ Six months later the northern hemisphere is


tilting away from the sun and southern
hemisphere is tilting towards the sun
Path of the sun in summer season

⮚ Hemisphere is tilted
towards the sun.

⮚ Sunrise is earlier and it


sets later in evening

⮚ The sun rises at higher


position at midday.
It is hotter in the summer
than in the winter
because:
o The Sun is in the sky
for longer
o The rays from the Sun
are concentrated over
a smaller area.
o Rays hit the surface
at 90°
Solstice and Equinox

Solstice Equinox
Solstice is defined as either of the The Equinox is defined as a day
two times in the year, the summer that occurs twice per year when
solstice and the winter solstice , the sun crosses the equator and
when the sun reaches its highest the night and day are the same
or lowest point in the sky at noon, length.
marked by the longest and Around March 21 and
shortest days. September 22
Around June 21 and December 22
Measuring with light
⮚ The vast distance between two objects in
space is measured by the time light takes
to travel between them.

⮚ The time for light to travel between two


stars in space is very large and is
measured in
light years.
STARS
Constellations

The group of stars appear to make


patterns in the sky. These patterns
are called constellations.

Scientist recognize 88
constellations.
People once believed
that the stars really
move across the sky
but today we know
that stars and sun do
not move but it is
because of Earth’s
daily rotation they
appear to move.
PLANETS
STARS AND PLANETS
⮚ Planets do not produce
light they reflect light from
sun and they shine with a
steady light but the light
coming from a star
flickers or twinkles
because light changes
direction as it travels
through the Earth’s
atmosphere
ASTEROIDS
● Asteroids are lumps of
rock that move in
orbits around the sun.

● Asteroid belt lies


between the orbits of
Jupiter and Mars.

● Ceres is the largest


asteroid and a dwarf
planet.
COMET

A comet is a small, icy


object that orbits the
sun and has a long
"tail" of gas.
COMETS

● A comet is made of ice and dust like a


big, dirty snowball orbiting the Sun.
● As the comet gets nearer to the Sun it
produces a tail.
● Comets reflect sunlight.
● Comet Encke can be seen every three
years. Other comets return after
hundreds of years.
METEORS AND METEORITES
● Sometimes you see streaks of light
in the night sky. People call them
‘shooting stars’ but they are not
stars.
● When meteoroids enter Earth's
atmosphere at high speed and
burn up, the fireballs or
“shooting stars” are called meteors.
● A piece of rock that survives to
reach the ground is called a
meteorite.
Man made objects –artificial satellites

There are thousands of artificial


satellites in orbit around the Earth.
Many are part of the global
positioning system (GPS).. They
reflect light from the sun. The
biggest and brightest of all these is
the International Space Station
Moons
⮚ A Moon is an object that orbits a planet. It is
called a natural satellite.
⮚ Earth has only one moon, which we call
“the moon”. It is the largest and brightest
object in the night sky. It is made of rock and
orbits the Earth. It is the only object beyond
the Earth that a person has set foot on.
⮚ Other planet like Saturn has over 60 moons.
⮚ Titan one of Saturn’s moons, is bigger than
the Planet Mercury.
PHASES OF MOON

The moon orbits the Earth


every 27.3 days.
The moon changes its shape
everyday over a period one
month. These different shapes
of the moon are called 'Phases
of the Moon'
SOLAR ECLIPSE
⮚ A solar eclipse occurs when the
moon gets between Earth and the
sun, and the moon casts a
shadow over Earth.
⮚ Solar eclipses can only occur
during a New Moon when the
Moon moves between Earth and
the Sun, and the three celestial
bodies form a straight line:
Earth–Moon–Sun.
Types of Solar eclipse
⮚ There are three kinds of solar
eclipses: total, partial, and annular.
⮚ A total solar eclipse occurs when the Moon
completely covers the Sun, as seen from
Earth.
⮚ A partial solar eclipse happens when the
Moon only partially covers the disk of the
Sun.
⮚ An annular solar eclipse occurs when the
New Moon covers the Sun's center, leaving
its outer edges to form a “ring of fire”
During a solar eclipse, the Moon
casts two shadows on Earth.
1.The umbra : It is the dark center of
the Moon's shadow. People standing
in the umbra will see a total eclipse.
2.The penumbra: People standing in
the penumbra will see a partial
eclipse.
LUNAR ECLIPSE

During a lunar
eclipse, Earth comes
between the Sun and
the Moon, blocking
the sunlight falling on
the Moon. The Moon
is in the shadow of the
Earth.
Tides

Tides are very long


waves that move across
the oceans. They are
caused by the
gravitational forces
exerted on the earth by
the moon, and the sun.
⮚ Total eclipses are rare. This is
because the orbit of the Moon
is tilted slightly.
⮚ The Earth, Sun, and Moon need
to be lined up for an eclipse to
happen.
⮚ If the orbit of the Moon was not
tilted then the Earth would
block out the light and we
would never see a full moon.
TIDES

▪ There is a bulge of water either


side of the Earth due to the force
of gravity from the Moon.
▪ The Earth spins through the
bulges, producing two high tides
a day.
SPRING TIDE AND NEAP TIDE
When the Sun and Moon are When the Sun and Moon are not
aligned there is extra force on the aligned we get a lower tide, called
water, and we get a higher tide, a Neap tide.
called a Spring tide.

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