CHAPTER

23
BIOTECHNOLOGY

Short Answer Questions

Q.1. Give any two requirements to produce recombinant DNA.

Ans. Requirement to Produce "Recombinant DNA":
In order to produce recombinant DNA, followings materials are required:
1) Gene of interest, which is to be cloned. e.g. Gene of insulin.
2) Molecular scissors to cutout the gene of interest. e.g. Restriction endonuclease enzymes.
3) Molecular carrier or vector, on which gene of interest could be placed. E.g. plasmid, bacteriophage
etc.
4) Expression system, the gene of interest along with the vector is then introduced into an expression
system, as a result of which a specific product is made. e.g. bacterial cell.
Q.2. Define Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering.
Ans. Biotechnology:
 Biotechnology is the use of natural biological system to produce a product or to achieve a desired
product by the use of microorganisms for the welfare of human.
Genetic Engineering:
 The technology used to produce recombinant DNA is called genetic Engineering. It is also known as
recombinant DNA technology. It is used when a very large quantity of a gene is requireds.
Q.3. Enlist three possible ways to get the gene of interest.
OR How to get a gene of interest?
Ans Gene Of Interest Three Possible Ways To Get The Gene Of Interest:
 There are three possible ways to get the gene of interest:
 To Isolate From Chromosome: Genes can be isolated from the chromosomes by cutting the
chromosomes on the flanking sites of the gene using special enzymes known as restriction
endonucleases.
 Chemical Synthesis: If the genes are small, they can also be synthesized the laboratory.
 Synthesis from mRNA: Another very common method of getting the gene is to synthesize it in the
laboratory from messenger RNA using reverse transcriptase. This DNA molecule is called
complementary DNA (cDNA).
Q.4. Why biotechnology is important for human beings?
Ans. Importance of Biotechnology:
 It is used for production of human insulin for diabetic patients.
 It is used for the production of drugs and vaccines.
 It is used to the control pollution.
 It is used in agriculture to increase the fertility of soil and to kill insects and pests.
 It is used to alter the genotype.
 It is used for gene therapy.
Q.5. What is cloning of a gene ?
Ans. Cloning of Gene:
 A clone can be a large number of molecules (i.e. cloned genes) or cells (i.e. cloned bacteria) or
organisms that are identical to an original specimen and process of producing clones is called
cloning.
 Cloning of a gene produces many genetically identical copies:
  We can clone genes in two ways;
 Recombinant DNA Technology: It is used when a very large quantity of a gene is required.
 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): It is used for lesser number of copies within a laboratory test tube.
Q.6. What are restriction enzymes? Give an example.
OR Write the role of restriction endonucleases in gene cloning.
OR What are restriction endonucleases? Give an example
OR What are the applications of DNA analysis?
Ans. Restriction Endonucleases:
 These are natural enzymes of bacteria, which they use for their own protection (s) against viruses.
These are called restriction endonucleases.
 The restriction enzyme cuts down the viral DNA, but does no harm to the bacterial chromosome.
 Bacteria produce a variety of such restriction enzymes. So far more than 400 such enzymes have
been isolated out of which about 20 are frequently used in recombinant DNA technology.
 EcoRI (E. Coli Restriction Enzyme - I) a commonly used restriction enzyme cuts double-stranded DNA
when it has following sequence of bases at the cleavage site. i.e. AATT&TTAA.
Q.7. What are molecular vectors?
OR Describe molecular scissors?
OR What are molecular scissors? How were they obtained?
Ans. Molecular Carrier: (Vector)
 To make recombinant DNA, one often begins by selecting a vector.
 Vectors are the molecular carriers by means of which recombinant DNA is introduced into a host cell.
 One common type of vector is a plasmid.
 Plasmids are natural extra chromosomal circular DNA molecules in bacteria, which carry genes for
antibiotic resistance and fertility etc.
Q.8. Write a note on Recombinant DNA Technology.
Ans. Recombinant DNA Technology:
 Recombinant DNA contains DNA from two different sources.
 In order to produce recombinant DNA, followings materials are required
1) Gene of interest, which is to be cloned. e.g. Gene of insulin.
2) Molecular scissors to cutout the gene of interest. e.g. Restriction endonuclease enzymes.
3) Molecular carrier or vector, on which gene of interest could be placed. e.g. plasmid, bacteriophage
etc.
4) Expression system, the gene of interest along with the vector (s) is then introduced into an
expression system, as a result of which a specific product is made. e.g. bacterial cell.
Q.9. What are plasmids?
OR What are Plasmids? Give their types and functions.
Ans. Plasmids:
 Plasmids are natural extra chromosomal circular DNA molecules in bacteria, which carry genes for
antibiotic resistance and fertility.
 Plasmids were discovered by investigators studying the sex life of the intestinal bacterium,
Escherichia coli.
Examples:
 One of the plasmids discovered earlier PSC 101, has antibiotic resistance gene for tetracycline.
 PBR 322 has antibiotic resistance genes for tetracycline as well as ampicillin.
Use of Plasmids: Plasmids are used as the molecular carriers by means of which recombinant DNA is
introduced into a host cell.
Q.10. Write role of DNA Ligase.
Ans. Role of DNA Ligase:
 The gene of interest (insulin) is joined with the sticky ends of the plasmid (Carrier) with the help of
special enzyme known as DNA ligase.
  This enzyme seals the foreign piece of DNA into the vector (plasmid) while this process is called
ligation.
Q.11. What are palindromic sequences? Give example.
OR What are palindromic sequence? Write down palindromic sequence for Eco R1.
Ans. Palindromic Sequence:
 Restriction enzymes cut the DNA at very specific sites characterized by specific sequence of four or
six nucleotides arranged symmetrically in the reverse order. Such sequences are known as
palindromic sequences.
 Example: TTGCAA & AACGTT
Q.12. Define genomic library.
Ans. Genomic Library:
 A genome is a full set of genes of an individual or cell.
 A genomic library is a collection of bacterial or bacteriophage clones, each clone containing a
particular segment of DNA from the source cell.
Q.13. Define Taq Polymerase. Give its source.
Ans. Taq polymerase:
 And its source DNA polymerase used is temperature-insensitive (thermostable) extracted from the
bacterium Thermus aquaticus.which lives in hot springs. Commonly, this enzyme is also known as
Tag polymerase.
 Taq polymerase can withstand high temperature, which is used to separate double stranded DNA;
therefore, replication need not be interrupted (t) by the need to add more enzyme.
 The DNA polymerase extends the primers in 5'-3' direction using single stranded DNA as template.
 The result is double stranded DNA with primers incorporated (tt) into newly synthesized strand.
0.14. Differentiate between probe and plasmid.
Ans. Probe
 A single stranded nucleotide sequence that hybridize with certain piece of DNA is called probe.
 A particular probe is used to search certain gene from a genetic library.
 Probe is radioactive or fluorescent. Thus is can be easily found in genomic library.
Plasmid
 Plasmids are natural extra chromosomal circular DNA molecules present in bacteria.
 Plasmid is common type of vector.
 Plasmids carry genes for antibiotic resistance and fertility etc.
Q.15. Give at least two uses of PCR amplification and DNA analysis.
OR What is PCR?
OR What is PCR? Write the role of taq polymerase.
OR Who and when developed the PCR ? Why it is named so?
Ans. Uses of PCR:
 PCR can be used to cloned a given gene in vitro. (laboratory)
 Diagnosis of Diseases: One important application involves the diagnosis of inherited human diseases,
especially in cases of parental diagnosis where very limited amounts of fetal DNA are available.
 Forensic Labs: A second major application occurs in forensic cases involving individual identities.
 Evolutionary History of Human Population: PCR and DNA analysis can be used to determine the
evolutionary history of human population. It has been possible to sequence.
 DNA taken from a 76,000 years old mummified human brain and from a 17 to 20 million years old
plant fossil following PCR amplification.
Q.16. What le probe? Give its uses.
Ans. Probe
 A particular probe can be used to search a genetic library for a certain gene.
 Location of the probe is possible because the probe is either radioactive or fluorescent.
 Bacterial cells, each carrying a particular DNA fragment, can be plated in a petri dish.
  After the probe hybridized into the gene of interest. The genes can be isolated from the fragment.
 Now this particular fragment can be cloned further or even analyzed for its particular DNA; sequence
Q.17. Define DNA finger printing. Write is significance.
Ans. DNA Finger Printing:
 During a process called gel electrophoresis, the fragments can be separated according to their
lengths and the result is a number of bands that are so close together that they appear as a smear.
 However, the use of probes for genetic markers produce a distinctive pattern that can be recorded
on X-ray film.
Significance Of DNA Finger Printing:
 Identifying a Suspected Rapist: The DNA from, a single sperm is enough to a suspected rapist.
 Identifying Human Remains: Since DNA is inherited; its fingerprint resembles 'that of one's parents.
 DNA finger printing successfully identified the remains of a teenager who had been murdered eight
years before because the skeletal DNA was similar to that of the parent's DNA.
Comparing Child's DNA Fingers Print With Parents:
 Solving the Problems of Disputed Parenthood.
 Forensic Laboratory to Identify criminals.
 Evolutionary History of Human: DNA analysis can be used to determine the evolutionary history of
human population.
 It has been possible to sequence DNA taken from a 76,000 years old mummified human brain and
from a 17 to 20 million years old plant fossil following PCR amplification.
 Diagnosing Diseases: To diagnose viral infections, genetic disorders, and cancer.
Q.18. Define gel electrophoresis.
Ans. Gel Electrophoresis:
 It is a method for separation and analysis of DNA and macromolecules (RNA, Proteins) and their
fragments based on their size and charge.
 It is used is clinical chemistry, to separate proteins and also uses in biochemistry and molecular
biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA.
 Get electrophoresis apparatus - an agarose gel is placed in this buffer-filled box and an electrical field
is applied via the power supply to the rear. The negative terminal is at the far end (black wire), so
DNA migrates towards the positively charged anode (red wire).
 A process is which the fragments DNA can be separated according to their lengths and the result is a
number of bands that are so close together that they appear as a smear.
Q.19. What is gene sequencing?
Ans. Genome Sequencing:
 A technique which is used to read the genetic information found in the DNA. It is involved the
determination of the order of bases i.e., the nucleotide sub-units.
 In DNA or gene sequencing, scientists create many copies of a single stranded DNA fragment that will
be used to synthesize new DNA strand. Then these will be used to determine sequence of
nucleotides.
Q.20. What are the main steps of the method for gene sequencing?
Ans. Principle of Gene Sequencing:
 The main principle of these methods is:
 To generate pieces of DNA of different sizes all starting from the same point and ending at different
points.
 Separation of these different pieces of DNA on agarose gel.
 Reading of sequence from the gel.
 For generation of different sized DNA fragment, two methods are generally used.
Q.21. What are two goals of human genome project?
Ans. Primary Goals of Human Genome Project:
 The project has two primary goals.
 1) To construct a genetic map of the human genome.
2) To construct a base sequence map of human genome
Q.22. What are transgenic organisms?
Ans. Transgenic Organisms:
 Organisms that have had a foreign gene inserted into them are called transgenic organisms, or
recombinant organisms or genetically modified organism (GMO).
 Examples: Today bacteria, plants and animals are genetically engineered to produce
Q.23. Discuss any two benefits of transgenic bacteria to promote health of plants.
Ans. Benefits Of Transgenic Bacteria To Promote Health Of Plants:
 Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce bacteria that reproduce in large vats called
bioreactors.
 If the foreign gene is replicated and actively expressed, a large amount of protein product can be
obtained.
 Transgenic bacteria have been produced to promote health of plants.
 Bacteria that normally live on plants and encourage the formation of ice crystals have been changed
from frost-plus to frost-minus bacteria.
 Produce Insects Toxins; a bacterium that normally colonizes the roots of corn plants has now been
engineered with genes (from another bacterium) that code for an insect toxin. The toxin protects the
roots from insects.
Q.24. Discuss Sanger's Method of Gene sequencing.
Ans. Sanger's Method Of Gene Sequencing:
 One is Sanger's method in which dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dd NTP's) are used to
terminate DNA synthesis at different sites.
Q.25. Briefly write down Maxam Gillbert method of gene sequencing.
ANS. Maxam Gilbert Method of Gene Sequencing:
 Maxam Gilbert chemically cut DNA threads into pieces of different size.
 The pieces of DNA start from the same point. But they end at different point.
 Maxam-Gilbert sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing developed by Allan Maxam and Walter
Gilbert in 1997-1980.
 This method is based on nucleobase - specific partial chemical modification of DNA and subsequent
cleavage of the DNA backbone at sites adjacent to the modified nucleotides.
Q.26. Give two practical uses of DNA finger printing technology.
Ans. Practical uses of DNA finger Printing Technology:
 Solving the Problems of Disputed Parenthood
 Forensic Laboratory to Identify criminals
Q.27. How Plant Health can be promoted by Transgenic Bacteria?
Ans. Advantages of Transgenic Bacteria:
 Transgenic bacteria have been produced to promote health of plants.
 Bacteria that normally live on plants and encourage the formation of ice crystals have been changed
from frost-plus to frost-minus bacteria.
 Produce Insects Toxins: a bacterium that normally colonizes the roots of corn plants has now been
engineered with genes (from another bacterium) that code for an insect toxin.
 The toxin protects the roots from insects.
Q.28. Define Transgenic plants. Give its uses.
Ans. Transgenic plants:
 The plants that have a foreign gene stably inserted into them are called transgenic plants." made
these plants‫۔‬
 Foreign genes transferred to cotton, corn and potato strains have resistant to pests because their
cells now produce an insect toxin.
  Soybeans have been made resistant to a common herbicide (202). Some corn and cotton plants are
both pest and herbicide resistant.
 In 1999 these transgenic crops were planted on more than 70 million acres worldwide and the
acreage is expected to triple in about five years.
 Improvements still to come for increased protein or starch content and modified oil or amino acid
composition.
 Agribusiness companies also are in the process of developing transgenic versions of wheat and rice
in addition to corn.
 This is considered an absolute necessity if the 2020 global demand for rice, wheat and corn is to be
met. World grain harvests have continued to rise since the 1960s when special high-yield hybrid
plants were developed-during the so called green revolution.But the per capita (per head or person)
production has now flattened out because of continued population growth.
Q.29. Name the salt tolerant plant and give its role is future.
Ans. Salt Tolerant Plant and its Future Use:
 Arabidopsis is a salt tolerant plant.
 Today crop production is limited by effects of salinization an about 50% of irrigated levels.
 The next step to solve this problem is to produce salt tolerant crop.
 It is believed that the production not only of slat but also drought and cold tolerant crops will reduce
the need for added farm acreage by increasing agricultural yields that will provide enough food for a
world population that is expected to nearly double by 2050.
Q.30. What are protoplasts? Give scientific name of biodegradable plastic.
Ans. Protoplasts:
 Plant cells whose cell wall has been removed is called protoplast.
 Protoplasts can be used to introduce genes into the cells.
 Bio-degradable plastic: Its scientific name is polyhydroxybutyrate.
Q.31. Write about vortex mixing method to insert genes into the eggs of animals.
Ans. Vortex Mixing Method To Insert Genes Into The Eggs Of Animals:
 In this method the eggs are placed in an agitator with DNA andsilicon-carbide needles, and the
needles make tiny holes through which the DNA can enter into egg.
 When these eggs are fertilized, the resulting offspring are transgenic animals.
 Using this technique many types of animal eggs have taken up the gene of interest.
Q.32. How foreign genes can be introduced into plant embryos or protoplasts?
Ans. Insertion of Foreign Genes Into Plant Embryos Or Protoplasts:
 Techniques have been developed to introduce foreign genes into immature plant embryos, or into
protoplasts. Plant cells whose cell wall has removed are called protoplasts.
 It is possible to treat protoplasts with an electric current while they are suspended in a liquid
containing foreign DNA.
 The electric current makes tiny, self-sealing holes in the plasma membrane through which genetic
material can enter.
 Then the protoplast will develop into a complete plant.
Q.33. Give the procedure to clone a transgenic animal.
Ans. Cloning of Transgenic Animal:
 Following steps take place in cloning of transgenic animals:
 Deploid nuclei of transgenic animal are transferred into Enucleated eggs by microinjection.
 These eggs are then transferred into the uterus of hosts where development occurs.
 Host animals give birth to cloned transgenic animals, whose nucleus was used.
Q.34. Describe the term "gene pharming".
OR What is Gene Phaming?
Ans. Gene Pharming:
 The use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals is being pursued by a number of
firms is called gene pharming.
  Production of Diagnostic Proteins: Genes that code for therapeutic, and diagnostic proteins are
incorporated into the animal's DNA, and the proteins appear in the animal's milk.
Q.35. Give uses of Bioreactors. Name a few products.
Ans. Bioreactors:
 Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce bacteria that reproduce in large vats Called
bioreactors . Uses of Bioreactor:
 If the foreign gene is replicated and actively expressed, a large amount of protein product can be
obtained from bacteria, which are reproduced in Bioreactors.
 Biotechnology Products Produced by Bacteria: Such as insulin, human growth hormone, tissue
plasminogen activator, haemophilia factor VIII, and hepatitis B vaccine are now in the market.
Q.36. Why urine is preferred to isolate biotechnology products than milk?
Ans. Urine as a Preferable Vehicle Than Milk:
 Urine is a preferable vehicle for a biotechnology product than milk because:
i. All animals in a herd urinate only females produce milk -urinate
ii. Animals start to urinate at birth ___females don't produce milk until maturity;
iii. And it's easier to extract proteins from urine than farm milk.
Q.37. How cancer patients are being treated by gene therapy?
Ans. Treatment of Cancer By Gene Therapy:
 Gene therapy is also being done to cancer patient, which makes them more tolerant of
chemotherapy
 In clinical trials researchers have given genes to cancer patient that either make healthy cell more
tolerant of chemotherapy or make tumors more vulnerable to it.
 Once the bone marrow stem cells were protected it was possible to increase the level of
chemotherapy to kill the cancer cells.
Q.38. Give the process of coronary artery angioplasty briefly, using biotechnology.
OR When a balloon catheter is used?
Ans. Coronary Artery Angioplasty:
 During coronary artery angioplasty, a balloon catheter is sometimes used open up a closed artery.
 Unfortunately the artery has a tendency (t) to close up once again, o Investigators have come up
with a new procedure.
 Coronary Artery Gene-Therapy:
 In this method the balloon is coated with a plasmid that contains a gene for vascular endothelial
growth factor,
 The expression of the gene, promotes the proliferation of blood vessels bypassing the obstructed
area. It has been observed in at least one patient.
Q.39 Define gene therapy. Differentiate between ex-vivo and in-vivo gene therapy.
OR What is gene therapy? What are its two methods?
OR Define examine method of Gene Therapy.
Ans. Gene Therapy:
 Gene therapy is the insertion of genetic material into human cells for the treatment of a genetic
disorder. It includes
a. Procedures which give a patient healthy genes to make up for faulty genes.
b. The use of genes to treat various human illnesses such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases.
1. Ex Vivo Gene Therapy:
 In ex-vivo gene therapy, normal gene is given to certain cells of the patient outside the body and
then these cells are returned to the patient.
2. In Vivo Gene Therapy:
 In in vivo gene therapy, patients are directly given normal genes.
 It has been, tried in many cases.
Q.40. What is "severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)"? Also give its causes?
Ans. Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID):
  Children in the Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome (SCID) are treated through ex vivo (in-
Vitro) gene therapy.
Steps Of Ex Vivo Gene Therapy:
 Children suffering from SCID, lack' an enzyme adenosine deaminase (ADA) that is involved in the
maturation of T and B cells. (Major Components of Immune System)
 As a result their immune system becomes weak and therefore they are subjected to life infections
threatening
Mechanism of Ex-vivo Gene Therapy to Treat SCID:
 Bone marrow stem cells are removed from the blood and infected with a retrovirus (RNA virus) that
carries a normal gene for the enzyme then the cells are returned to the patient.
Q.41. How hypercholesterolemia can be cured by gene therapy?
Ans. Treatment of Hypercholesterolemia by Gene Therapy:
 Familial hypercholesterolemin is a condition that develops when liver cells lack a receptor for
removing cholesterol from the blood.
 The high levels of blood cholesterol make the patient subject to fatal heart attacks at a young age.
 In a newly developed procedure, a small portion of the liver is surgically excised and infected with a
retrovirus containing a normal gene for the receptor.
 Several patients have experienced a lowering of serum cholesterol levels following this procedure.
042. What is cystic fibrosis?
Ans Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis:
 Cystic fibrosis patients lack a gene that codes for trains-membrane carrier of the chloride ion.
Patients often die due to numerous Infections of the respiratory tract.
 An in vivo method, of treatment is being tried.
Mechanism of Treatment:
 Liposomes are microscopic vesicles that spontaneously form when lipoproteins are put into a
solution.
 Liposomes have been coated with the genes needed to cure cystic fibrosis. Then the solution is
sprayed into patient's nostrils.
 Limitation: Due to limited gene transfer, this methodology has not as yet been successful.
Q.43. What are totipotent cells in plants?
Ans. Totipotent Cells in Plants:
 German Botanist Gottlieb Haberandt said in 1902 that plant cells are totipotent (Total + potential)
each cell has the full genetic potential of the organism and therefore a single cell could become a
complete plant, which is called totipotent.
 In 1958 Botanist F.C. Steward of Cornell university grew complete carrot plant from a tiny piece of
phloem.
Q.44. Define hybridization. What was its use?
Ans. Hybridization:
 Traditionally hybridization the crossing of different varieties of plants or even species, was used to
produce plants with desirable traits.
Uses of Hybridization:
Hybridization, followed by vegetative propagation of the mature plants, generated a large number of
identical plants with these traits.
 Today it is possible to directly alter the genes of organisms. Transgenic plants carry a foreign gene
that has been introduced into their cells so that they have new and different traits.
Q.45. What is anther culture?
Ans. Anther Culture:
 Anther culture is a technique in which mature anthers are cultured in a medium containing vitamins
and growth regulation.
  The haploid tube cells within the pollen grains divide, producing proembryos consisting of as many as
20 to 40 cells. Finally the pollen grains rupture releasing haploid embryos.
 The experimenter can now generate haploid plant, or chemical agent can be added that encourage
chromosomal doubling.
 After chromosomal doubling the resulting plants are diploid but homozygous for all their alleles.
 Anther culture is a direct way to produce plants that express recessive alleles. If the recessive alleles
govern desirable traits, the plants have these traits
Q.46. Name the salt tolerant plants and give its role, in future.
Ans. Production of Salt Tolerant Plant:
 Production of salt tolerant plant had been a dream of genetic engineer.
 Recently salt tolerant Arabidopsis has been produced.
 For this the scientists first identified a gene coding for a channel protein that transports Na + along
with H+ across a vacuole membrane. Na+ in a vacuole prevents it from interfering with plant
metabolism.
 Then, the scientists cloned the gene and used it to genetically engineer plants that overproduce the
channel protein.
 The modified plants thrived when watered with a salty solution.
 Irrigation, even into fresh water, inevitably leads to a salinization of soil that reduces crop yields.
 Today crop production is limited by effects of salinization an about 50% of irrigated levels.
Drought and Cold Tolerant Plants:
 It is believed that production not only of salt but also drought and cold tolerant crops will reduce the
need for more acreage by increasing agricultural yields.
 It will provide enough food for a world population that is expected to nearly double by 2050.
Q.47. What do you know about the Particle Gun?
Ans. Using Particle Gun to Bombard Callus With DNA:
 In 1987, John C Sanford and Theodore M. Klein of Cornell University developed another method of
introducing DNA into a plant tissue culture callus.
 They constructed a device, called the particle gun that bombards a callus with DNA coated
microscopic metal particles.
 Then genetically altered somatic embryos develop into genetically adult plants.
 Many plants including corn and wheat varieties have been genetically engineered by this method.
Q.48. What is cell suspension culture technique?
Ans. Cell Suspension Culture:
 Rapidly growing cultures are cut into small pieces and shaken in a liquid nutrient medium so that
single cells or small clumps of cells break off and form a suspension.
Importance of cell suspension culture:
 Production of desired chemicals: These cells will produce the same chemicals as the entire plant.
 For example cell suspension cultures of Cinchona ledgerina produce quinine and those of Digitalis
Ianata produce digitoxin.
Future Prospects of Cell Suspension Culture:
 Scientists envision that it will be possible to maintain ceil suspension cultures in bioreactors for the
purpose of producing chemicals used in the production of drugs, cosmetics and agricultural
chemicals.
 If so, it will no longer be necessary to farm plants for the purpose of acquiring the chemicals they
produce.