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DATABASE CONCEPT

The document compares manual and electronic record-keeping systems, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. It explains the concept of a Database Management System (DBMS), its applications, key terms, database structure, operations, and types of keys in relational databases. Key components include attributes, tuples, and data integrity rules, along with examples of popular DBMS software.

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2 views

DATABASE CONCEPT

The document compares manual and electronic record-keeping systems, outlining their advantages and disadvantages. It explains the concept of a Database Management System (DBMS), its applications, key terms, database structure, operations, and types of keys in relational databases. Key components include attributes, tuples, and data integrity rules, along with examples of popular DBMS software.

Uploaded by

mjehansm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DATABASE CONCEPT

Manual vs. Electronic Record Keeping


Manual Record Keeping System
• What is it?: This is when you keep records by writing them down on paper or in a
notebook.
• Example: A teacher writes down students' names and grades in a notebook.

• Advantages:
• Cost-effective: No need to buy computers or software.
• No data loss: If you lose power, your records are still safe on paper.

• Disadvantages:
• Hard to share: If someone wants to see the records, they have to physically look at
the notebook.
• Time-consuming: Correcting mistakes means crossing things out and rewriting.

Electronic Record Keeping System


• What is it?: This is when you use computers to store and manage records.
• Example: A school uses a computer program to keep track of students’ names and
grades.

• Advantages:
• Easy to access: You can quickly look up information using a search function.
• Backup options: You can save your data in multiple places to prevent loss.

• Disadvantages:
• Costly: You need to buy computers and software.
• Requires training: Staff need to learn how to use the software.

What is a Database Management System (DBMS)?


Definition
A DBMS is software that helps you create, manage, and manipulate databases. It
allows users to store data in an organized way and retrieve it easily.

Examples of DBMS
• MySQL: Often used for web applications.
• Oracle: Commonly used by large businesses for complex data needs.
• Microsoft Access: A user-friendly option for small businesses or individual projects.

Applications
DBMS is used in various fields like schools for student records, hospitals for patient
information, and businesses for managing sales data.

Key Terms in DBMS


Attributes
• What are they?: These are the columns in a database table.
• Example: In a student database, attributes could be Roll_no, Name, Age, and Grade.

Tuple
• What is it?: A tuple represents a single record in a table (like a row).
• Example: For the student database, one tuple might be (1, "Alice", 15, "10th
Grade").

Domain
• What is it?: The set of valid values that an attribute can have.
• Example: The domain for Age might be any number from 5 to 18.

Degree and Cardinality


• Degree: The number of attributes (columns) in a table.
• Example: A student table with Roll_no, Name, Age, and Grade has a degree of 4.
• Cardinality: The number of tuples (rows) in a table.
• Example: If there are 30 students in the student table, the cardinality is 30.
Database Structure
Database Schema
This is like a blueprint of the database. It shows how tables are organized and how
they relate to each other.

Data Constraints
These are rules that ensure data integrity. They prevent incorrect data from being
entered into the database.
• Example: A constraint might prevent entering an age less than 5 or greater than 18.

Meta-data/Data Dictionary
This contains information about the database structure, such as what tables exist and
what attributes they have.

Database Operations
Query
A query is a request for information from the database. You can think of it as asking
the database a question.

Data Manipulation Operations


1. Insertion: Adding new records to the database.
• Example: Adding a new student record (4, "Bob", 16, "11th Grade").
2. Deletion: Removing existing records from the database.
• Example: Deleting Bob’s record if he leaves school.
3. Update: Changing existing records.
• Example: Changing Alice’s grade from "10th Grade" to "11th Grade".

Properties of Relations in DBMS


1. Each attribute has a unique name (like Roll_no), and the order doesn’t matter.
2. Each tuple (row) must be unique; no two rows can be identical.
3. All values in an attribute must come from the same domain (e.g., all ages must be
whole numbers).

Keys in Relational Databases


Candidate Key
A candidate key is an attribute that can uniquely identify each record in a table.
• Example: In the student table, both Roll_no and Name could serve as candidate keys
if each name is unique.

Primary Key
A primary key is the main attribute used to identify records uniquely.
• Example: Roll_no could be chosen as the primary key because it’s unique for every
student.

Composite Primary Key


This is when two or more attributes together form a unique identifier for records.
• Example: If no single attribute can uniquely identify students, you might use
both Name and Date_of_Birth.

Foreign Key
A foreign key is an attribute that links one table to another by referencing a primary
key from another table.
• Example: If you have a class table where each class has many students, you might
have Class_id as a foreign key in the student table linking back to the class table.

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