WORKING PRINCIPLE OF A TRANSFORMER Whenever the primary winding is connected to an a.c source an exciting current flows through the primary winding. Since the current is alternating, it will produce an alternating flux in the core which will be linked by both primary and_ secondary windings. The induced emf in the primary winding is (E,) is almost equal to the applied voltage V, and will oppose the applied voltage. The emf induced in the secondary winding (E2) used to deliver power to any load connected across the secondary side of the transformer. Thus power is transferred from the primary to the secondary circuit by mutual induction. The frequency of induced emf in secondary is same as that of the supply voltage. The magnitude of the emf induced in the secondary winding will depends upon its number of turns.Step Down Transformer: Number of turns in the secondary winding is less than primary winding, shown in Figure 1.2. Fig. 1.2: Step Down Transformer Step Up Transformer: Number of turns in the secondary winding is higher than primary winding, shown in Figure 1.3. ly a ' I, > : 1 Pub 3 1 E al Iv, E. i 2 Q| | 2 Vv, a|o1 tis g | : q+ | ' Ld PNY 2 Ny Fig. 1.3 Step Up TransformerMain Components of Transformers are: i. Magnetic Core, ii. Windings, iii. Insulation for Windings, iv. Conservator (or) Tank, v. Cooling arrangement, Temperature Gauge, Oil Gauge, vi. Buchholz relay, vii. Silica gel breather, viii. Bushings (either of porcelain, oil-filled or capacitor type). TRANSFORMER CONSTRUCTION Main Components of Transformers are: i. Magnetic Core ii. Windings (Primary and Secondary) iii. Insulation for Windings iv. Conservator (or) Tank v. Cooling arrangement, Temperature Gauge, Oil Gauge vi. Buchholz relay vii. Silica gel breather viii. Bushings (either of porcelain, oil-filled or capacitor type).Magnetic Core In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of air- gap included, the steel used is of high silicon content, sometimes heat treated to produce a high permeability and a low hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities. Eddy current loss is minimized by laminating the core the laminations being insulated from each other by a high coat of core-plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface. The thickness of laminations varies from 0.35 mm for a frequency of 50 Hz to 0.5 mm for a frequency of 25 Hz. The joints in the alternate layers are stragged in order to avoid the presence of narrow gaps right through the cross-section of the core. Such staggered joints are said to be ‘imbricated’. Constructionally, the transformers are of two types, differentiated from each other by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are placed around the laminated core. They are: i. Core Type ii. Shell Type.Windings There are two windings in a transformer. They are called primary and secondary windings. Windings are made of copper shown in Figure 1.5.Conservators or Expansion Tank A small auxiliary oil tank may be mounted above the transformer and connected to main tank by a pipe. Main function of the conservator is to maintain oil level in the transformer even though the coil may expands or contracts with the change in temperature. A pipe connection between the gas space in the expansion tank, and the cover of the transformer to pass into the expansion tank, so that the transformer tank will be completely filled with oil. Conservator/Expansion tank is shown in Figure 1.6.Cooling ___ Arrangements, Temperature Gauge, Oil Gauge The various methods of cooling employed in a transformer are: @ Oil Immersed Natural Cooled Transformers: The coil and core are immersed in insulating oil contained in an iron tank. The heat produced in the shell and windings is transferred or removed by the circulation of oil to the surface which dissipates heat to surroundings. If the size of the transformer is big then No. of tubes used were increased. It is not only for keeping the windings cool but also provides additional insulation some of the cooling systems are shown in Figure 1.7. Gi) Oil Immersed Forced Air Cooled Transformer: This type also core and windings are immersed in oil and cooling is increased by forced air over the cooling surfaces like tank, tubes and radiators by means of far mounted externally to the transformer. Gi) Oil Immersed Water Cooled Transformer: Same as previous cooling system, additionally cold water will circulate through the tubes immersed in oil. It will antl aeto tho haat fenm tho nilBuchholz Relay Buchholz Relay in transformer is an oil container housed the connecting pipe from main tank to conservator tank. It has mainly two elements. The upper element consist of a float. The float is attached to a hinge in such a way that it can move up and down depending on the oil level. One mercury switch is fixed on the float. The alignment of mercury switch hence depends upon the position of the float. The lower element consist of a baffle plate and mercury switch. This plate is fitted on a hinge first in front of the inlet (main tank side) of Buchholz relay in transformer in such a way that when oil enters in the relay from that inlet in high pressure the alignment of the baffle plate along with the mercury switch attached to it, will change.CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS Transformers are classified on the basis of: @ Based on Duty they Perform: i. Power Transformer - for transmission and distribution purposes. ii Current Transformer - instrument transformer. (To measure current value). iii. Potential Transformer - instrument transformer. (To measure voltage value). (ii) Based on Construction: i. Core Type Transformer. ii. Shell Type Transformer. ili. Berry Type Transformer. (iii) Based on Voltage Output: i. Step Down Transformer (Higher level to lower level). ii. Set Up Transformer (Lower level to higher level). iii. Auto Transformer (Can be varied from "0" to rated value).(vi) Input Supply: i. Single Phase Transformer. ii. Three Phase Transformer. (a) Star-Star (b) Star-Delta (c) Delta-Delta (d) Delta-Star (e) Open-Delta (f) Scott-Connection.THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER Large scale generation of electric power is usually 3-phase at generated voltage of 13.2 kV or somewhat higher. Transmission is generally accomplished at higher voltages of 110, 132, 275 and 750 kV for that 3 phase transformers are necessary to step up the generated voltage. Most of the consumer, the distribution voltages are still reduced to utilization voltages of 440,220 or 110 volts. Here three phase step down transformer is used. It is economical to use three phase transformer for transmission and utilization purpose. Three phase transformer construction is similar to single phase transformer as shown in Figure 1.44. Operation of three phase transformer is similar to single phase transformer. Three phase supply is given to primary winding. Flux induced in the core. This flux is linked with secondary winding. Depending upon the Number of turns in the secondary winding voltage should be stepped up or stepped down. The connection may be star or delta.Primary Side => Core ft =p d L qt—> —?P + P TP L, TT P Secondary Side Fig. 1.44 : Three Phase Transformer. Core Type Three Phase Transformer Three phase transformer also categorized as core type and shell type like single phase transformer. Fig. 1.45: Three Phase Core Type TransformerThree phase core type transformer is shown in Figure 1.45. Magnetic circuits of 3 phases are interlinked. Each limb carries the fluxes of more than one phase. Shell Type Three Phase Transformer In this type each limb carries one primary and one secondary winding as shown in Figure 1.46. Windings are mounted on the central limb. Magnetic circuits of three phases are more independent than in core type transformer. Le] 0 ' => Core all llThree Phase Transformer Connections 1. Star-Star (Y-Y) Connection 2. Delta-Delta (A-A) Connection 3. Star-Delta (Y-A) Connection 4. Delta-Star (A-Y) Connection 5. Open-Delta (or) V - V Connection 6. Scott Connection (or) T - T Connection. Star - Star Connection ill — y S y oy i T ill , Figs. 1.47:Star-Star Connected TransformerLet Vi, be the voltage on the primary side. The phase voltage on the primary side is: Vpni = Vii / v3 If 'k' is the turns ratio, the phase voltage on the secondary is given by: 1(V, Vian Vi =} q=— wate) sevrr Delta-Delta Connection (A-A Connection) This setup is generally used in systems, which carry large current on low voltages, where continuity of service must be maintained even though one of the phases develops fault. Delta- Delta connection shown in Figure 1.48 and 1.49. Vii — Line voltage primary Viz - Line voltage secondary Vpni + Phase voltage primary Vpn2 ~ Phase voltage secondary Vir =Voun Vir =Vpno 3 Line current =I I phase current I.) = arf J k — Transformation ratio peSue a . Ver Vine f 74 . ye Y y 3| Von Vav all B | > Fiq. 1.48: Delta Connection Fig. 1.49Star-Delta (Y-A) The main use of this connection is at the substation end of the transmission line where the voltage is to be stepped down. From the phasor diagram Figure 1.50. 30° phase difference between the primary side and the secondary allows flow of third harmonics. Figs, 1.50:Star Della Connection Vie Vpn > Line voltage and phase voltage of primary side Via Vine > Line voltage and phase voltage of secondary side ‘a’ > Turns ratio. For Star Connection: Van = Vil v3 Tn =A For Delta Connection: Vi2 = Vone In = a Vv, m= "a a3 Vv,’ Delta-Star Connection This connection is generally employed where it is necessary to step up the voltage. It is used at the beginning of high tension transmission system. The connection is shown in Figure 1.51. Neutral of the secondary is grounded for providing 3 phase 4 wire service. It can be used to serve both 3 phase power equipment and single phase lighting circuits as well. (19,3@ loads). From phasor diagram it can be seen that there is a 30° phase difference between the primary and secondary line voltages. | en, y Lin /> Me Figs. 4.51: A-Y connection 8 Vir» Vom > Primary line voltage, primary phase vol Vix Vo2 > Secondary line voltage, secondary phase voltage. At primary side Vv = ww I =) phi = 73 > “ph = ALi At secondary side