Module 1: Introduction to History

Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the learners are expected to:

1. Understand the concept of History.

2. Differentiate the kinds of History.
3. Encourage students to value the importance of history beyond facts, recognizing
its role in shaping identities and societies.
4. Conduct research to gather information about the selected events.

Introductory Activity

Explain it in your own understanding “History keeps repeating itself”

Introduction: Meaning of History

History has always been known as the study of the past. History is the study of
life in society in the past, in all its aspects, in relation to present developments and
future hopes. It is the story of man in time, an inquiry into the past based on evidence It
is also defined as a chronological record of significant events, the study of past events.
It is derived from the Greek noun ἱστορία (historia) meaning learning, inquiry. It also
means “the past of mankind”. It came from the German word Geschichte meaning
history and Geschehen means to happen.

According to Zeus Salazar definition in Filipino. When we say History, it means

“Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinasalaysayang grupo ng tao”. (Relevant
stories/narrative of the people).

There are elements of History: man, place, period or time element and sources:
(primary and secondary source). There is no history if there are no elements.

History has two kinds: Factual History and Speculative History. It is Factual
history if there is nothing more than information about the origin of events. Ex: Dr. Jose
Rizal was born on June 19, 1861, and it is considering Speculative history When one
attempts to get the truth and demand explanations about the origin of events. For
example, how does the death of Dr. Jose Rizal change the lives of the Filipinos?

History has theories namely, first is the Great-God Theory (St. Augustine), it
claimed that history has a divine origin for example God. It is the idea that the god(s)
are in control, shape and direct things. They are the cause of events happening in the
world. This leads to a fatalistic view of history and life; time is often seen as cyclical or
not important. Second is, Great-Mind Theory (Plato), brilliant intellects, or even one
mental genius, supplies the mainspring of human advancement, for example
Philosophers/Oracle. Third is Great-Man Theory (August Comte), means the influential
and able individuals determine the main direction of history for Kings/Emperors. Fourth
is Great-People Theory (Arnold Toynbee), means some elite, the best race, the
favored nation, the ruling class alone make history for example Greeks/Romans. And
lastly the theory of Human Nature Theory (Socrates), The essential human nature as
the prime mover of history. Human nature comprises the fundamental dispositions and
characteristics—including ways of thinking, feeling, and acting—that humans are said to
have naturally, for example the human Traits and Character that characterize by human
in every generation.

Reading Text

History Defined by Edward H. Carr, the inquiry conducted by the historian and the
series of past events into which he inquires. It is the continuous process of interaction between
the historian and his facts, an unending dialogue between the present and the History means
interpretation, it is what the historian makes.

According to Robin George Collingwood, it is the re-enactment in the historian's mind

of the thought whose history he is studying.

History is the historian's experience according to the English philosopher and political
theorist Michael Joseph Oakeshott who wrote on the philosophies of history, religion,
aesthetics, education, and law.

Importance of Studying History

First, History helps us understand people and societies. It is a vital tool for gaining
insight into the human condition, guiding individuals and societies in navigating their present
and shaping their future. It fosters empathy, informs public policy, influences cultural
understanding, and enriches our appreciation of the complex tapestry of human existence.

Second, history helps us understand change and how the society we live in came to be.
It means that studying history enables us to grasp the complex processes that have shaped our
present reality. It offers insight into the dynamics of change, the roots of contemporary issues,
and the paths societies have taken to arrive at their current state. By understanding the past, we
gain valuable perspective on our present circumstances and potential futures.

Third, history contributes to moral understanding, meaning, history plays a vital role in
enhancing moral understanding by providing insights into human behavior, ethical principles,
and the consequences of moral choices. By studying the past, we can learn valuable lessons,
appreciate diverse perspectives, and develop a deeper commitment to justice, empathy, and
moral responsibility in our own lives.

Fourth, history provides identity, history provides identity by connecting individuals and
communities to their cultural heritage, shared experiences, and collective memories. It shapes
how people understand themselves and their place in the world, contributing to both personal
and collective identities. By exploring and understanding history, individuals can gain insights
into their own identities and the identities of others, fostering empathy and a deeper
appreciation of diversity.
 Fifth, studying history is essential for Good Citizenship because it equips individuals
with the knowledge, critical thinking skills, and ethical frameworks needed to engage
meaningfully in their communities and societies. Through historical understanding, citizens can
make informed decisions, advocate for justice, and contribute to a more equitable and
collaborative society.

Test Yourself!
Formative Assessment / Activity

A. True or False: Write true if the statement is correct. Otherwise, write false in the space
provided.

________1. History is the study of the past.

________2. History is the inquiry of the past evidence.
________3. Through studying history, it influences cultural understanding.
________4. Factual history refers to events, people, and circumstances that can be
verified through evidence and documentation.
________5. Speculative history is based on facts that have been proven to be true
through research and analysis.
________6. Historians are the only source of history.
________7. Factual history is a field of historical inquiry that uses counterfactual
speculation of historical events to reflect upon our present society and the social
construct of memory.
________8. It is knowledgeable that historians interpret history.
________9. Israelites is one example of the Great people theory.
________10. Without one element of history, history is not complete.

Do This! (Outcomes-Based Activity)

Enumerate at least three (3) significant events in Philippine History. Identify what is the
Factual history and Speculative history in the events that you enumerate. (20 pts.)

Significant Events Factual History Speculative

1.

2.

3.

Answer briefly:

If Dr. Jose Rizal was not our national hero, who would it be and why? Please. explain your
answer in fifty (50) words.

Supplementary Reading Materials/Videos

https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-factual-history-and-speculative-history
References

Carr, E.H. (1961). What is History? Penquin Books Ltd.

Cuadra, J. F. (2017, May 8–26). Mga Babasahin Hinggil sa Kasysayan ng Pilipinas. CHED
Faculty Training for the Teaching of the New General Education (GE) Core Courses: Second
Generation Training, Lyceum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines.
Dile, R. et al. Philippine History and Governance.
Gottschalk, L. (1969). Understanding History: A Primer of Historical Method. New York: A.A.
Knopf.
Howell, M. & Walter, P. (2001). From Reliable Sources:An Introduction to Historical
Methods.Ithaca, New York:Cornell University Press.
Ma. Florina Orillos-Juan, Ph.D. Department of History, De la Salle University Manila
Salazar, Zeus. A legacy of the Propaganda: Tripartite View of Philippine History. Retrieved from
https://www.wheninmanila.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/A-Legacy-of-the-Propaganda-The-
Tripartite-View-of-Phil-History.pdf