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Week 8,9 and 10. Physics Jss2

The document discusses the Kinetic Theory of matter, explaining the behavior of molecules in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, and how this theory can explain various natural phenomena. It also covers the processes of boiling and evaporation, highlighting their differences and the factors affecting evaporation. Additionally, it introduces thermal energy, its sources, and the methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.

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40 views6 pages

Week 8,9 and 10. Physics Jss2

The document discusses the Kinetic Theory of matter, explaining the behavior of molecules in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, and how this theory can explain various natural phenomena. It also covers the processes of boiling and evaporation, highlighting their differences and the factors affecting evaporation. Additionally, it introduces thermal energy, its sources, and the methods of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation.

Uploaded by

t6623381
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Week 8

Kinetic Energy assumptions

The Kinetic theory assumes that

1. In the solid state, the molecules are more or less in fixed positions, so they
hardly move. They are closely packed together.
2. In the liquid state, the movements of the molecules are less restricted and
that is why a liquid flows to assume the shape of the container.
3. In the gaseous state,
i. A gas is composed of molecules that are separated from each other
by large distance
ii. Gas molecules are in constant motion in random directions colliding
with one another and with the walls of the container
iii. Gas molecules exert neither attractive nor repulsive forces on one
another
iv. The average kinetic energy of the molecules is proportional to the
temperature.

Explanation of some phenomena using Kinetic Theory

There are so many natural events and situations (phenomena) all around us that
can accurately be explained using kinetic theory. Some of the include

1. The large increase in the volume of a liquid when converted to vapour.


2. Why there is only a small amount of hydrogen or helium in earth`s
atmosphere compared to Jupiter
3. Why substance can exist as solid, liquid and gas
4. Why a solid has shape while liquid and gas has none.

1. The volume of a liquid increase when it turns to vapour.


Kinetic theory assumes that the molecules of a liquid are less restricted to
move compared to the solid state. On the application of heat, the
molecules of the liquid acquire more kinetic energy which energizes them.
As a result, these energetic molecules moves faster and are able to break
apart to become gaseous molecules requiring a larger space and hence an
increase in volume.
This is why 1cm3 of water at 1000C and standard pressure gives a large
volume of steam (1650cm3). This principle is used by engineers to design
steam engines and internal combustion engines.

2. A substance can exist as solid, liquid or gas.


The physical state of a substance depends on the kinetic energy of its atoms
or molecules substance whose atoms or molecules have very low kinetic
energy at ambient temperature and pressure will normally exist as solid.
Those hose molecules have somewhat higher kinetic energy that that of
solid will exist as liquid, while those whose molecules have large kinetic
energy will exist as gas.
Week 9 Physics
Topic; Explanation of Boiling and Evaporation
Boiling of Liquid
When heat is applied to a given volume of liquid its molecules gradually
acquire more kinetic energy and the temperature rises as well. If the heat
supply is sustained, a time comes when the kinetic energy will be so high
that the molecules will tend to separate from the mass of the liquid into the
atmosphere. When the pressure exerted by the molecules (vapour pressure
) equals the atmospheric pressure the liquid changes rapidly and
completely into vapour and is said to boil.
Each pure liquid has a characteristics boiling point. Pure water has a boiling
point of 1000C, benzene has 81.10C.

Evaporation of Liquid
Evaporation of liquid means the escape of some molecules from the surface
tension of a liquid. In principle, evaporation occurs at all temperature
above the freezing point of liquid. The surface molecules of a liquid will
normally absorbs heat energy from the surrounding to increase their kinetic
energy. When the kinetic energy is high enough the surface molecules will
escape into the surrounding atmosphere.
Differences between Boiling and Evaporation

Boiling Evaporation
This is a change from liquid to This is a change from liquid to
vapour at the boiling point or vapour at any temperature below
temperature boiling point.
It occurs throughout the liquid. It occurs slowly at the surface only.
It takes place at the boiling point It takes place at all temperatures.
Wind has no effect Wind assists.
It does not cause cooling effect It causes cooling effect

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION


Factors affecting evaporation of a substance include;
1. Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with temperature.
2. Pressure: The greater the pressure, the slower the rate of evaporation.
3. Surface Area: As the surface area of liquid increases, the rate of
evaporation also increases
4. Wind Velocity and Dryness of Air: The drier the air, the faster the rate of
evaporation. Wet clothes dry faster in harmattan than in the rainy season.
Likewise, as the wind velocity increases, the evaporation rate also
increases.
5. Nature of Liquid: Volatile liquids have low boiling points. A liquid with a
low boiling point will begin to boil faster than liquids with higher boiling
points. A volatile liquid vaporizes easily and faster than water. Or any non-
volatile liquid.
Week 10 Physics
Thermal Energy
Thermal energy simply means heat energy. It is the enrgy that flows from a
hot body to a relatively cooler body by virtue of their temperature
difference . like other forms of energy the unit of heat is the Joules (J). heat
is not to be confused with temperature. Temperature is the degree of
hotness or coldness of a body. The SI unit is Kelvin K.

Sources of Heat
Sources of heat energy includes
1. Sun
2. Electric arc/heating
3. Burning of biofuels
4. Geothermal energy
5. Nuclear energy.

Modes (Methods) of Heat transfer.

Heat transfer from a hot zone to a relatively cold one can occur in three modes
namely

1. Conduction
2. Convection
3. Radiation.

1. Conduction;:.Conduction of heat occurs when heat travels through a solid


material from one end to another. When heat is applied to one end of a
metallic rod the kinetic energy of the metal atom increases. Solid materials
that easily allow heat flow through them are called conductors of heat.
Examples include copper, zinc aluminum etc.
Applications of Conduction

i. Because metals are good conductors of heat, they are employed in


fabricating cooking pot and sauce pans
ii. Car radiators are made from aluminum to conduct heat away from
(cool) the engines

2. Convection: Convection of heat is the process by which heat is transferred


in liquid or gas by the actual movement of the atoms and molecules from
hotter to cooler region.
3. Radiation; this is the process by which heat is transferred from a hotter
body to the cooler body without heating up the intervening medium. Unlike
convection and conduction, radiation does not require a material medium.
The heat from the sun reaches us through the process of radiation.
Applications of Radiation
i. School uniform in tropical region are predominantly white because
white colours does not absorbs heat energy as fast as black
ii. Any house painted white will keep the building cool because white
colours do not absorb heat.
iii. Tiles are used to bring about cooling in the house while rugs keep the
room warm.

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