NAME: ABHISHREYADAS

UNIVERSITY ROLL NO : 10930622061

STREAM : AIML
SUBJECT : SOFT COMPUTING
SUBJECT CODE : PCCAIML603
TOPIC : CREATE A PPT ON HOW FUZZY LOGIC IS
USED IN CONTROL SYSTEMS.
ROLL NO : 61
SECTION: AIML
INTRODUCTION :
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROL SYSTEM:
Fuzzy logic control (FLC) is the most active research area in the application of fuzzy set
theory, fuzzy reasoning, and fuzzy logic. The application of FLC extends from industrial
process control to biomedical instrumentation and securities. Compared to conventional
control techniques, FLC has been best utilized in complex ill-defined problems, which can
be controlled by an efficient human operator without knowledge of their underlying
dynamics.
A control system is an arrangement of physical components designed to alter another physical
system so that this system exhibits certain desired characteristics. There exist two types of control
systems: open-loop and closed-loop control systems. In open-loop control systems, the input
control action is independent of the physical system output. On the other hand, in a closed-loop
control system, the input control action depends on the physical system output. Closed-Hoop
control systems are also known as feedback control systems. The first step toward controlling any
physical variable is to measure it. A sensor measures the controlled signal, A plant is a physical
system under control. In a closed-loop control system, forcing signals of the system inputs are
determined by the output responses of the system. The basic control problem is given as follows:
The output of the physical system under control is adjusted by the help of an error signal. The difference
between the actual response (calculated) of the płant and the desired response gives the error signal. For
obtaining satisfactory responses and characteristics for the closed-loop control system, an additional system,
called as compensator or controller, can be added to the loop. The basic block diagram of the closed-loop
control system is shown in Figure 1. The fuzzy control rules are basically IE-THEN rules.

Control System Design:

1) Designing a controller for a complex physical system involves the following steps:
2) Decomposing the large-scale system into a collection of various subsystems.
Varying the plant dynamics slowly and linearizing the nonlinear plane dynamics about a set of operating points.
 3)Organizing a set of state variables, control variables, or output features for the system
under consideration.
4. Designing simple P, PD, PID controllers for the subsystems. Optimal controllers can also be
designed.

Apart from the first four steps, there may be uncertainties occurring due to external environmental
conditions. The design of the controller should be made as dose as possible to the optimal controller design based
on the expert knowledge of the control engineer. This may be done by various numerical observations of the input-
output relationship in the form of linguistic, intuitive, and other kinds of related information related to the dynamics
of the plant and the external environment. Finally, a supervisory control system, either manual operator or
automatic, forms an extra feedback control loop to tune and adjust the parameters of the controller, for
compensating the variational effects caused by nonlinear and remodelled dynamics. In comparison with a
conventional control system design, an FLC system design should have the following assumptions made, in case it
is selected. The plant under consideration should be observable and controllable. A wide range of knowledge
comprising a set of expert linguistic rules, basic engineering common sense, a set of data for input/output, or a
controller analytic model, which can be fuzzified and from which the fuzzy rule the base can be formed, should exist.
Also, for the problem under consideration, a solution should exist and it should be such that the control the
engineer is working for a “good” solution and not especially looking for an optimum solution. The controller, in this
case, should be designed to the best of our ability and within an acceptable range of precision. It should be noted
that the problems of stability and optimality are ongoing problems in the fuzzy controller design.
In designing a fuzzy logic controller, the process of forming fuzzy rules plays a vital role. There are
four structures of the fuzzy production rule system (Weiss and Donnel, 1979) which are as follows:
1) A set of rules that represents the policies and heuristic strategies of the expert decision-maker.
2) A set of input data that are assessed immediately prior to the actual decision.
3) A method for evaluating any proposed action in terms of its conformity to the expressed rules
when there is available data.
4) A method for generating promising actions and determining when to stop searching for better
ones.

All the necessary parameters used in the fuzzy logic controller are defined by membership functions.
The rules are evaluated using techniques such as approximate reasoning or interpolative reasoning.
These four structures of fuzzy rules help in obtaining the control surface that relates the control
action to the measured state or output variable. The control surface can then be sampled down to a
finite number of points and based on this information, a look~up table may be Constructed. The
look~up table comprises the information about the control surface which can be downloaded into a
read·only memory chip. This chip would constitute a fixed controller for the plant.
Architecture and Operations of FLC System:
The basic architecture of a fuzzy logic controller is shown in Figure 2. The principal components of an FLC system is a fuzzifier,
a fuzzy rule base, a fuzzy knowledge base, an inference engine, and a defuzz.ifier. It also includes parameters for
normalization. When the output from the defuzzifier is not a control action for a plant, then the system is a fuzzy logic decision
system. The fuzzifier present converts crisp quantities into fuzzy quantities. The fuzzy rule base stores knowledge about the
operation of the process of domain expertise. The fuzzy knowledge base stores the knowledge about all the input-output fuzzy
relationships. It includes the membership functions defining the input variables to the fuzzy rule base and the out variables to
the plant under control. The inference engine is the kernel of an FLC system, and it possesses the capability to simulate human
decisions by performing approximate reasoning to achieve the desired control strategy. The defuzzifier converts the fuzzy
quantities into crisp quantities from an inferred fuzzy control action by the inference engine.
The various steps involved in designing a fuzzy logic controller are as follows:
Step 1: Locate the input, output, and state variables of the plane under consideration. I
Step 2: Split the complete universe of discourse spanned by each variable into a number of fuzzy subsets, assigning each
with a linguistic label. The subsets include all the elements in the universe.
Step 3: Obtain the membership function for each fuzzy subset.
Step 4: Assign the fuzzy relationships between the inputs or states of fuzzy subsets on one side and the output of fuzzy
subsets on the other side, thereby forming the rule base.
Step 5: Choose appropriate scaling factors for the input and output variables for normalizing the variables between [0, 1] and
[-1, I] interval.
Step 6: Carry out the fuzzification process.
Step 7: Identify the output contributed from each rule using fuzzy approximate reasoning.
Step 8: Combine the fuzzy outputs obtained from each rule.
Step 9: Finally, apply defuzzification to form a crisp output.
The above steps are performed and executed for a simple FLC system. The following design
elements are adopted for designing a general FLC system:
1) Fuzzification strategies and the interpretation of a fuzzifier.
2) Fuzzy knowledge base: Normalization of the parameters involved; partitioning of input and output spaces; selection of
membership functions of a primary fuzzy set.
3) Fuzzy rule base: Selection of input and output variables; the source from which fuzzy control rules are to be derived;
types of fuzzy control rules; completeness of fuzzy control rules.
4) Decision· making logic: The proper definition of fuzzy implication; interpretation of connective “and”; interpretation of
connective “or”; inference engine.
5) Defuzzification materials and the interpretation of a defuzzifier.
Applications:
FLC systems find a wide range of applications in various industrial and commercial products and systems. In several
applications- related to nonlinear, time-varying, ill-defined systems and also complex systems – FLC systems have
proved to be very efficient in comparison with other conventional control systems. The applications of FLC systems
include:
1) Traffic Control
2) Steam Engine
Aircraft Flight Control
Missile Control
Adaptive Control
Liquid-Level Control
Helicopter Model
Automobile Speed Controller
Braking System Controller
Process Control (includes cement kiln control)
Robotic Control
Elevator (Automatic Lift) control;
Automatic Running Control
Cooling Plant Control
Water Treatment
Boiler Control;
Nuclear Reactor Control;
Power Systems Control;
Air Conditioner Control (Temperature Controller)
Biological Processes
Knowledge-Based System
Fault Detection Control Unit
Fuzzy Hardware implementation and Fuzzy Computers

Why Use Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems?

1) A control system is an arrangement of physical components designed to alter another physical system so that
this system exhibits certain desired characteristics. Following are some reasons of using Fuzzy Logic in Control
Systems −
2) While applying traditional control, one needs to know about the model and the objective function formulated in
precise terms. This makes it very difficult to apply in many cases.
3) By applying fuzzy logic for control we can utilize the human expertise and experience for designing a controller.
4) The fuzzy control rules, basically the IF-THEN rules, can be best utilized in designing a controller.

Major Components of FLC

Followings are the major components of the FLC as shown in the above figure −
Fuzzifier − The role of fuzzifier is to convert the crisp input values into fuzzy values.
Fuzzy Knowledge Base − It stores the knowledge about all the input-output fuzzy relationships. It also has the membership
function which defines the input variables to the fuzzy rule base and the output variables to the plant under control.
Fuzzy Rule Base − It stores the knowledge about the operation of the process of domain.
Inference Engine − It acts as a kernel of any FLC. Basically it simulates human decisions by performing approximate
reasoning.
Defuzzifier − The role of defuzzifier is to convert the fuzzy values into crisp values getting from fuzzy inference engine.
Example of Fuzzy Logic in a Control System:
Fuzzy Logic-Based Temperature Control System:
Suppose we have a room with a heating system, and we want to regulate the room's temperature using fuzzy logic. The objective
is to adjust the heating system's power based on the current temperature in the room.
Input Variables: Current temperature (in degrees Celsius) and desired temperature.
Output Variable: Heating system power (from 0 to 100%).
Step-by-Step Process:
Fuzzification:
Define fuzzy sets for the input (temperature). For example, "cold," "warm," and "hot."
Define fuzzy sets for the output (heating power), such as "low," "medium," and "high."
Fuzzy Rules: Example rules might include:
IF temperature is "cold," THEN heating power is "high."
IF temperature is "warm," THEN heating power is "medium."
IF temperature is "hot," THEN heating power is "low."
Inference: The fuzzy inference system applies the rules based on the current temperature reading. For instance, if the
temperature is in the "cold" range, the inference system will activate the rule that sets the heating power to "high."
Defuzzification: The fuzzy output (e.g., "high" heating power) is defuzzified to a crisp value that is used by the heating system. For
example, "high" may correspond to 80% power.

Challenges and Limitations of Fuzzy Logic in Control Systems:

Rule Explosion: As the number of input variables increases, the number of fuzzy rules grows exponentially, which can lead to
computational challenges.
Interpretability: For complex systems, it can be difficult to interpret the fuzzy rules and understand the reasoning behind
decisions.
Advantages of Fuzzy Logic Control :
Let us now discuss the advantages of Fuzzy Logic Control.
Cheaper − Developing a FLC is comparatively cheaper than developing model based or other controller in terms of
performance.
Robust − FLCs are more robust than PID controllers because of their capability to cover a huge range of operating
conditions.
Customizable − FLCs are customizable.
Emulate human deductive thinking − Basically FLC is designed to emulate human deductive thinking, the process
people use to infer conclusion from what they know.
Reliability − FLC is more reliable than conventional control system.
Efficiency − Fuzzy logic provides more efficiency when applied in control system.

Disadvantages of Fuzzy Logic Control :

1) Requires lots of data − FLC needs lots of data to be applied.
2) Useful in case of moderate historical data − FLC is not useful
for programs much smaller or larger than historical data.
3) Needs high human expertise − This is one drawback as the
accuracy of the system depends on the knowledge and expertise of
human beings.
4) Needs regular updating of rules − The rules must be updated
with time.